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Study on some antagonistic mechanisms of Talaromyces flavus against

Verticillium dahliae and Verticillium albo-atrum , the causal agents of wilt
disease in several important crops

Article · January 2013

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Laleh Naraghi Asghar Heydari

Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection
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Saeed Rezaee Mohammad Razavi

Islamic Azad University Tehran Science and Research Branch University of Saskatchewan
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 ‫‪13‬‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺎر زﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﮔﻴﺎهﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ اول‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎرهي ﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎل ‪1392‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪي ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎي آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴﺘﻲ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرچ ‪ Talaromyces flavus‬ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪ Verticillium dahliae‬و‬
‫‪ Verticillium albo-atrum‬ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔﻲ در ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل زراﻋﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻻﻟﻪ ﻧﺮاﻗﻲ‪ ،1‬اﺻﻐﺮ ﺣﻴﺪري‪ ،2‬ﺳﻌﻴﺪ رﺿﺎﺋﻲ‪ 1‬و ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﺿﻮي‬
‫‪ -1‬ﮔﺮوه ﺑﻴﻤﺎريﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ داﻧﺸﻜﺪهي ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ واﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻮم و ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮان‪ ،‬اﻳﺮان‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺑﻴﻤﺎريﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﻴﺎهﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮان‪ ،‬اﻳﺮان‬
‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺒﺎت‪ :‬ﻻﻟﻪ ﻧﺮاﻗﻲ‪lale_naraghi@yahoo.com ،‬‬

‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش‪91/10/26 :‬‬ ‫‪1 (1) 13-28‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪91/1/22 :‬‬

‫ﭼﻜﻴﺪه‬
‫ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔﻲ ورﺗﻴﺴﻠﻴﻮﻣﻲ از ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎريﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن زراﻋﻲ از ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﭘﻨﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺟﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺐزﻣﻴﻨﻲ و ﺧﻴﺎر ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي ﻣﺤﺴﻮب‬
‫ﺷﺪه و ﺑﺎﻋﺚ وارد ﺷﺪن ﺧﺴﺎرات ﻓﺮاوان ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻳﻜـﻲ از ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐﺗـﺮﻳﻦ روشﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ اﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬در اﻳﻦ ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺮاي ﺑﺮرﺳـﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴـﻢﻫـﺎي آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴـﺘﻲ ‪ ،Talaromyces flavus‬اﺑﺘـﺪا ﻋﻮاﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎريزا و ﻗﺎرچ آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴﺖ ‪ T. flavus‬از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻛﺸﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻓﻮق ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖﻫـﺎي ‪ Komada‬و ‪ TF‬ﺟﺪاﺳـﺎزي‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎي آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴﺘﻲ آنﻫﺎ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻓﺮار و ﻏﻴﺮﻓﺮار روي رﺷـﺪ ﻋﻮاﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎريزاي‬
‫ﻓﻮق ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‪ .‬در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ‪ 60 ،‬ﺟﺪاﻳﻪي ‪ T. flavus‬اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ‪ 14 ،15 ،23‬و ‪ 8‬ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﭘﻨﺒـﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﮔﻮﺟﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺐزﻣﻴﻨﻲ و ﺧﻴﺎر ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي ﺗﻌﻠﻖ داﺷـﺖ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮاي ﭘﻨﺒـﻪ و ﺳـﻴﺐزﻣﻴﻨـﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﻋﻮاﻣـﻞ ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔـﻲ ‪ Verticillium dahliae‬و‬
‫‪ ،Verticillium albo-atrum‬ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ درﺻﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧـﺪﮔﻲ )‪ 81/51‬و ‪ (64/93‬ﺑـﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴـﺐ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي ‪TF-Co-G-1‬‬

‫و ‪ TF-Po-V-48‬ﺑﻪدﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ و در ﻫﺮ دو ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻏﻴﺮﻓﺮار ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ را روي ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ رﺷـﺪ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎريزا ﻧﺸـﺎن‬
‫دادﻧﺪ‪ .‬درﺣﺎﻟﻲﻛﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮاي ﮔﻮﺟﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ و ﺧﻴﺎر ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي ﺑﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎريزاي ‪ ،V. albo-atrum‬ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ درﺻﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫)‪ 73/67‬و ‪ (54/78‬ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ‪ TF-To-V-31‬و ‪ TF-Cu-V-60‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻫﺎي اﻧﺠﺎمﺷﺪه‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ اﻳﻦ دو ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻓﺮار ﺑﻮد‪.‬‬
‫واژهﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴـﺪي‪ ،Talaromyces flavus :‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴـﻢﻫـﺎي آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴـﺘﻲ‪،Verticillium albo-atrum ،Verticillium dahliae ،‬‬
‫ﭘﻨﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺐزﻣﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺟﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧﻴﺎر ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي‬

‫ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎنﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﻗـﺎرچﻫـﺎ از ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫دو ﻟﭙﻪاي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬وﻟﻲ در ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﺤﻲ رﻳﺸﻪي ﺑﻌﻀـﻲ از‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﺗﻚﻟﭙﻪاي ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﮔﻨﺪم و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻏﻼت ﻧﻴﺰ زﻧﺪه ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ‬
‫)‪.(Malik & Milton, 1980‬‬
‫در اﻳـﺮان‪ ،‬ﻧﮋادﻫـﺎي ﺑﻴﻤـﺎريزاي ‪ V. dahliae‬در ﻣـﺰارع‬
‫ﭘﻨﺒﻪي ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺷـﺪه)‪(Hamdollahzadeh, 1993‬‬
‫و در ﺳﺎل ‪ ،1384‬در اﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ اﺳﺘﻬﺒﺎن اﺳﺘﺎن ﻓـﺎرس‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻴــﺰان درﺻــﺪ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎري ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔــﻲ ورﺗﻴﺴــﻠﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﭘﻨﺒــﻪ ﺑــﺮاي‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤــﺎري ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔــﻲ ورﺗﻴﺴــﻠﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﻳﻜــﻲ از ﻣﻬــﻢﺗــﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎريﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن زراﻋﻲ و ﺑﺎﻏﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن از ‪51‬‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮر ﺟﻬﺎن روي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮔـﺰارش ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻫـﺮ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ اﻳـﻦ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎري در ﺗﻤـﺎم ﻧﻘـﺎط دﻧﻴـﺎ وﺟـﻮد دارد‪ ،‬وﻟـﻲ در‬
‫ﻣﻨـــﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻌﺘـــﺪل از اﻫﻤﻴـــﺖ ﺑـــﻴﺶﺗـــﺮي ﺑﺮﺧـــﻮردار اﺳـــﺖ‬
‫‪Verticillium dahliae‬‬ ‫)‪ .(Pegg & Brady, 2002‬ﮔﻮﻧـﻪﻫـﺎي‬
‫‪ Kleb.‬و ‪Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berthold.‬‬

