Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+

]^imakZmbhlZk^ZiikhikbZm^pa^k^ma^lmkn\mnk^k^fZbglikhii^]
Deflection
>nkh\h]^+aZlmphZem^kgZmbo^f^mah]lh_]^lb`gbg`_hk]^_e^\mbhg4
^bma^k[rebfbmbg`liZg&mh&]^imakZmbhhk[rZll^llbg`ma^ma^hk^mb\Ze
]^_e^\mbhgnlbg`ma^>qik^llbhgl`bo^gbgma^>nkh\h]^'Ma^eZmm^kbl
]^Zempbmabg]^mZbebg<aZim^k1%hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]Zl=^_e^\mbhg
\Ze\neZmbhgl '
Ma^liZg&mh&]^imakZmbhllahne]^glnk^maZm]^_e^\mbhgblebfbm^]
mhliZg(+.)Zg]mablblma^ikh\^]nk^ik^l^gm^]bg?b`nk^,'Ma^
;Z\d`khng]iZi^kmhma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^q ;ghm^lmaZmma^liZg&mh&
Figure 2
Simplified rectangular stress block for concrete up to class C50/60
from Eurocode 2
]nkbg`\hglmkn\mbhghkngmbema^\hg\k^m^ZmmZbglln__b\b^gmlmk^g`mamh
lniihkmma^\hglmkn\mbhgehZ]l'Bm\Zg`^g^kZeer[^Zllnf^]maZm^Zker
lmkbdbg`h__hkfphkdpbeeghmlb`gb_b\ZgmerZ__^\mma^]^_e^\mbhgZ_m^k
bglmZeebg`ma^\eZ]]bg`Zg](hkiZkmbmbhgl'
Punching shear
Ma^]^lb`goZen^h_ma^ing\abg`la^Zk_hk\^%O>]%pbeenlnZeer[^ma^
lniihkmk^Z\mbhgZmma^nembfZm^ebfbmlmZm^'Bgikbg\bie^ma^]^lb`g
_hking\abg`la^Zkbg>nkh\h]^+Zg];L1**)bllbfbeZk'Ma^fZbg
]b__^k^g\^lZk^Zl_heehpl'
N LmZg]Zk]_Z\mhkl_hk^]`^Zg]\hkg^k\henfglmaZmZeehp_hk
fhf^gmmkZgl_^k!b"Zk^`k^Zm^kbg>nkh\h]^+'Ahp^o^k%b\Zg
[^\Ze\neZm^]]bk^\mer_khf>qik^llbhgl!/',1"mh!/'-/"h_ma^
>nkh\h]^mh`bo^fhk^^__b\b^gm]^lb`gl'

Figure 4
Basic span-to-effective-depth ratios for flat slabs

39

37 fck = 50
Figure 3 fck = 45
Procedure for assessing deflection 35 fck = 40
fck = 35
33 fck = 32
Span-to-effective-depth ratio (l/d)

START fck = 30
31 fck = 28
fck = 25
Determine basic e/] from Figure 4 29 fck = 20

27
Determine Factor 1 (F1)
For ribbed or waffle slabs 25
F1 = 1 – 0.1 (([f/[w) – 1) ≥ 0.8†
([f is flange breadth and [w is rib breadth)
Otherwise F1 = 1.0 23

21
Determine Factor 2 (F2)
Where the slab span exceeds 8.5 m and it supports 19
brittle partitions, F2 = 8.5/eeff
Otherwise F2 = 1.0 17

15
Determine Factor 3 (F3) 0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% 1.40% 1.60% 1.80% 2.00%
F3 = 310/ss Percentage of tension reinforcement (A s /bd)
Where ss = Stress in reinforcement at serviceability
limit state (see Figure 5)
ss may be assumed to be 310 MPa (i.e. F3 = 1.0)
Notes
Note: :s,prov ≤ 1.5 :s,req’d (UK National Annex) Increase
1 Mabl`kZiaZllnf^lZlbfierlniihkm^]_eZmleZ[!D6*'+"'
:s,prov
2 <hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm%rÃ%aZl[^^gmZd^gZl)'

Is basic e/] x F1 x F2 x F3 ≥ Actual e/] ? 3 <nko^l[Zl^]hgma^_heehpbg`^qik^llbhgl3

[ ( ) ]
No *'.
 e *'. _\dr ) r)
Yes 6D ** $ $ ,'+ _\d ¾*
 pa^k^r©r )  Zg]
] r r
Check complete 

[ ]
  
e *'. _\dr ) _\d

rÃ
† The Eurocode is ambiguous regarding linear interpolation. It is understood that this 6D ** $ $ pa^k^r7r ) '
] ! r ¾ r Ã" *+ r)
was the intention of the drafting committee and is in line with current UK practice.