‫رﻗـــــﻢ وراﻣـــــﻴﻦ ‪ %85/63‬ﮔـــــﺰارش ﮔﺮدﻳـــــﺪه اﺳـــــﺖ‬ ‫از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎري ﻣﺤﺴـﻮب ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻛـﻪ داراي ﻃﻴـﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻲ وﺳﻴﻊ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﺑﻴﺶ از ‪ 340‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪي ﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ را ﻣـﻮرد‬
‫ﻧﺮاﻗﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‪ :‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪي ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎي آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴﺘﻲ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرچ‪...‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ‬ ‫)‪ .(Kheiri & Fatahi, 2010‬ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن‪ ،‬درﺻﺪ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺑـﻪ اﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﺟـﻨﺲ ‪ ،Verticillium‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎت ﻏﻴﺮﻓـﺮار ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻴﺎر ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻋﻤﺪهي ﻛﺸﺖ آنﻫـﺎ‬
‫آﻧﺰﻳﻢﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐﻛﻨﻨﺪه دﻳﻮارهي ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ )ﻛﻴﺘﻴﻨﺎز‪ ،‬ﮔﻠﻮﻛﺎﻧـﺎز‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬وﻟﻲ ﺷـﻴﻮع ﮔﺴـﺘﺮدهي ﺑﻴﻤـﺎري ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔـﻲ‬
‫و ﺳـﻠﻮﻻز( و ﮔﻠــﻮﻛﺰ اﻛﺴـﻴﺪاز ﺑــﻮده‪ ،‬درﺣـﺎﻟﻲﻛــﻪ در ﻣــﻮرد‬ ‫ورﺗﻴﺴــﻠﻴﻮﻣﻲ در ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧــﻪاي ﺧﻴــﺎر در وراﻣــﻴﻦ ﻣﺸــﺎﻫﺪه ﺷــﺪه‬
‫ﺟـــــﻨﺲ ‪ Rhizoctonia‬ﻫـــــﻢ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴـــــﻢ ﻓـــــﻮق و ﻫـــــﻢ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺗﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ در زﻣﻴﻨﻪي ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ورﺗﻴﺴـﻠﻴﻮم‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴــﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗــﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑــﻪﺳــﺰاﻳﻲ روي ﺑﺎزدارﻧــﺪﮔﻲ ﻋﺎﻣــﻞ‬ ‫از ﺧﻴﺎر ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي در ﻳﺰد )‪(Esmaeelzadeh Hosseini, 2006‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻣﺬﻛﻮر داﺷﺘﻪاﻧﺪ )‪.(Inglis & Kawchuk, 2002‬‬ ‫و ﺳﻴﺐزﻣﻴﻨـﻲ در ﻛﺮﻣـﺎن )‪ (Aminaee et al. , 2006‬وﺟـﻮد‬
‫در اﻳــﺮان‪ ،‬ﺑــﺮاي اوﻟــﻴﻦ ﺑــﺎر ﻗــﺎرچ ‪ T. flavus‬از ﻳــﻚ‬ ‫دارد‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺰرﻋــﻪي ﭘﻨﺒــﻪ واﻗــﻊ در اﻳﺴــﺘﮕﺎه ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘــﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨــﺪه اﺳــﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ از روشﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔﻲ ورﺗﻴﺴﻠﻴﻮﻣﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﮔﻠﺴــﺘﺎن ﮔــﺰارش ﺷــﺪه اﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺘــﺎﻳﺞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘــﺎت ﻧﺸــﺎن داد‬ ‫اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻴﻜﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴــﻢﻫــﺎي آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴــﺖ اﺳــﺖ ﻛــﻪ‬
‫ﻛــﻪ در ﺷــﺮاﻳﻂ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸــﮕﺎه ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒــﺎت ﻓــﺮار و ﻏﻴﺮﻓــﺮار اﻳــﻦ‬ ‫ﺿﺮورت اﺳﺘﻔﺎدهي ﻣﺪاوم از اراﺿﻲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي از ﻳﻚ ﺳﻮ و‬
‫ﻗـــﺎرچ ﻣﻮﺟـــﺐ ﻛـــﺎﻫﺶ رﺷـــﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـــﻪي ‪V. dahliae‬‬ ‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻛﻮدﻫـﺎ و‬
‫ﮔﺮدﻳــﺪه اﺳــﺖ )‪ .(Naraghi et al., 2003‬ﻫــﺪف از اﻳــﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻮم ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻛﺸﺎورزي را ﺑﺮ آن داﺷﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﭘــﮋوﻫﺶ ﺗﻌﻴــﻴﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴــﻢﻫــﺎي آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴــﺘﻲ ﺟﺪاﻳــﻪﻫــﺎي‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻛﻤﻴـﺖ‬
‫‪ T. flavus‬ﻛــﻪ از ﻣﻨــﺎﻃﻖ ﻛﺸــﺖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠــﻒ ﮔﻴﺎﻫــﺎن زراﻋــﻲ‬ ‫و ﻛﻴﻔﻴـــﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـــﺪات ﻛﺸـــﺎورزي ﮔـــﺎم ﻣـــﺆﺛﺮي ﺑﺮدارﻧـــﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪدﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﺑﻮد‪ ،‬ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺗـﺎ ﺑﺘـﻮان ﺑﺮﺣﺴـﺐ ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي‬ ‫)‪.(Klosterman et al., 2009; Naraghi et al., 2010‬‬
‫ﻣــﻮرد اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳــﺪار ﻛﻨﻨــﺪهﻫــﺎي ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒــﺎت ﺧــﺎص را ﺑــﻪ‬ ‫اﻣﺮوزه در ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺻـﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺑـﻪﺟـﺎي اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از‬
‫ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ آنﻫﺎ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل داد‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻮدﻫﺎ و ﺳﻤﻮم ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤـﺎم ﻳـﺎ ﺑﺨﺸـﻲ از ﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮ ﻏـﺬاﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﮔﻴﺎه را ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤـﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴـﻢﻫـﺎي ﺧـﺎك در‬
‫ﻣﻮاد و روشﻫﺎي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻴـﺎر ﮔﻴـﺎه ﻗــﺮار ﻣـﻲدﻫﻨــﺪ ﺑـﻪﻃـﻮريﻛــﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ و ﻣﺼــﺮف‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺟﺪاﺳـــﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳـــﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﺪاﻳـــﻪﻫـــﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـــﻒ‬ ‫ﻛﻮدﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ در ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي اﺧﻴﺮ رﺷﺪ ﻓﺰاﻳﻨﺪهاي داﺷـﺘﻪ‬
‫‪ T. flavus‬از ﺧـــﺎك ﻣـــﺰارع در ﺑﺮﺧـــﻲ ﻣﻨـــﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫اﺳـﺖ )‪ .(Huang et al., 2011‬ﺑـﺮاي اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از اﻳـﻦ روش‪،‬‬
‫اﻳﺮان‬
‫اﺑﺘﺪا ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻴﻤﺎريﻫـﺎي‬
‫در اﻳــﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠــﻪ‪ ،‬اﺑﺘــﺪا ﻧﻤﻮﻧــﻪﺑ ـﺮداري ﺧــﺎك ﻣــﺰارع از‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪي ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴـﻢﻫـﺎي آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴـﺘﻲ آنﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻨــﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻬــﻢ ﻛﺸــﺖ ﭼﻨــﺪ ﻣﺤﺼــﻮل زراﻋــﻲ ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﻨﺒــﻪ‪،‬‬
‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﻮﻧﺪ )‪.(Knudsen et al., 1997‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺐزﻣﻴﻨـﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺟـﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕـﻲ و ﺧﻴـﺎر ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧـﻪاي ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮرﻛﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫـﺎي ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪه ﺷـﺪه در ﻗـﺎرچﻫـﺎي‬
‫ﺳــــﺎﺑﻘﻪي آﻟــــﻮدﮔﻲ آنﻫــــﺎ ﺑــــﻪ ﺑﻴﻤــــﺎري ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔــــﻲ‬
‫آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴـــﺖ ﺷـــﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴـــﻢ‪ ،‬آﻧﺘـــﻲﺑﻴـــﻮز‪ ،‬رﻗﺎﺑـــﺖ‬
‫ورﺗﻴـــﺴﻠﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻄــﺎﺑﻖ روش )‪Butterfield & De (1977‬‬
‫و اﻟﻘـــــــﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣـــــــﺖ ﺳﻴﺴـــــــﺘﻤﻴﻚ ﻣـــــــﻲﺑﺎﺷـــــــﺪ‬
‫‪ Vay‬اﻧﺠــﺎم ﮔﺮﻓــﺖ‪ .‬ﺑــﺮاي ﺟﺪاﺳــﺎزي ﺟﺪاﻳــﻪﻫــﺎي ﻗــﺎرچ‬
‫)‪ .T. flavus (Van Elsas et al., 2007‬ﺗﻮﺳـــﻂ اﻳـــﻦ‬
‫‪ T. flavus‬از ﺳﻮﺳﭙﺎﻧﺴـــﻴﻮنﻫـــﺎي ﺧـــﺎك‪ ،‬ﻣﻄـــﺎﺑﻖ روش‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴــﻢﻫــﺎ ﻣﻮﺟــﺐ ﺑﺎزدارﻧــﺪﮔﻲ رﺷــﺪ ﻋﻮاﻣــﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠــﻒ‬
‫)‪ Marois et al., (1984‬از ﻣﺤـــﻴﻂ ﻛﺸـــﺖ اﻧﺘﺨـــﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤـﺎريزا ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ‪Rhizoctonia ،V.albo-atrum ،V. dahliae‬‬
‫‪ (TF medium) TF‬اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ،solani‬و ‪Sclerotium rolfsii‬‬
‫در ﻣﺮﺣﻠـــﻪي ﺷﻨﺎﺳـــﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﺪاﻳـــﻪﻫـــﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـــﻪ از ﻟﺤـــﺎظ‬
‫ﮔﺮدﻳــﺪه اﺳــﺖ )‪ .(Inglis & Kawchuk, 2002‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘــﺎت‬
‫ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﺳـــﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـــﻪي آنﻫـــﺎ روي دو ﻣﺤـــﻴﻂ ﻛﺸـــﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎري ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﻛﻪ ‪ T. flavus‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻫﺮﭼـﻪ ﺑـﻴﺶﺗـﺮ‬
‫اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻـــــﻲ و ﻋﻤـــــﻮﻣﻲ )‪ TF‬و ‪ (PDA‬ﺑﻌـــــﺪ از ده روز‬
‫روي ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎريزاي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴـﻢﻫـﺎي ﻣﺘﻔـﺎوت‬
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‫ﻛــﻪ در آن‪ ،I :‬درﺻــﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧــﺪﮔﻲ رﺷــﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨــﻪي ﻗــﺎرچ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎريزا‪ Dt ،‬ﻗﻄـﺮ رﺷـﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪي ﻗـﺎرچ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎريزا در ﺗﻴﻤـﺎر‬
‫ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎ و ‪ Dc‬ﻗﻄﺮ رﺷﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪي ﻗﺎرچ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎريزا در‬
‫ﺗﻴﻤﺎر ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ي ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦﻫﺎي درﺻﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ رﺷﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪي‬
‫ﻗﺎرچ ﺑﻴﻤﺎريزا ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻏﻴﺮﻓﺮار ﻫﺮﻳﻚ از ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي‬
‫‪ T. flavus‬ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آزﻣﻮن ﭼﻨﺪ داﻣﻨﻪاي داﻧﻜﻦ در ﺳـﻄﺢ‬
‫‪ %1‬در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح آﻣﺎري ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻨﺴـــــﻲﺷـــــﺎن ﺷـــــﺎﻣﻞ آﺳـــــﻜﻮﮔﻮﻧﻴﻮم‪ ،‬آﻧﺘﺮﻳـــــﺪﻳﻮم‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺟﺪاﺳـــﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳـــﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﺪاﻳـــﻪﻫـــﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـــﻒ‬
‫‪ T. flavus‬از ﺧﺎك ﻣﺰارع در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻳﺮان‬
‫در اﻳــــﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴــــﻖ‪ 60 ،‬ﺟﺪاﻳــــﻪي ﻣﺨﺘﻠــــﻒ ﻗــــﺎرچ‬
‫‪ T. flavus‬از ﺧــﺎك ﺑﺮﺧــﻲ ﻣﻨــﺎﻃﻖ ﻛﺸــﺖ ﭘﻨﺒــﻪ اﺳــﺘﺎنﻫــﺎي‬
‫ﮔﻠﺴــﺘﺎن )ﮔﺮﮔــﺎن(‪ ،‬ﺧﺮاﺳــﺎنرﺿــﻮي )ﻧﻴﺸــﺎﺑﻮر( و اردﺑﻴــﻞ‬
‫)ﻣﻐﺎن(‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺟﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ اﺳﺘﺎنﻫﺎي آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎنﻏﺮﺑـﻲ )اروﻣﻴـﻪ( و‬
‫ﺗﻬﺮان )وراﻣﻴﻦ(‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺐزﻣﻴﻨﻲ اﺳﺘﺎن ﺗﻬﺮان )ﻛﺮج و وراﻣـﻴﻦ( و‬
‫ﺧﻴﺎرﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي ﺗﻬﺮان )وراﻣﻴﻦ( ﺑﻪدﺳﺖ آﻣـﺪ‪ .‬از اﻳـﻦ ﺗﻌـﺪاد‪،‬‬
‫‪ 23‬ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺰارع ﭘﻨﺒﻪ در ﮔﺮﮔـﺎن‪ :‬از ‪ TF-Co-G-1‬ﺗـﺎ ‪TF-‬‬
‫‪ ،Co-G-11‬ﻧﻴﺸــﺎﺑﻮر‪ :‬از ‪ TF-Co-N-12‬ﺗــﺎ ‪ TF-Co-N-21‬و‬
‫ﻣﻐــﺎن‪ :‬از ‪ TF-Co-M-22‬ﺗــﺎ ‪ 15 ،TF-Co-M-23‬ﺟﺪاﻳــﻪ ﺑــﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺰارع ﮔﻮﺟـﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕـﻲ در وراﻣـﻴﻦ‪ :‬از ‪ TF-To-V-24‬ﺗـﺎ‪TF-‬‬
‫‪To-V-33‬و اروﻣﻴــﻪ‪ :‬از ‪ TF-To-U-34‬ﺗــﺎ ‪،TF-To-U-38‬‬
‫‪ 14‬ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺰارع ﺳﻴﺐزﻣﻴﻨﻲ در ﻛﺮج‪ :‬از ‪ TF-Po-K-39‬ﺗﺎ‬
‫‪ TF-Po-K-47‬و وراﻣﻴﻦ‪ :‬از ‪ TF-Po-V-48‬ﺗـﺎ ‪TF-Po-V-52‬‬
‫و ‪ 8‬ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺧﻴﺎر )از ‪ TF-Cu-V-53‬ﺗﺎ ‪TF-Cu-‬‬
‫‪ (V-60‬ﺗﻌﻠﻖ داﺷﺖ )ﺟﺪول ‪.(1‬‬
‫در ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪي ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪي ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي ‪T. flavus‬‬
‫روي ﻣﺤــﻴﻂ ﻛﺸــﺖ اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻــﻲ و ﻋﻤــﻮﻣﻲ )‪ TF‬و ‪،(PDA‬‬
‫داراي ﻫﺎﻟﻪي زرد روﺷﻦ در اﻃـﺮاف و ﻧـﻮاﺣﻲ ﺳـﺒﺰرﻧﮓ در‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤــﺎريزا ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﻫــﺮ ﻳــﻚ از ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴــﻢﻫــﺎي ﺟﺪاﻳــﻪﻫــﺎي‬
‫ﻣﻬﺎر زﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﮔﻴﺎهﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ اول‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎرهي ﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎل ‪1392‬‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬــﺪاري در دﻣــﺎي ‪ 30‬درﺟــﻪي ﺳﻠﺴــﻴﻮس داراي ﻫﺎﻟــﻪي‬
‫زرد روﺷـــﻦ در اﻃـــﺮاف و ﻧـــﻮاﺣﻲ ﺳـــﺒﺰرﻧﮓ در ﻣﺮﻛـــﺰ و‬
‫ﻫـــﻢﭼﻨـــﻴﻦ از ﻟﺤـــﺎظ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳـــﻜﻮﭘﻲ‪ ،‬داراي رﻳﺴـــﻪﻫـــﺎ و‬
‫ﺷــﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮﺟﻨﺴــﻲ )ﻛﻨﻴــﺪﻳﻮم و ﻛﻨﻴــﺪﻳﻮﻓﻮر( ﻣﺸــﺎﺑﻪ ﺑــﺎ ﺟــﻨﺲ‬
‫‪ Penicillium‬ﺑﻮدﻧــﺪ‪ ،‬اﻧﺘﺨــﺎب ﺷــﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫــﻢﭼﻨــﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑــﻪﻣﻨﻈــﻮر‬
‫ﺑﻪدﺳـﺖ آوردن ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺟﻨﺴـﻲ‪ ،‬اﻳـﻦ ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎ روي ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻛﺸــﺖ ﺑــﻪﻣــﺪت ﺳــﻪ ﻫﻔﺘــﻪ در اﻧﻜﻮﺑــﺎﺗﻮر ﺑــﺎ دﻣــﺎي ‪30‬‬
‫درﺟــﻪي ﺳﻠﺴــﻴﻮس ﻧﮕــﻪداري ﺷــﺪه و اﻧــﺪام ﺗﻮﻟﻴــﺪ ﻣﺜــﻞ‬
‫آﺳﻜﻮﻛﺎرپ‪ ،‬آﺳﻚ و آﺳﻜﻮﺳﭙﻮر ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺟﺪاﺳـــﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳـــﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﻮاﻣـــﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـــﺎريزاي‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔﻲ ورﺗﻴﺴﻠﻴﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫در اﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك و ﮔﻴﺎه آﻟـﻮده از ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫ﻛﺸﺖ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﭘﻨﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺟﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺐزﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫و ﺧﻴﺎر ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي ﺟﻤﻊآوري ﺷﺪه و ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤــــﺎريزا از آنﻫــــﺎ ﺑــــﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴــــﺐ ﻣﻄــــﺎﺑﻖ روشﻫــــﺎي‬
‫)‪ Christen (1981‬و )‪ Kim et al. (2001‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﭘـﺲ از‬
‫ﺧﺎﻟﺺﺳﺎزي ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﻪدﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻛﺸﺖ ‪ PDA‬اﻗﺪام ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ آنﻫﺎ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎ‬
‫;‪(Hawksworth & Talboys, 1970‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄـﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻨـﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮد‬
‫)‪ Kim et al., 2001‬ﺑــﺮ اﺳــﺎس اﻧــﺪازهي ﻛﻨﻴــﺪي‪ ،‬ﻃــﻮل‬
‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮﻓﻮر‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﺮاﺣﺘﻲ )ﻣﻴﻜﺮواﺳﻜﻠﺮوت و‬
‫ﻣﻴﺴﻠﻴﻮم ﺗﻴﺮه( و رﻧﮓ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪي روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــــﻪي ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴــــﻢ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴــــﺖ آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴــــﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ‪T. flavus‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ از ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫـﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ‪ T. flavus‬از ﻣﻴـﺎن‬
‫ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﻪدﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴﺘﻲ آنﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎت ﻓـﺮار و ﻏﻴﺮﻓـﺮار ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻮاﻣــﻞ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎريزا ﻣﻄــﺎﺑﻖ روش )‪Wright et al., (1990‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﻪﮔﺮدﻳــﺪ‪ .‬درﺻــﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧــﺪﮔﻲ رﺷــﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨــﻪي ﻗــﺎرچ‬
‫‪ T. flavus‬از ﻓﺮﻣﻮل زﻳﺮ ﺑﻪدﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪Dc − Dt‬‬
‫= ‪I‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪Dc‬‬
 ...‫ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪي ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎي آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴﺘﻲ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرچ‬:‫ﻧﺮاﻗﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‬ 16

.‫ ﺑﻪدﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻳﺮان‬Talaromyces flavus ‫ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي‬-1 ‫ﺟﺪول‬

Table 1- Isolates of Talaromyces flavus obtained from different regions in Iran.

Crop Cultivated in Sampling Regions of Soil T. flavus Crop Cultivated in Regions of Soil T. flavus Crop Cultivated in Regions of Soil T. flavus
Sampling T. flavus Isolates Sampling T. flavus Isolates Sampling T. flavus Isolates
Region Sampling Region Sampling Region
Potato Karaj TF-Po-K-41 Cotton Neishaboor TF-Co-N-21 Cotton Gorgan TF-Co-G-1
Potato Karaj TF-Po-K-42 Cotton Moghan TF-Co-M-22 Cotton Gorgan TF-Co-G-2
Potato Karaj TF-Po-K-43 Cotton Moghan TF-Co-M-23 Cotton Gorgan TF-Co-G-3
Potato Karaj TF-Po-K-44 Tomato Varamin TF-To-V-24 Cotton Gorgan TF-Co-G-4
Potato Karaj TF-Po-K-45 Tomato Varamin TF-To-V-25 Cotton Gorgan TF-Co-G-5
Potato Karaj TF-Po-K-46 Tomato Varamin TF-To-V-26 Cotton Gorgan TF-Co-G-6
Potato Karaj TF-Po-K-47 Tomato Varamin TF-To-V-27 Cotton Gorgan TF-Co-G-7
Potato Varamin TF-Po-V-48 Tomato Varamin TF-To-V-28 Cotton Gorgan TF-Co-G-8
Potato Varamin TF-Po-V-49 Tomato Varamin TF-To-V-29 Cotton Gorgan TF-Co-G-9
Potato Varamin TF-Po-V-50 Tomato Varamin TF-To-V-30 Cotton Gorgan TF-Co-G-10
Potato Varamin TF-Po-V-51 Tomato Varamin TF-To-V-31 Cotton Gorgan TF-Co-G-11
Potato Varamin TF-Po-V-52 Tomato Varamin TF-To-V-32 Cotton Neishaboor TF-Co-N-12
Greenhouse cucumber Varamin TF-Cu-V-53 Tomato Varamin TF-To-V-33 Cotton Neishaboor TF-Co-N-13
Greenhouse cucumber Varamin TF-Cu-V-54 Tomato Urumia TF-To-U-34 Cotton Neishaboor TF-Co-N-14
Greenhouse cucumber Varamin TF-Cu-V-55 Tomato Urumia TF-To-U-35 Cotton Neishaboor TF-Co-N-15
Greenhouse cucumber Varamin TF-Cu-V-56 Tomato Urumia TF-To-U-36 Cotton Neishaboor TF-Co-N-16
Greenhouse cucumber Varamin TF-Cu-V-57 Tomato Urumia TF-To-U-37 Cotton Neishaboor TF-Co-N-17
Greenhouse cucumber Varamin TF-Cu-V-58 Tomato Urumia TF-To-U-38 Cotton Neishaboor TF-Co-N-18
Greenhouse cucumber Varamin TF-Cu-V-59 Potato Karaj TF-Po-K-39 Cotton Neishaboor TF-Co-N-19
Greenhouse cucumber Varamin TF-Cu-V-60 Potato Karaj TF-Po-K-40 Cotton Neishaboor TF-Co-N-20
 ‫‪17‬‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺎر زﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﮔﻴﺎهﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ اول‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎرهي ﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎل ‪1392‬‬

‫ﺗـــﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴـــﻢﻫـــﺎي آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴـــﺘﻲ ﺟﺪاﻳـــﻪﻫـــﺎي‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛــﺰ ﺑــﻮد‪ .‬از ﻟﺤــﺎظ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳــﻜﻮﭘﻲ‪ ،‬اﻳــﻦ ﺟﺪاﻳــﻪﻫــﺎ داراي‬
‫‪ T.‬روي ﻋﺎﻣــــﻞ ﺑﻴﻤــــﺎري ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔــــﻲ‬ ‫‪flavus‬‬ ‫رﻳﺴﻪﻫﺎ و ﺷﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮﺟﻨﺴﻲ )ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم و ﻛﻨﻴـﺪﻳﻮﻓﻮر( ﻣﺸـﺎﺑﻪ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ورﺗﻴﺴﻠﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﭘﻨﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺟــﻨﺲ ‪ Penicillium‬ﺑﻮدﻧــﺪ‪ .‬در ﺷــﻜﻞ ﺟﻨﺴــﻲ ﺟﺪاﻳــﻪﻫــﺎي‬
‫در ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴـﻢ ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي ‪T. flavus‬‬
‫ﻣـــﺬﻛﻮر‪ ،‬اﻧـــﺪام آﺳـــﻜﻮﮔﻮﻧﻴﻮم‪ ،‬آﻧﺘﺮﻳـــﺪﻳﻮم‪ ،‬آﺳـــﻚ و‬
‫روي ‪ ،V. dahliae‬ﻣﺤــﺪودهي درﺻــﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧــﺪﮔﻲ رﺷــﺪ‬
‫آﺳﻜﻮﺳﭙﻮر ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪي ‪ V. dahliae‬ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ 57/94 – 88/78‬درﺻﺪ ﺑﻮد ﻛـﻪ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺟﺪاﺳـــﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳـــﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﻮاﻣـــﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـــﺎري‬
‫ﺑــﻴﺶﺗــﺮﻳﻦ و ﻛــﻢﺗــﺮﻳﻦ آن ﺑــﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴــﺐ ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﺟﺪاﻳــﻪﻫــﺎي‬
‫ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔﻲ ورﺗﻴﺴﻠﻴﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪ TF-Co-M-23‬و ‪ TF-Co-N-17‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ )ﺟـﺪول ‪.(2‬‬ ‫در اﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪي ‪ V. dahliae‬از ﺳﺎﻗﻪي ﭘﻨﺒﻪ‪،‬‬
‫در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻣﻴﺎن رﻳﺴﻪﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرچ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎريزا و‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪي ‪ V. albo-atrum‬از رﻳﺸﻪي ﮔﻮﺟﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ‪ ،T. flavus‬ﻗﻄﻌـﻪ ﻗﻄﻌـﻪ )‪ (Fragmentation‬و ﻟﻴـﺰ‬ ‫ﺟﺪاﻳـــﻪي ‪ V. albo-atrum‬از ﻧﻤﻮﻧـــﻪي ﺧـــﺎك ﻣﺰرﻋـــﻪي‬
‫ﺷــﺪن )‪ (Lysis‬رﻳﺴــﻪﻫــﺎي ﻋﺎﻣــﻞ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎريزا‪ ،‬ﺟﻠــﻮﮔﻴﺮي از‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺐزﻣﻴﻨﻲ و ﻳﻚ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪي ‪ V. albo-atrum‬از رﻳﺸﻪي ﺧﻴﺎر‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ و ﺧـﺮد ﺷـﺪن ﻣﻴﻜﺮواﺳـﻜﻠﺮوتﻫـﺎ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪه ﺷـﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧــﻪاي ﺑــﻪدﺳــﺖ آﻣــﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺘــﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺮرﺳــﻲ اﺧــﺘﻼفﻫــﺎي‬
‫)ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎي ‪ 2‬و ‪.(3‬‬ ‫‪ V.‬و‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻛﺴـــــﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻴـــــﺎن ﺟﺪاﻳـــــﻪﻫـــــﺎي ‪dahliae‬‬
‫در آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎت ﻓـﺮار و ﻏﻴﺮﻓـﺮار ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي‬ ‫‪ V. albo-atrum‬از ﻟﺤﺎظ اﻧﺪازهي ﻛﻨﻴﺪي‪ ،‬ﻃﻮل ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮﻓﻮر‪،‬‬
‫‪ T. flavus‬روي ‪ ،V. dahliae‬ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ رﺷﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪي‬ ‫ﺷــﻜﻞ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي اﺳــﺘﺮاﺣﺘﻲ )ﻣﻴﻜﺮواﺳــﻜﻠﺮوت و ﻣﻴﺴــﻠﻴﻮم‬
‫‪ ،V. dahliae‬ﺑــﺪون ﻣﻼﻧــﻴﻦ ﺷــﺪن ﻣﻴﻜﺮواﺳــﻜﻠﺮوتﻫــﺎ ﻧﻴــﺰ‬ ‫ﺗﻴــﺮه( و رﻧــﮓ ﭘﺮﮔﻨــﻪ روي ﻣﺤــﻴﻂ ﻛﺸــﺖ ﻧﺸــﺎن داد ﻛــﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷـﺪ‪ .‬در آزﻣـﺎﻳﺶ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎت ﻓـﺮار ﻣﺤـﺪودهي‬ ‫‪ V. albo-atrum‬و ‪ V. dahliae‬ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ داراي ﻛﻨﻴﺪيﻫـﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫درﺻــﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧــﺪﮔﻲ رﺷــﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨــﻪي ‪ V. dahliae‬ﺑﺮاﺑــﺮ ﺑــﺎ‬ ‫ﺑـــــﻪ اﻧـــــﺪازهي‪ 2/5 -10/2 × 2/3 -3/5‬و‪2/5 - 8/6 × 2/0-3/0‬‬
‫‪ 14/28– 77/14‬درﺻـﺪ ﺑـﻮد ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻴﺶﺗـﺮﻳﻦ و ﻛـﻢﺗـﺮﻳﻦ آن‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻮده و ﻃﻮل ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮﻓﻮر در ‪ V. albo-atrum‬ﺑﻴﺶﺗـﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي ‪ TF-Co-N-20‬و ‪TF-Co-G-8‬‬ ‫از ‪ V. dahliae‬ﺑــﻮده اﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﻫــﻢﭼﻨــﻴﻦ‪ ،‬در ‪V. dahliae‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎت ﻏﻴﺮﻓـﺮار‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮواﺳــﻜﻠﺮوت و در ‪ V. albo-atrum‬ﺗﻨﻬــﺎ ﻣﻴﺴــﻠﻴﻮم ﺗﻴــﺮه‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺪودهي درﺻـﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧـﺪﮔﻲ رﺷـﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪي‬ ‫ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪه ﺷـﺪ‪ .‬رﻧـﮓ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪﻫـﺎي ‪ V. dahliae‬و ‪V. albo-‬‬
‫‪ V. dahliae‬ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ 39/44 –92/5‬درﺻﺪ ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺶﺗـﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪atrum‬ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ‪ PDA‬ﺑـﻪﺻـﻮرت ﺷـﻔﺎف‬
‫و ﻛﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ آن ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴـﺐ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي ‪ TF-Co-G-1‬و‬ ‫)ﻫﻴﺎﻟﻴﻦ( ﺗﺎ ﺳﻴﺎه و ﺷـﻔﺎف ﺗـﺎ ﺳـﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﻳـﻞ ﺑـﻪ ﺧﺎﻛﺴـﺘﺮي ﻇـﺎﻫﺮ‬
‫‪ TF-Co-G-8‬ﺑﻪدﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﺑﻮد‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(1‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮﻳﻦ و ﻛﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ درﺻﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧـﺪﮔﻲ رﺷـﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪي‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴـــﻢﻫـــﺎي آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴـــﺘﻲ ﺟﺪاﻳـــﻪﻫـــﺎي‬
‫‪ ،V. dahliae‬ﺑـﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴـﺐ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴـﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎت ﻏﻴﺮﻓـﺮار‬ ‫‪T. flavus‬‬
‫ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪي ‪ TF-Co-G-1‬و ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴـﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎت ﻓـﺮار ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪي‬ ‫دراﻳــﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴــﻖ ﺑــﺎ ﺗﻮﺟــﻪ ﺑــﻪ اﻳــﻦ ﻛــﻪ ﻋﺎﻣــﻞ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎريزا و‬