54
 0'?eZmleZ[l

N Bg>nkh\h]^+ma^fZqbfnfoZen^h_la^ZkZmma^\henfg_Z\^bl
ghmebfbm^]mh.FIZ%Zg]]^i^g]lhgma^\hg\k^m^lmk^g`manl^]'
N Pbma>nkh\h]^+ma^i^kfbllb[e^la^Zkk^lblmZg\^pa^gnlbg`la^Zk
ebgdlblab`a^k%Zemahn`aln\a]^lb`glfZrghm[^^\hghfb\hk
]^lbkZ[e^'
:lZgZem^kgZmbo^mhnlbg`la^Zkebgdl%ikhikb^mZkrla^Zklmn]kZbel
fZr[^nl^]'>nkh\h]^+!?b`nk^/'++"Zeehplma^fmh[^eZb]hnm
bgZkZ]bZehk\kn\b_hkfiZmm^kgZg]`bo^lliZ\bg`k^jnbk^f^gml_hk
[hma'Hma^km^\agbjn^lZk^ZoZbeZ[e^_hkbg\k^Zlbg`ing\abg`la^Zk
k^lblmZg\^Zg]ma^l^Zk^\ho^k^]bgZ[^lmikZ\mb\^`nb]^'

N Ma^\hgmkhei^kbf^m^kl_hkk^\mZg`neZk\henfglbg>nkh\h]^+aZo^
Figure 6
khng]^]\hkg^kl' Procedure for determining punching shear capacity
N Pa^k^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]ma^ikh\^]nk^bg>nkh\h]^+
bllbfie^k4ma^ihbgmZmpab\aghla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]\Zg
START
[^\Ze\neZm^]]bk^\merZg]ma^gnl^]mh]^m^kfbg^ma^^qm^gmh_ma^
Zk^Zho^kpab\ala^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]'
Determine value of factor β
N BmblZllnf^]maZmma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmpbee[^bgZkZ]bZeZkkZg`^f^gm' (refer to Figure 7 or Expressions (6.38) to (6.46)
of the Eurocode)
Ahp^o^k%ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gm\Zg[^eZb]hgZ`kb]ikhob]^]ma^
liZ\bg`kne^lZk^_heehp^]'
Determine value of oEd,max
Ma^ikh\^]nk^_hk]^m^kfbgbg`ma^ing\abg`la^Zkk^jnbk^f^gmlbl (design shear stress at face of column) from:
lahpgbg?b`nk^/'  oEd,max = β OEd /(ni ]eff)
where ni is perimeter of column
 ]eff = (]y + ]z)/2 (]y and ]z
are the effective depths in orthogonal directions)

Figure 5
Determination of steel stress Determine value of oRd,max from Table 7

No
320 Is oEd,max 4 oRd,max? Redesign slab

300
Yes
Unmodified steel stress, ssu

280 Determine value of oEd, (design shear stress) from:

oEd,max = β OEd /(ni ]eff)
260 where n1 is length of control perimeter (see Figure 8)

240
Determine concrete punching shear capacity
(without shear reinforcement), oRD,c from Table 8
220 where r l = (r ly r lz)0.5
(r ly, r lz are the reinforcement ratios in two orthogonal
200 directions for fully bonded tension steel, taken over a
width equal to column width plus 3] each side.)

180
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Ratio Gk/Qk No Punching shear
Is oEd > oRd,c? reinforcement not
required
c2 = 0.8, gG = 1.35 c2 = 0.6, gG = 1.25 Yes
c2 = 0.6, gG = 1.35 c2 = 0.3, gG = 1.25
Determine area of punching shear reinforcement per perimeter
c2 = 0.3, gG = 1.35 c2 = 0.2, gG = 1.25 from:
:sw = (oEd – 0.75oRd,c)lr n1/(1.5 _ywd,ef)
c2 = 0.2, gG = 1.35 where
lr is the radial spacing of shear reinforcement (see Figure 9)
_ywd,ef = 250 + 0.25 ]eff ≤ _ywd (see Table 9)
To determine stress in the reinforcement (ss), calculate the ratio @k/Jk , read
up the graph to the appropriate curve and read across to determine ssu .
Determine the length of the outer perimeter where shear
:s,req reinforcement not required from:
ss can be calculated from the expression: ss = ssu
( : )(d)
s,prov
1
nout,ef = b OEd/(oRd,c ])

c2 is the factor for quasi-permanent value of a variable action. For further

explanation refer to Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3 Determine layout of punching shear reinforcement
Bgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l3. (see ‘Spacing of punching shear reinforcement’
Section and Figure 9).