‫‪TF-Co-G-8‬ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ )ﺟﺪول ‪.(2‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪاﻳــﻪﻫــﺎي آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴــﺖ ﺑــﺮاي ﻫــﺮ ﻳــﻚ از ﻣﺤﺼــﻮﻻت‬

‫در ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴﻢ‪ ،‬از ﻣﻴﺎن ﺣﺎﻟـﺖﻫـﺎي‬ ‫ﭘﻨﺒـــﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳـــﻴﺐزﻣﻴﻨـــﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺟـــﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕـــﻲ و ﺧﻴـــﺎر ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧـــﻪاي‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠــﻒ ﺑﺮﺧــﻮرد ﺟﺪاﻳــﻪﻫــﺎي ‪ T. flavus‬ﺑــﺎ ‪،V. dahliae‬‬ ‫ﺑــﻪﺻــﻮرت ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧــﻪ از ﺧــﺎك ﻣــﺰارع ﻫﻤــﺎن ﻣﺤﺼــﻮل‬

‫‪ %44/5‬ﺑﺮﺧـــﻮرد و ﻗﻄﻌـــﻪﻗﻄﻌـــﻪ ﺷـــﺪن‪ %43/5 ،‬ﺑﺮﺧـــﻮرد‪،‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪاﺳــﺎزي ﺷــﺪه‪ ،‬ﻧﺘــﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﺮﺑــﻮط ﺑــﻪ ﺗــﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴــﻢﻫــﺎي‬

‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺷﺪن و ﻟﻴـﺰ ﺷـﺪن‪ %4 ،‬ﺑﺮﺧـﻮرد و ﻟﻴـﺰ ﺷـﺪن‪%13 ،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠــــﻒ ﺷــــﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴــــﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒــــﺎت ﻓــــﺮار و‬

‫ﻋﺪم ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد و ﻗﻄﻌﻪﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺷﺪن و ‪ %9‬ﻋـﺪم ﺑﺮﺧـﻮرد ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﻴــﺮﻓﺮارﺑــﺮاي ﻣﺤﺼــﻮﻻت ﻓــﻮق ﺑــﻪﺻــﻮرت ﻣﺠــﺰا ﺑــﻪﺷــﺮح‬
‫ذﻳﻞ اراﻳﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
...‫ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪي ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎي آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴﺘﻲ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرچ‬:‫ﻧﺮاﻗﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‬ 18

:Verticillium albo-atrum‫ و‬Verticillium dahliae ‫ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪﻫـﺎي ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي‬-1 ‫ﺷـﻜﻞ‬

‫ )ﺟﺪاﻳــﻪي‬V. albo-atrum‫ )ﺟﺪاﻳــﻪي ﭘﻨﺒــﻪ(؛‬V. dahliae:‫ردﻳــﻒ ﺑــﺎﻻ از راﺳــﺖ ﺑــﻪ ﭼــﭗ‬
‫ )ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي ﺳـﻴﺐزﻣﻴﻨـﻲ و‬V. albo-atrum:‫ﮔﻮﺟﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ(؛ ردﻳﻒ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ از راﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭼـﭗ‬
(‫ﺧﻴﺎر ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي‬
Fig. 1- Colonies of Verticillium dahliae & Verticillium albo-atrum isolates:
(Up) From Right to Left: V. dahliae (cotton isolate); V. albo-atrum (tomato
isolate); (Down) From Right to Left: V. albo-atrum (potato and greenhouse
cucumber isolates).

Talaromyces flavus ‫ ﺗــﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴــﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴــﻢ‬-2 ‫ﺷــﻜﻞ‬

‫ از راﺳــﺖ ﺑــﻪﭼــﭗ( ﻟﻴــﺰ و‬:Verticillium dahliae ‫روي رﻳﺴــﻪﻫــﺎي‬

‫ ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﺟﺪاﻳــﻪﻫــﺎي‬V. dahliae ‫ﻗﻄﻌــﻪ ﻗﻄﻌــﻪ ﺷــﺪن رﻳﺴــﻪﻫــﺎي‬
‫ )رﻳﺴـــﻪﻫـــﺎي ﻟﻴـــﺰ و ﻗﻄﻌـــﻪﻗﻄﻌـــﻪ‬TF-Co-G-15 ‫ و‬TF-Co-G-21
.(‫ ﺟﻬﺖﻧﻤﺎي ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬:‫ رﻳﺴﻪي ﺳﺎﻟﻢ‬،‫ ﺟﻬﺖﻧﻤﺎي ﻧﻘﻄﻪﭼﻴﻦ‬:‫ﺷﺪه‬
Fig. 2- The effect of mycoparasitism mechanism of T. flavus
on mycelia of V. dahliae: From Right to Left) Lysis &
fragmentation in V. dahliae mycelia by TF-Co-G-21 & TF-
Co-G-15 (Mycelia in Lysis & fragmentation manner:
discontinuous arrow, Healthy mycelia: continuous arrow).

‫ راﺳـــﺖ ﺑـــﻪ‬:Verticillium dahliae ‫ روي ﻣﻴﻜﺮواﺳـــﻜﻠﺮوتﻫـــﺎي‬Talaromyces flavus ‫ ﺗـــﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴـــﻢ‬-3 ‫ﺷـــﻜﻞ‬

‫ ﺧــﺮد ﺷــﺪن و ﺑﺎزدارﻧــﺪﮔﻲ ﺗﺸــﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻴﻜﺮواﺳــﻜﻠﺮوتﻫــﺎ ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ‬،V. dahliae ‫ﭼــﭗ( ﻣﻴﻜﺮواﺳــﻜﻠﺮوتﻫــﺎي ﺳــﺎﻟﻢ‬
.TF-Co-G-20 ‫ و‬TF-Co-G-15 ‫ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي‬
Fig. 3- The effect of mycoparasitism mechanism of T. flavus on microsclerotia of V. dahliae: From
Right to Left) Healthy microsclerotia of V. dahliae, disintegration & formation inhibitory of
microsclerotia by TF-Co-G-15 & TF-Co-G-20.
 19 1392 ‫ ﺳﺎل‬،‫ ﺷﻤﺎرهي ﻳﻚ‬،‫ ﺟﻠﺪ اول‬،‫ﻣﻬﺎر زﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﮔﻴﺎهﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬

‫ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔـﻲ ورﺗﻴﺴـﻠﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﭘﻨﺒـﻪ در ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴـﻢ‬V. dahliae ‫ ﺑـﺎ‬T. flavus ‫ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖﻫـﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺑﺮﺧـﻮرد ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي‬-2 ‫ﺟـﺪول‬
‫ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬،‫ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴﻢ‬V. dahliae ‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴﻢ و ﮔﺮوهﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦﻫﺎي درﺻﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ رﺷﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪي‬
.(α=0/01) ‫ ﺑﺎ آزﻣﻮن داﻧﻜﻦ‬T. flavus ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻓﺮار و ﻏﻴﺮﻓﺮار ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي‬
Table 2- Different manners of T. flavus isolates in relation with V. dahliae, cotton Verticillium wilt
agent, in mycoparasitism mechanism and grouping means of inhibitory percent for V. dahliae colony
growth in mechanisms of mycoparasitism, volatile and non- volatile metabolites production by
Duncan test (α = 0.01).

Inhibitory Percent for V. dahliae Colony Growth Different Manners of T. flavus T. flavus
Non- volatile Volatile Mycoparasitism Isolates in RelationWith V. dahliae in Isolates
Metabolites Metabolites Mycoparasitism
92.50 a 72.61 c 79.43 e Fragmentation & Lysis TF-Co-G-1
83.57 b 39.28 h 81.30 d Fragmentation TF-Co-G-2
50.55 h 36.90 i 77.60 g No Relationship & Fragmentation TF-Co-G-3
72.50 c 21.71 l 77.57 g Fragmentation TF-Co-G-4
48.55 ij 69.04 d 82.24 c Fragmentation TF-Co-G-5
42.44 m 20.00 m 85.04 b Lysis TF-Co-G-6
47.11 k 45.33 g 78.50 f Fragmentation TF-Co-G-7
39.44 n 14.28 o 79.43 e Fragmentation TF-Co-G-8
44.22 l 36.19 j 70.09 j Fragmentation TF-Co-G-9
43.66 l 17.14 n 69.15 k Fragmentation TF-Co-G-10
41.85 m 19.04 p 78.50 f Fragmentation TF-Co-G-11
46.55 k 58.33 f 81.30 d Fragmentation & Lysis TF-Co-N-12
46.77 k 60.71 e 76.63 h Fragmentation & Lysis TF-Co-N-13
51.44 g 16.66 n 82.24 c No Relationship & Fragmentation TF-Co-N-14
51.44 g 72.61 c 85.04 b No Relationship & Fragmentation TF-Co-N-15
50.55 h 28.57 h 71.02 i Fragmentation TF-Co-N-16
45.44 f 16.66 n 57.94 m No Relationship TF-Co-N-17
50.00 h 22.61 k 78.50 f Fragmentation & Lysis TF-Co-N-18
74.88 j 58.33 f 61.68 l Fragmentation & Lysis TF-Co-N-19
49.88 h 77.14 a 81.30 d Fragmentation TF-Co-N-20
55.55 e 75.42 b 79.43 e Fragmentation & Lysis TF-Co-N-21
52.00 g 77.14 a 78.50 f Fragmentation & Lysis TF-Co-M-22
48.77 i 76.00 b 88.78 a No Relationship TF-Co-M-23
0 o 0 o 0 n Control
‫ﻧﺮاﻗﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‪ :‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪي ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎي آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴﺘﻲ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرچ‪...‬‬
‫در ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴﻢ‪ ،‬از ﻣﻴﺎن ﺣﺎﻟـﺖﻫـﺎي‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي ‪ T. flavus‬ﺑـﺎ ‪،V. albo-atrum‬‬
‫‪ %40‬ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ و ﻟﻴـﺰ ﺷـﺪن‪ %33 ،‬ﺑﺮﺧـﻮرد و ﻗﻄﻌـﻪ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺷﺪن‪ %20 ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد و ﻟﻴﺰ ﺷﺪن و ‪ %7‬ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد‪ ،‬ﺗـﺪاﺧﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌــﻪ ﻗﻄﻌــﻪ و ﻟﻴــﺰ ﺷــﺪن ﻣﺤﺎﺳــﺒﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳــﺪ‪ .‬ﻫــﻢﭼﻨــﻴﻦ‪ ،‬در‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴــﻢﻫــﺎي ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴــﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒــﺎت ﻓــﺮار و ﻏﻴﺮﻓــﺮار‬
‫ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ‪ 47،20‬و‪ 100‬درﺻﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫـﺎ ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ ﺑـﻴﺶ از‬
‫‪ 50‬درﺻﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ رﺷﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪي ‪ V. albo-atrum‬ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗـــﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴـــﻢاي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـــﻒ ﺟﺪاﻳـــﻪﻫـــﺎي‬
‫‪ T. flavus‬روي ﻋﺎﻣـــﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـــﺎري ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔـــﻲ‬
‫ورﺗﻴﺴﻠﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﺳﻴﺐزﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫در ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴـﻢ ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي ‪T. flavus‬‬
‫روي ‪ ،V. albo-atrum‬ﻣﺤﺪودهي درﺻﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧـﺪﮔﻲ رﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪي ‪ V. albo-atrum‬ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ 8/33 – 58/33‬درﺻـﺪ ﺑـﻮد‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮﻳﻦ و ﻛـﻢﺗـﺮﻳﻦ آن ﺑـﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴـﺐ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي‬
‫‪ TF-Po-K-46‬و ‪ TF-Po-K-42‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮔﺮدﻳـﺪ )ﺟـﺪول ‪.(4‬‬
‫در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻔﻮذ و ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ ﻣﻴـﺎن رﻳﺴـﻪﻫـﺎي ﻗـﺎرچ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤـﺎريزا و ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي ‪ ،T. flavus‬ﻗﻄﻌـﻪﻗﻄﻌـﻪ و ﻟﻴـﺰ ﺷـﺪن‬
‫رﻳﺴــﻪﻫــﺎي ﻋﺎﻣــﻞ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎريزا و ﻋــﺪم ﺗﺸــﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻴﺴــﻠﻴﻮم ﺗﻴــﺮه‬
‫)‪ (dark mycelium‬ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪي ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪه ﺷـﺪ‪ .‬در‬
‫اﻳﻦ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻧﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻓـﺮار و ﻏﻴﺮﻓـﺮار ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي‬
‫‪ T. flavus‬روي ‪ ،V. albo-atrum‬ﻣﻮﺟــﺐ ﻛــﺎﻫﺶ رﺷــﺪ‬
‫ﭘﺮﮔﻨـــﻪي ‪ V. albo-atrum‬و ﺗﻮﻟﻴـــﺪ ﻣﻴﺴـــﻠﻴﻮم ﻫـــﻮاﻳﻲ‬
‫)‪ (aerial mycelium‬ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫در آزﻣــﺎﻳﺶ ﺗــﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒــﺎت ﻓــﺮار ﻣﺤــﺪودهي درﺻــﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧـــﺪﮔﻲ رﺷـــﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـــﻪي ‪ V. albo-atrum‬ﺑﺮاﺑـــﺮ ﺑـــﺎ‬
‫‪ 84/44‬درﺻﺪ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑـﻴﺶﺗـﺮﻳﻦ و ﻛـﻢﺗـﺮﻳﻦ آن ﺑـﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴـﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﺟﺪاﻳــﻪﻫــﺎي ‪ TF-Po-V-50‬و ‪ TF-Po-K-45‬ﻣﻮﺟــﺐ‬
‫ﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﻫــﻢﭼﻨــﻴﻦ‪ ،‬در اﻳــﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳــﻲ ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﮔﺮدﻳــﺪ ﻛــﻪ ﺳــﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪي ‪ TF-Po-K-40 ،TF-Po-K-39‬و ‪ TF-Po-K-42‬ﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ رﺷـﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪي ‪ V. albo-atrum‬را ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﻧـﺪاده ﺑﻠﻜـﻪ‬
‫ﺑــﻪﻣﻴــﺰان ‪ 20 ،2/85‬و ‪ 36/19‬درﺻــﺪ اﻓــﺰاﻳﺶ رﺷــﺪ آن را‬
‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ )ﺟﺪول ‪ .(4‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎت‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻓﺮار ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛـﻪ ﻣﺤـﺪودهي درﺻـﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧـﺪﮔﻲ رﺷـﺪ‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬در ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت‬
‫ﻓﺮار و ﻏﻴﺮﻓﺮار ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ‪ 44 ،100‬و ‪ 48‬درﺻﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﻴﺶ از ‪ 50‬درﺻﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧـﺪﮔﻲ رﺷـﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪ ‪V. dahliae‬‬
‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗـــﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴـــﻢﻫـــﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـــﻒ ﺟﺪاﻳـــﻪﻫـــﺎي‬
‫‪ T. flavus‬روي ﻋﺎﻣـــﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـــﺎري ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔـــﻲ‬
‫ورﺗﻴﺴﻠﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﺟﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ‬
‫در ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴـﻢ ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي ‪T. flavus‬‬
‫روي ‪ ،V. albo-atrum‬ﻣﺤﺪودهي درﺻﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧـﺪﮔﻲ رﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﭘﺮﮔﻨــﻪي ‪ V. albo-atrum‬ﺑﺮاﺑــﺮ ﺑــﺎ ‪ 7/89 – 68/42‬درﺻــﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻮدﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮﻳﻦ و ﻛﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ آن ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي‬
‫‪ TF-To-V-30‬و ‪ TF-To-V-28‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮔﺮدﻳـﺪ )ﺟـﺪول ‪.(3‬‬
‫در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻔﻮذ و ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ ﻣﻴـﺎن رﻳﺴـﻪﻫـﺎي ﻗـﺎرچ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤـﺎريزا و ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي ‪ ،T. flavus‬ﻗﻄﻌـﻪﻗﻄﻌـﻪ و ﻟﻴـﺰ ﺷـﺪن‬
‫رﻳﺴــﻪﻫــﺎي ﻋﺎﻣــﻞ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎريزا و ﻋــﺪم ﺗﺸــﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻴﺴــﻠﻴﻮم ﺗﻴــﺮه‬
‫)‪ (dark mycelium‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫در آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎت ﻓـﺮار و ﻏﻴﺮﻓـﺮار ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي‬
‫‪ T. flavus‬روي ‪ ،V. albo-atrum‬ﻋــﻼوه ﺑــﺮ ﻛــﺎﻫﺶ رﺷــﺪ‬
‫ﭘﺮﮔﻨـــﻪي ‪ ،V. albo-atrum‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴـــﺪ ﻣﻴﺴـــﻠﻴﻮم ﻫـــﻮاﻳﻲ‬
‫‪ aerial mycelium‬ﻧﻴــﺰ ﻣﺸــﺎﻫﺪه ﺷــﺪ‪ .‬در آزﻣــﺎﻳﺶ ﺗــﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻓﺮار ﻣﺤﺪودهي درﺻﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧـﺪﮔﻲ رﺷـﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪي‬
‫‪ V. albo-atrum‬ﺑﺮاﺑــﺮ ﺑــﺎ ‪ 18/33 – 85/00‬درﺻــﺪ ﺑــﻮد ﻛــﻪ‬
‫ﺑــﻴﺶﺗــﺮﻳﻦ و ﻛــﻢﺗــﺮﻳﻦ آن ﺑــﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴــﺐ ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﺟﺪاﻳــﻪﻫــﺎي‬
‫‪ TF-To-V-31‬و ‪ TF-To-U-35‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬
‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻏﻴﺮﻓﺮار ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺪودهي درﺻﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧـــﺪﮔﻲ رﺷـــﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـــﻪي ‪ V. albo-atrum‬ﺑﺮاﺑـــﺮ ﺑـــﺎ‬
‫‪ 72/77 – 95/22‬درﺻــﺪ ﺑــﻮده ﻛــﻪ ﺑــﻴﺶﺗــﺮﻳﻦ آن ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ‬
‫ﺟﺪاﻳـــﻪي ‪ TF-To-U-36‬و ﻛـــﻢﺗـــﺮﻳﻦ آن ﺑـــﺎ اﺳـــﺘﻔﺎده از‬
‫ﺟﺪاﻳــﻪﻫــﺎي ‪ TF-To-V-26‬و ‪ TF-To-V-28‬اﺗﻔــﺎق اﻓﺘــﺎده‬
‫اﺳﺖ )ﺟﺪول ‪ .(3‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻤﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺶﺗـﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫و ﻛــــﻢﺗــــﺮﻳﻦ درﺻــــﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧــــﺪﮔﻲ رﺷــــﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨــــﻪي‬
‫‪ ،V. albo-atrum‬ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻏﻴﺮﻓـﺮار‬
‫ﺟﺪاﻳﻪي ‪ TF-To-U-36‬و ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴﻢ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪي‬
‫‪TF-To-V-28‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )ﺟﺪول‪.(3‬‬
 21 1392 ‫ ﺳﺎل‬،‫ ﺷﻤﺎرهي ﻳﻚ‬،‫ ﺟﻠﺪ اول‬،‫ﻣﻬﺎر زﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﮔﻴﺎهﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬

‫ ﻋﺎﻣـــﻞ ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔـــﻲ ورﺗﻴﺴـــﻠﻴﻮﻣﻲ‬V. albo-atrum ‫ ﺑـــﺎ‬T. flavus ‫ ﺣﺎﻟـــﺖﻫـــﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـــﻒ ﺑﺮﺧـــﻮرد ﺟﺪاﻳـــﻪﻫـــﺎي‬-3 ‫ﺟـــﺪول‬
‫ﮔﻮﺟــــﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕــــﻲ در ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴــــﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴــــﻢ و ﮔــــﺮوهﺑﻨــــﺪي ﻣﻴــــﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦﻫــــﺎي درﺻــــﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧــــﺪﮔﻲ رﺷــــﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨــــﻪي‬
‫ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـــﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـــﺎت ﻓـــﺮار و ﻏﻴﺮﻓـــﺮار ﺟﺪاﻳـــﻪﻫـــﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـــﻒ‬،‫ ﺗﻮﺳـــﻂ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴـــﻢﻫـــﺎي ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴـــﻢ‬V. albo-atrum
.(α=0/01) ‫ ﺑﺎ آزﻣﻮن داﻧﻜﻦ‬T. flavus
Table 3- Different manners of T. flavus isolates in relation with V. albo-atrum, tomato Verticillium
wilt agent, in mycoparasitism mechanism and grouping means of inhibitory percent for V. albo-atrum
colony growth in mechanisms of mycoparasitism, volatile and non- volatile metabolites production
by Duncan test (α=0.01).

Inhibitory Percent forV. albo-atrum Colony Growth Different Manners of T. flavus Isolates T. flavus Isolates
Non- volatile Volatile Mycoparasitism in Relation With V. albo-atrum in
Metabolites Metabolites Mycoparasitism
73.00 i 54.72 b 60.52 b Fragmentation & Lysis TF-To-V-24
74.22 h 45.94 e 21.05 h Fragmentation & Lysis TF-To-V-25
72.77 i 46.62 e 47.36 e Fragmentation TF-To-V-26
73.33 hi 45.94 e 10.25 j Fragmentation TF-To-V-27
72.77 i 45.94 e 7.89 k Fragmentation & Lysis TF-To-V-28
77.66 f 33.33 g 42.10 f Fragmentation & Lysis TF-To-V-29
80.88 d 50.00 c 68.42 a Fragmentation & Lysis TF-To-V-30
80.77 d 85.00 a 55.26 c Lysis TF-To-V-31
78.77 e 35.00 f 31.57 g Fragmentation TF-To-V-32
83.66 c 31.81 h 60.52 b Penetration, Fragmentation & Lysis TF-To-V-33
73.11 i 31.66 h 15.78 i Fragmentation TF-To-U-34
94.66 a 18.33 i 47.36 e Fragmentation TF-To-U-35
95.22 a 33.33 g 52.63 d Lysis TF-To-U-36
75.22 g 18.18 i 52.63 d Fragmentation & Lysis TF-To-U-37
92.55 b 48.33 d 52.63 d Lysis TF-To-U-38
0 j 0 j 0 l Control
‫ﻧﺮاﻗﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‪ :‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪي ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎي آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴﺘﻲ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرچ‪...‬‬
‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ 11/94 – 85/00‬درﺻﺪ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮﻳﻦ و ﻛﻢﺗـﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫آن ﺑــــﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴــــﺐ ﺗﻮﺳــــﻂ ﺟﺪاﻳــــﻪﻫــــﺎي ‪ TF-cu-V-59‬و‬
‫‪ 54 TF-Cu-V-‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﻫـﻢﭼﻨـﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘـﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺮرﺳـﻲ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻏﻴﺮﻓﺮار ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺪودهي درﺻﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫رﺷﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪي ‪ V. albo-atrum‬ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ 9/09 – 45/63‬درﺻﺪ‬
‫ﺑــﻮده ﻛــﻪ ﺑــﻴﺶﺗــﺮﻳﻦ آن ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﺟﺪاﻳــﻪي ‪ TF-Cu-V-54‬و‬
‫ﻛﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ آن ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺟﺪاﻳﻪي ‪ TF-Cu-V-56‬اﺗﻔﺎق اﻓﺘﺎده‬
‫اﺳﺖ )ﺟﺪول ‪ .(5‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻤﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺶﺗـﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫و ﻛــــﻢﺗــــﺮﻳﻦ درﺻــــﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧــــﺪﮔﻲ رﺷــــﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨــــﻪي‬
‫‪ ،V. albo-atrum‬ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴـﺐ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴـﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎت ﻓـﺮار‬
‫ﺟﺪاﻳﻪي‪ TF-Cu-V-59‬و ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻏﻴﺮﻓﺮار ﺟﺪاﻳﻪي‬
‫‪ TF-Cu-V-56‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )ﺟﺪول ‪.(5‬‬
‫در ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴﻢ‪ ،‬از ﻣﻴﺎن ﺣﺎﻟـﺖﻫـﺎي‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي ‪ T. flavus‬ﺑـﺎ ‪،V. albo-atrum‬‬
‫‪ %37/5‬ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد و ﻗﻄﻌﻪﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺷﺪن‪ %25 ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد و ﻟﻴﺰ ﺷـﺪن‪،‬‬
‫‪ % 25‬ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﻌﻪﻗﻄﻌﻪ و ﻟﻴـﺰ ﺷـﺪن و ‪ 12/5‬ﻋـﺪم ﺑﺮﺧـﻮرد‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬در ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴﻢ و‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎت ﻓــﺮار ﺑـﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴــﺐ ‪ 87/5‬و ‪ 75‬درﺻـﺪ ﻛــﻞ ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫــﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟــﺐ ﺑــﻴﺶ از ‪ 50‬درﺻــﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧــﺪﮔﻲ رﺷــﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨــﻪي‬
‫‪ V. albo-atrum‬ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬در ﺣـﺎﻟﻲﻛـﻪ در ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴـﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎت‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻓﺮار‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﭻ ﻳﻚ از ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎ ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ ﺑـﻴﺶ از ‪ 50‬درﺻـﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧــﺪﮔﻲ رﺷــﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨــﻪي‪ V. albo-atrum‬ﻧﮕﺮدﻳﺪﻧــﺪ و‬
‫ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰان درﺻﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ ‪ 45/63‬ﺑﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮﻳﻦ و ﻛـﻢﺗـﺮﻳﻦ آن ﺑـﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴـﺐ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي‬
‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻛﻠﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴـﻖ ﻧﺸـﺎن داد ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧـﺪﮔﻲ رﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎريزاي ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔﻲ ورﺗﻴﺴﻠﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ‪V. dahliae‬‬
‫و ‪ V. albo-atrum‬در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﺤﺼـﻮﻻت زراﻋـﻲ ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ﭘﻨﺒـﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﮔﻮﺟــﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕــﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳــﻴﺐزﻣﻴﻨــﻲ و ﺧﻴــﺎر ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧــﻪاي ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ‬
‫ﺟﺪاﻳــﻪﻫــﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠــﻒ ‪ T. flavus‬وﺟــﻮد داﺷــﺘﻪ اﺳــﺖ‪ .‬اﻳــﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺪاﻳــﻪﻫــﺎ از ﻣﻨــﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠــﻒ ﻛﺸــﺖ ﻣﺤﺼــﻮﻻت ﻣــﺬﻛﻮر‬
‫ﺟﺪاﺳــﺎزي ﺷــﺪﻧﺪ و از ﻃﺮﻳــﻖ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴــﻢﻫــﺎي آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴــﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴــﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴــﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒــﺎت ﻓــﺮار و ﻏﻴﺮﻓــﺮار ﻣﻮﺟــﺐ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻌﻨﻲدار رﺷﺪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎريزاي ﻓﻮق ﮔﺮدﻳﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻮاﻧـﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺎرچ ‪ T. flavus‬ﺑﺮاي اﺷﻐﺎل ﻛﺮدن رﻳﺰوﺳﻔﺮ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻓـﻮق‬
‫‪22‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪي‪ V. albo-atrum‬ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ ﺑـﺎ ‪ 14/73 – 89/26‬درﺻـﺪ‬
‫ﺑــﻮده ﻛــﻪ ﺑــﻴﺶﺗــﺮﻳﻦ آن ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﺟﺪاﻳــﻪي ‪ TF-Po-V-48‬و‬
‫ﻛﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ آن ﺑـﺎ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي ‪ TF-Po-K-39‬اﺗﻔـﺎق‬
‫اﻓﺘﺎده اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﺸـﺨﺺ ﻧﻤـﻮد ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻴﺶﺗـﺮﻳﻦ و‬
‫ﻛﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ درﺻﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ رﺷـﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪي‪،V. albo-atrum‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻏﻴﺮﻓﺮار ﺟﺪاﻳﻪي ‪TF-To-‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬
‫‪TF-To-V-28‬‬ ‫‪ U-36‬و ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴـﻢ ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪي‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )ﺟﺪول ‪.(4‬‬
‫در ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴﻢ‪ ،‬از ﻣﻴﺎن ﺣﺎﻟـﺖﻫـﺎي‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮﺧـﻮرد ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي ‪ T. flavus‬ﺑـﺎ‪،V. albo-atrum‬‬
‫‪ %28/57‬ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد و ﻗﻄﻌﻪﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺷـﺪن‪ %28/57 ،‬ﺑﺮﺧـﻮرد و ﻟﻴـﺰ‬
‫ﺷـــﺪن‪ %14/28 ،‬ﺑﺮﺧـــﻮرد‪ %14/28 ،‬ﺑﺮﺧـــﻮرد و ﺗـــﺪاﺧﻞ و‬
‫‪ %14/28‬ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﻌـﻪ ﻗﻄﻌـﻪ و ﻟﻴـﺰ ﺷـﺪن ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬در ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎت ﻓـﺮار و‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻓﺮار ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ‪ 43 ،7‬و‪ 43‬درﺻـﺪ ﻛـﻞ ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎ ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺶ از ‪ 50‬درﺻﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ رﺷﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪي‪V. albo-atrum‬‬
‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗـــﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴـــﻢﻫـــﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـــﻒ ﺟﺪاﻳـــﻪﻫـــﺎي‬
‫‪ T. flavus‬روي ﻋﺎﻣـــﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـــﺎري ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔـــﻲ‬
‫ورﺗﻴﺴﻠﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﺧﻴﺎر ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي‬
‫در ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴـﻢ ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي ‪T. flavus‬‬
‫روي ‪ ،V. albo-atrum‬ﻣﺤﺪودهي درﺻﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧـﺪﮔﻲ رﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪي ‪ V. albo-atrum‬ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ 44/18 – 67/44‬درﺻﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫‪ TF-Cu-V-56‬و ‪ TF-Cu-V-54‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ )ﺟـﺪول ‪.(5‬‬
‫در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻣﻴﺎن رﻳﺴﻪﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرچ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤـﺎريزا و ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي ‪ ،T. flavus‬ﻗﻄﻌـﻪﻗﻄﻌـﻪ و ﻟﻴـﺰ ﺷـﺪن‬
‫رﻳﺴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎريزا‪ ،‬ﻋﺪم ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد رﻳﺴﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ و‬
‫ﻋﺪم ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻴﺴﻠﻴﻮم ﺗﻴﺮه )‪ (dark mycelium‬ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺎت‬
‫ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫در اﻳــﻦ آزﻣــﺎﻳﺶ ﻧﻴــﺰ‪ ،‬ﺗــﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒــﺎت ﻓــﺮار و ﻏﻴﺮﻓــﺮار‬
‫ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ‪ T. flavus‬روي ‪ ،V. albo-atrum‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫رﺷـﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪي ‪ V. albo-atrum‬و ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﻣﻴﺴـﻠﻴﻮم ﻫـﻮاﻳﻲ‬
‫)‪ (aerial mycelium‬ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‪ .‬در آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻓﺮار‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪودهي درﺻﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ رﺷﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪي‪V. albo-atrum‬‬
 ‫‪23‬‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻓﺮار و ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮار ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ‪ T. flavus‬روي ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤــــﺎريزاي ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔــــﻲ ورﺗﻴﺴــــﻠﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﻧﺸــــﺎن داده ﺷــــﺪ‬
‫)‪.(Huggag & Mohamed, 2007‬‬
‫ﻋﺪم ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ رﻧﮕﺪاﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻼﻧﻴﻦ در ﻣﻴﻜﺮواﺳﻜﻠﺮوتﻫﺎ و‬
‫ﺳﻔﻴﺪرﻧﮓ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪن آنﻫـﺎ ﻳـﻚ ﻫﻔﺘـﻪ ﭘـﺲ از ﻛﺸـﺖ ﻗــــﺎرچ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎريزاي ‪ V. dahliae‬ﻧﻴﺰ در ﻣﺤﻴـــﻂ ﻛﺸﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺘـﺄﺛﺮ از‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻓﺮار و ﻏﻴﺮﻓﺮار ‪ ،T. flavus‬در اﻳـﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴـﻖ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪه‬
‫ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‪ Madi et al., (1997) .‬ﻧﺸﺎن دادﻧﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻋـﺪم ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻼﻧــﻴﻦ در ﻣﻴﻜﺮواﺳــﻜﻠﺮوتﻫــﺎي ‪ V. dahliae‬ﺑــﺮ اﺛــﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴــﺖﻫــﺎي ‪ T. flavus‬وﺟــﻮد داﺷــﺘﻪ و وﻗــﻮع ﺑﻴﻤــﺎري‬
‫ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔــــــﻲ ورﺗﻴﺴــــــﻠﻴﻮﻣﻲ در ﺗﻴﻤﺎرﻫــــــﺎي ﻣﺘــــــﺄﺛﺮ از‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮواﺳﻜﻠﺮوتﻫﺎي ﺑﺪون ﻣﻼﻧﻴﻦ در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻴﻤﺎر ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮو اﺳﻜﻠﺮوتﻫﺎي ﻣﻼﻧﻴﻦدار ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺎت )‪ Henson et al. (1999‬در زﻣﻴﻨـﻪي‬
‫ﻧﻘــــﺶ ﻣــــﺆﺛﺮ ﻣﻼﻧــــﻴﻦ در ورود رﻳﺴــــﻪي ﻧﻔــــﻮذ ﻛﻨﻨــــﺪه‬
‫)‪ (Appressorium hyphae‬ﺑـﻪ اﭘﻴـﺪرم اﻧـﺪامﻫـﺎي ﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ و‬
‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺑﻘﺎي ﻣﻴﻜﺮواﺳﻜﻠﺮوتﻫﺎي ﻋﻮاﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎريزا‪ ،‬ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎط ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪ T. flavus‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ‬
‫در ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎريزاﻳـﻲ ‪ V. dahliae‬ﻣـﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽـﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛـــﺎﻫﺶ ﺑﻴﻤـــﺎريزاﻳـــﻲ ﻗـــﺎرچ ﻋﺎﻣـــﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـــﺎري ﺑﻼﺳـــﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺞ)‪ (Magnaporthe grisea‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪهﻫﺎي ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻼﻧﻴﻦ اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )‪.(Kurahashi, 2001‬‬
‫در اﻳــﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴــﻖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴــﻢﻫــﺎي آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴــﺘﻲ ﻣﺸــﺘﺮك‬
‫ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪ T. flavus‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﭼﻬﺎر ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﭘﻨﺒـﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﮔﻮﺟﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻴﺐزﻣﻴﻨـﻲ و ﺧﻴـﺎر ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧـﻪاي ﺑـﺮاي ﻋﻮاﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔــﻲ ورﺗﻴﺴــﻠﻴﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴــﻢ و ﺗﻮﻟﻴــﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒــﺎت‬
‫ﻓﺮار ﺑﻮد‪ .‬در اﻳﻦ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺎت ﭘﻴﺸـﻴﻦ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻧﺸـﺎن داده‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴﻢ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻗـﺎرﭼﻲ آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴـﺖ در‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪﻗﻄﻌﻪ و ﻟﻴﺰ ﻛﺮدن رﻳﺴﻪﻫﺎي ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎريزاي ﺧﺎكزاد‬
‫ﻧﻈﻴـــﺮ ‪ V. albo-atrum ،V. dahliae‬و‪F. oxysporum‬‬
‫ﻣﺪاﺧﻠﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ )‪ .(Deacon, 1991‬ﻫـﻢﭼﻨـﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎت‬
‫ﻓﺮار ‪ T. flavus‬ﻧﻈﻴﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻞ ﭘﻴﺮونﻫﺎ و ﺳـﻮرﺑﻴﻚ اﺳـﻴﺪ داراي‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮات آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴﺘﻲ روي ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻤـﺎريزاي ورﺗﻴﺴـﻠﻴﻮم‬
‫ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ)‪. (Proksa, 2010‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﺎر زﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﮔﻴﺎهﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ اول‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎرهي ﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎل ‪1392‬‬
‫و ﻛـــﺎﻫﺶ دادن ﭘﺮوﭘـــﺎﮔﻮلﻫـــﺎي ﻋﻮاﻣـــﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـــﺎري ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔـــﻲ‬
‫ورﺗﻴﺴﻠﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ)‪.(Tjamos et al., 2004‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﺗﺮاوﺷﺎت رﻳﺸﻪاي‬
‫ﭘﻨﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺟﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺐزﻣﻴﻨﻲ و ﺧﻴﺎر ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از‬
‫ﻛﺮوﻣـــﺎﺗﻮﮔﺮاﻓﻲ‪High Performance anion-exchange‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﻛﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻗﻨﺪي ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﮔﻠﻮﻛﺰ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻋﻤـﺪهاي از‬
‫ﺗﺮاوﺷﺎت رﻳﺸﻪي ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻣـﺬﻛﻮر را ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ داده اﺳـﺖ‬
‫)‪ .(Lix et al., 2009‬اﻳﻦ ﻗـﺎرچ ﺑـﺎ واﺳـﻄﻪي ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴـﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻏﻴﺮﻓﺮار ﻧﻈﻴﺮ آﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﮔﻠﻮﻛﺰ اﻛﺴﻴﺪاز‪ ،‬در ﺣﻀﻮر ﮔﻠﻮﻛﺰ‬
‫ﭘﺮاﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣـﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ )‪ .(Kim et al., 1990‬اﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴـــﺐ ﺑـــﺮاي ﺑﺴـــﻴﺎري از ﻋﻮاﻣـــﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـــﺎريزاي ﻗـــﺎرﭼﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت زراﻋﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ )‪.(Murrary et al., 1999‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ذﻛﺮ ﺷﺪه‪ ،‬ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي اﻳﻦ ﻗـﺎرچ‬
‫از ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻣﻮرد‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ دور از اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪي ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴﻢ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫـﺎي ‪T. flavus‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﻧﻔﻮذ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ و ﻟﻴﺰﺷـﺪن رﻳﺴـﻪﻫـﺎي‬
‫ﻗـﺎرچ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎريزاي ‪ V. dahliae‬و‪ V. albo-atrum‬ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫــﺎي ‪ T. flavus‬وﺟـﻮد داﺷــﺘﻪ اﺳــﺖ‪ .‬اﻳــﻦ ﻧﺘــﺎﻳﺞ‪ ،‬از‬
‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘــــﻲ ﻣﺸــــﺎﺑﻪ در زﻣﻴﻨــــﻪي ﺗــــﺄﺛﻴﺮات آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴــــﺘﻲ‬
‫‪Aspergillus‬‬ ‫‪ Streptomyces griseus‬روي رﻳﺴــﻪﻫــﺎي‬
‫‪ flavus‬ﮔـﺰارش ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ )‪.(Anitha & Rabeeth, 2010‬‬
‫در ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪي ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻓـﺮار و ﻏﻴﺮﻓـﺮار‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﺪم ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻴﺴﻠﻴﻮم ﺗﻴﺮهي ‪ V. albo-atrum‬و ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﺴﻠﻴﻮم‬
‫ﻫــﻮاﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒــﺎت ﻓــﺮار و ﻏﻴﺮﻓــﺮار ﻧﺸــﺎن داده ﺷــﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن اﺛﺒﺎت ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎي ﻓﺮار و ﻏﻴﺮﻓﺮاري ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻓﻨﻠﻲ و ﻓﻼوﻧﻮﺋﻴﺪي ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ ﻣﻬـﺎر رﺷـﺪ رﻳﺴـﻪﻫـﺎ و‬
‫روﻳﺶ اﺳـﭙﻮرﻫﺎي ﻗـﺎرچ ‪) Botrytis cinerea‬ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎري‬
‫ﻛﭙﻚ ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي( ﺷﺪه و ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎريزاﻳﻲ آن را ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫داده اﺳﺖ )‪ .(Hur et al., 2003‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳــــﺞ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘــــﺎت‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﻛﻪ در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻮارد‪ ،‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪي ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻓـﺮار و ﻳـﺎ ﻏﻴﺮﻓـﺮار ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴـﺖ‪ ،‬اﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ رﺷﺪ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻤﺎريزا ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺷــﺪهاﻧــﺪ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽــﻪ در ﺗﺤﻘﻴــﻖ ﺣﺎﺿــﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗــﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺜﺒــﺖ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒــﺎت‬
 ...‫ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪي ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎي آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴﺘﻲ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرچ‬:‫ﻧﺮاﻗﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‬ 24

‫ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔـﻲ ورﺗﻴﺴـﻠﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﺳـﻴﺐزﻣﻴﻨـﻲ در‬V. albo-atrum ‫ ﺑـﺎ‬T. flavus ‫ ﺣﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮﺧـﻮرد ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي‬-4 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴـﻢﻫـﺎي‬V. albo-atrum ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴﻢ و ﮔـﺮوهﺑﻨـﺪي ﻣﻴـﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦﻫـﺎي درﺻـﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧـﺪﮔﻲ رﺷـﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪي‬
.(α=0/01) ‫ ﺑﺎ آزﻣﻮن داﻧﻜﻦ‬T. flavus ‫ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻓﺮار و ﻏﻴﺮﻓﺮار ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬،‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴﻢ‬
Table 4- Different manners of T. flavus isolates in relation with V. albo-atrum, potato Verticillium
wilt agent, in mycoparasitism mechanism and grouping means of inhibitory percent for V. albo-
atrum colony growth in mechanisms of mycoparasitism, volatile and non- volatile metabolites
production by Duncan test (α=0.01).
Inhibitory Percent forV. albo-atrum Colony Growth Different Manners of T. flavus T. flavus
Non- volatile Volatile Mycoparasitism Isolates in Relation With V. albo- Isolates
Metabolites Metabolites atrum in Mycoparasitism
14.73 j 2.85 j 16.66 h Fragmentation & Lysis TF-Po-K-39
25.41 i -20.00 k 38.88 e Fragmentation TF-Po-K-40
25.46 i 37.14 f 44.44 c Lysis TF-Po-K-41
77.00 b -36.19 l 8.33 i No Fragmentation & No Lysis TF-Po-K-42
51.57 d 47.61 e 16.66 h Fragmentation & Lysis TF-Po-K-43
29.58 h 31.90 g 41.66 d Fragmentation TF-Po-K-44
76.66 b 0 i 36.11 f Lysis TF-Po-K-45
72.64 c 4.16 h 58.33 a Penetration TF-Po-K-46
46.25 e 61.11 d 33.33 g Fragmentation TF-Po-K-47
89.26 a 61.11 d 44.44 c No Fragmentation & No Lysis TF-Po-V-48
43.98 f 81.11 c 36.11 f Lysis TF-Po-V-49
50.74 d 84.44 a 36.11 f Fragmentation TF-Po-V-50
31.38 g 82.77 b 36.11 f Penetration TF-Po-V-51
25.55 i 82.77 b 47.22 b Lysis TF-Po-V-52
0 k 0 i 0 j - Control

‫ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔـﻲ ورﺗﻴﺴـﻠﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﺧﻴـﺎر ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧـﻪاي در‬V. albo-atrum ‫ ﺑـﺎ‬T. flavus ‫ ﺣﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي‬-5 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴـﻢﻫـﺎي‬V. albo-atrum ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴـﻢ و ﮔـﺮوهﺑﻨـﺪي ﻣﻴـﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦﻫـﺎي درﺻـﺪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧـﺪﮔﻲ رﺷـﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪي‬
.(α=0/01) ‫ ﺑﺎ آزﻣﻮن داﻧﻜﻦ‬T. flavus ‫ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻓﺮار و ﻏﻴﺮﻓﺮار ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬،‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴﻢ‬
Table 5- Different manners of T. flavus isolates in relation with V. albo-atrum, greenhouse cucumber
Verticillium wilt agent, in mycoparasitism mechanism and grouping means of inhibitory percent for
V. albo-atrum colony growth in mechanisms of mycoparasitism, volatile and non- volatile
metabolites production by Duncan test (α=0.01).
Inhibitory Percent forV. albo-atrum Colony Growth Different Manners of T. flavus T. flavus
Non- volatile Volatile Mycoparasitism Isolates in Relation With V. albo- Isolates
Metabolites Metabolites atrum in Mycoparasitism
35.00 b 22.22 f 53.48 c Lysis TF- Cu-V- 53
45.63 a 11.94 g 44.18 d Fragmentation TF- Cu-V- 54
27.77 c 65.67 d 53.48 c Fragmentation & Lysis TF- Cu-V- 55
9.09 f 51.11 e 67.44 a Fragmentation TF- Cu-V- 56
13.63 e 82.22 c 58.13 b Fragmentation & Lysis TF- Cu-V- 57
13.42 e 82.77 bc 53.48 c Fragmentation TF- Cu-V- 58
22.22 d 85.00 a 53.48 c No Relationship TF- Cu-V- 59
27.55 c 83.33 b 53.48 c Lysis TF- Cu-V- 60
0 g 0 h 0 e Control
 ‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪي ﻣﻬﺎر زﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ اول‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎرهي ﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎل ‪1391‬‬

‫ارﺗﺒــﺎط ﻣﻴـــﺎن اﻳــﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴـــﻢﻫـــﺎ ﻣﻔﻬــﻮﻣﻲ ﻧـــﺪارد‪ .‬ﻧﺘـــﺎﻳﺞ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـــﺎت ﭘﻴﺸـــﻴﻦ ﻧﺸـــﺎن داده ﻛـــﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـــﺖ آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴـــﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺮﻳــــﻚ از ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴــــﻢﻫــــﺎي ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴــــﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴــــﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒــﺎت ﻓــﺮار و ﻏﻴﺮﻓــﺮار از ﻃﺮﻳــﻖ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴــﺖﻫــﺎي ﺧــﺎص‬
‫ﺧــﻮد ﺻــﻮرت ﻣــﻲﭘــﺬﻳﺮد‪ .‬اﻳــﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒــﺎت ﺑــﺮاي ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴــﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒــﺎت ﻓــﺮار‪ ،‬اﺗﻴﻠﻨــﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴــﺪروژﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳــﻴﺎﻧﻴﺪي و آﻟﺪﻫﻴــﺪي‬
‫ﻣـــﻲﺑﺎﺷـــﺪ‪ ،‬در ﺣـــﺎﻟﻲﻛـــﻪ ﺑـــﺮاي ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـــﺎت ﻏﻴﺮﻓـــﺮار‪،‬‬
‫آﻧــﺰﻳﻢﻫــﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻈﻴــﺮ ﮔﻠــﻮﮔﺰ اﻛﺴــﻴﺪاز‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﺎﮔﺎﻻﻛﺘﻮزﻳــﺪاز و‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﻪدﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺣﺎﺿـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮان اﻇﻬﺎر داﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎي آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﻣﻴﺎن ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ T. flavus‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺳـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼــﻮل ﻣــﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﻪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬــﺖ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴــﺖ آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴــﺘﻲ اﻳــﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺪاﻳــﻪﻫــﺎ روي ﻫــﺮ ﻳــﻚ از ﻋﻮاﻣــﻞ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎريزا ﻳــﻚ ﻳــﺎ دو‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬در اﻳﻦ‬
‫زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ در زﻣﻴﻨﻪي اﺧﺘﻼف ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ و ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴـﻢﻫـﺎي‬
‫آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴـﺘﻲ ﻣﻴـﺎن ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي ‪ T. harzianum‬و ‪T. flavus‬‬

‫ﺑﺘـــﺎ ﮔﻠﻮﻛﺰﻳﻠﻮزﻳـــﺪاز ﻣﻌﺮﻓـــﻲ ﺷـــﺪه اﺳـــﺖ‪ .‬ﻫـــﻢﭼﻨـــﻴﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﻛﻪ اﻳـﻦ اﺧـﺘﻼفﻫـﺎ ﺑـﻪدﻟﻴـﻞ ﺗﻨـﻮع ژﻧﺘﻴﻜـﻲ ﻣﻴـﺎن‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒــﺎت ﺧــﺎص ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴــﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴــﻢ ﺑــﻴﺶﺗــﺮ ﺑــﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﻪدﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت زراﻋـﻲ‬
‫آﻧــﺰﻳﻢﻫــﺎي ﮔــﺮوه ﻛﻴﺘﻴﻨــﺎز ﺗﻌﻠــﻖ داﺷــﺘﻪ و اﻳــﻦ ﮔــﺮوه از‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺑـﻮده اﺳـﺖ )‪ .(Whipps, 2001‬از ﻃـﺮف دﻳﮕـﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎ‬
‫آﻧـــﺰﻳﻢﻫـــﺎ در ﺑـــﺮوز ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴـــﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻴﺴـــﻢ ﺳـــﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻓـﺮاوان ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ‪ T. flavus‬در‬
‫ﺑـــــﻴﺶﺗـــــﺮي را ﺑـــــﻪ ﺧـــــﻮد اﺧﺘﺼـــــﺎص داده اﺳـــــﺖ‬ ‫رﻳﺰوﺳﻔﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن زراﻋﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ﭘﻨﺒـﻪ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺟـﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕـﻲ‪،‬‬
‫)‪.(Proksa, 2010‬‬ ‫ﺳـﻴﺐزﻣﻴﻨـﻲ و ﺑﺎدﻧﺠـﺎن )‪ ،(Marois et al., 1984‬ﻋـﻼوه ﺑـﺮ‬
‫اﺳــﺘﻔﺎدهي اﻳــﻦ ﺟﺪاﻳــﻪﻫــﺎ از ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒــﺎت ﻗﻨــﺪي ﻣﻮﺟــﻮد در‬
‫ﺳﭙﺎﺳﮕﺰاري‬ ‫ﺗﺮاوﺷﺎت رﻳﺸﻪاي‪ ،‬اﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﻣﺘﻨﻮع‬
‫ﺑــﺪﻳﻦوﺳــﻴﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﮕﺎرﻧــﺪﮔﺎن از ﻫﻤﻜــﺎريﻫــﺎي ﺑــﻲﺷــﺎﺋﺒﻪي‬ ‫ﺑﻮده‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ اﻟﻘـﺎي ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴـﻢﻫـﺎي ﻣﺘﻔـﺎوﺗﻲ در ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪﻫـﺎي‬
‫ﺟﻨــﺎب آﻗــﺎي دﻛﺘــﺮ ﺣﺴــﻦ ﻋﺴــﻜﺮي‪ ،‬رﺋــﻴﺲ ﺳــﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺆﺳﺴــﻪ‬ ‫‪ T. flavus‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )‪.(Roberts & Lohrke, 2003‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـــﺎت ﮔﻴـــﺎهﭘﺰﺷـــﻜﻲ ﻛﺸـــﻮر‪ ،‬ﺟﻬـــﺖ اﺟـــﺮاي اﻳـــﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴــﺖﻫــﺎي ﺣﺎﺻــﻠﻪ از ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴــﻢﻫــﺎ ﻛــﻪ ﺑــﻪ واﺳــﻄﻪي‬
‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻗﺪرداﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤــــﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒــــﺎت‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴــــﺖ آﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴــــﺘﻲ آنﻫــــﺎ رخ‬
‫ﻣـــﻲدﻫـــﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻔـــﺎوت ﺑـــﻮده و از اﻳـــﻦرو‪ ،‬اﺻــﻼً‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻗـــﺮاري‬

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 28 Biocontrol in Plant Protection. Vol. 1 (1), 2013

Study on some antagonistic mechanisms of Talaromyces flavus against Verticillium

dahliae and Verticillium albo-atrum , the causal agents of wilt disease in several
important crops

Laleh Naraghi1, Asghar Heydari2, Saeed Rezaee1 and Mohammad Razavi2

1- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Science and Research Branch, Islamic
Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2- Plant Disease Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran
Corresponding Author: Laleh Naraghi, lale_naraghi@yahoo.com

Received: Apr. 10, 2012 1 (1) 13-28 Accepted: Jan. 15, 2013

Abstract
Verticillium wilt is one of the most important diseases of cotton, tomato, potato and greenhouse
cucumber that causes serious losses in these crops. Biological control could be an effective strategy for
controlling this disease. In this study, for the investigation of antagonistic mechanisms of Talaromyces
flavus, first, pathogenic agents and antagonistic fungus were isolated from cultivated regions of above-
mentioned crops using Komada and TF culture media respectively. In next step, antagonistic
mechanisms of T. flavus including mycoparasitism, volatile metabolites production and non-volatile
metabolites production were studied separately. In this study, sixty T. flavus isolates were used from
which 23, 15, 14 and 8 isolates belonged to cotton, tomato, potato and greenhouse cucumber
respectively. For cotton and potato wilt disease caused by V. dahliae and V. albo-atrum respectively,
maximum inhibitory percents (81.51 and 64.93%) were mediated by TF-Co-G-1 and TF-Po-V-48
respectively. Non-volatile metabolites played the most important role in their antagonistic activity.
However, for tomato and greenhouse cucumber wilt disease caused by V. albo-atrom, maximum
inhibitory percents (73.67 and 54.78%) were mediated by TF-To-V-31 and TF-Cu-V-60 respectively.
According to the results, the most effective antagonistic mechanisms of these isolates was volatile
metabolites production.
Key Words: Talaromyces flavus, Antagonistic mechanisms, Verticillium dahliae, Verticillium albo-
atrum, Cotton, Potato, Tomato, Greenhouse Cucumber

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