55
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+

Table 7 Table 9 Figure 7

Values for vRd, max Values for fywd,ef Recommended standard values for b
fck vRd, max deff fywd,ef
+) ,',* *.) +11 Corner column
+. -'). *0. +2-
b = 1.5
+1 -'-1 +)) ,))
,) -'0. ++. ,)/
,+ .')+ +.) ,*,
,. .'-+ +0. ,*2 Edge column Internal column
-) /'). ,)) ,+.
-. /'/- ,+. ,,* b = 1.4 b = 1.15

.) 0'+) ,.) ,,1

Table 8
vRd,c resistance of members without shear reinforcement, MPa Rules for spacing and
rI Effective depth, d (mm)

≤200 225 250 275 300 350 400 450 500 600 750 quantity of reinforcement
0.25% )'.- )'.+ )'.) )'-1 )'-0 )'-. )'-, )'-* )'-) )',1 )',/
0.50% )'.2 )'.0 )'./ )'.. )'.- )'.+ )'.* )'-2 )'-1 )'-0 )'-. Minimum area of reinforcement
0.75% )'/1 )'// )'/- )'/, )'/+ )'.2 )'.1 )'./ )'.. )'., )'.* Ma^fbgbfnfZk^Zh_ehg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gmbgma^fZbg]bk^\mbhg
1.00% )'0. )'0+ )'0* )'/2 )'/1 )'/. )'/- )'/+ )'/* )'.2 )'.0 bl:l%fbg6)'+/_\mf[m](_rd[nmghme^llmaZg)'))*,[]!l^^MZ[e^/"'
1.25% )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0, )'0* )'/2 )'/0 )'// )'/, )'/*
Ma^fbgbfnfZk^Zh_Zebgde^`_hko^kmb\Zeing\abg`la^Zk
1.50% )'1. )'1, )'1* )'02 )'01 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'0) )'/0 )'/.
k^bg_hk\^f^gmbl
1.75% )'2) )'10 )'1. )'1, )'1+ )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'/1
*'.:lp%fbg(!lk'lm"ª)')1_\d(_rd
≥ 2.00% )'2- )'2* )'12 )'10 )'1. )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'00 )'0- )'0*
pab\a\Zg[^k^ZkkZg`^]Zl
k +'))) *'2-, *'12- *'1., *'1*/ *'0./ *'0)0 *'//0 *'/,+ *'.00 *'.*/
:lp%fbgª!lk'lm"(?
Notes
1MZ[e^]^kbo^]_khf3o K]%\6)'*+d!*))r I_\d"*(,ª)'),.d*'._\d )'.pa^k^ pa^k^
d6*$R!+))(]"©+Zg]r I6R!r er$r es"©)')+%r er 6:lr(![]"Zg]r es 6:ls(![]"
lk6ma^liZ\bg`h_ma^ebgdlbgma^kZ]bZe]bk^\mbhg
2 M ablmZ[e^aZl[^^gik^iZk^]_hk_\d 6,)4
Pa^k^r I^q\^^]l)'-)ma^_heehpbg`_Z\mhklfZr[^nl^]3 lm6ma^liZ\bg`h_ma^ebgdlbgma^mZg`^gmbZe]bk^\mbhg
f\d 25 28 32 35 40 45 50 ?\Zg[^h[mZbg^]_khfMZ[e^*)
Factor )'2- )'21 *')+ *'). *'*) *'*- *'*2
Maximum area of reinforcement
Hnmlb]^eZieh\Zmbhgl%ma^fZqbfnfZk^Zh_m^glbhghk\hfik^llbhg
k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne]ghm^q\^^]:l%fZq6)'-:\

Figure 8
Typical basic control perimeters around loaded areas
Minimum spacing of reinforcement
Ma^fbgbfnfliZ\bg`h_[Zkllahne][^ma^`k^Zm^kh_3
N ;Zk]bZf^m^k
u1
N :``k^`Zm^lbs^ienl.ff
2d
2d u1 N +)ff

bz Maximum spacing of main reinforcement

?hkleZ[le^llmaZg+))ffmab\dma^_heehpbg`fZqbfnfliZ\bg`kne^lZiier3
N ?hkma^ikbg\biZek^bg_hk\^f^gm3,a[nmghmfhk^maZg-))ff
N ?hkma^l^\hg]Zkrk^bg_hk\^f^gm3,'.a[nmghmfhk^maZg-.)ff
by
Ma^^q\^imbhgblbgZk^Zlpbma\hg\^gmkZm^]ehZ]lhkZk^Zlh_fZqbfnf

56
 0'?eZmleZ[l

fhf^gmpa^k^ma^_heehpbg`Ziieb^l3 Table 10
N ?hkma^ikbg\biZek^bg_hk\^f^gm3+a[nmghmfhk^maZg+.)ff Factor, F, for determining Asw, min

N ?hkma^l^\hg]Zkrk^bg_hk\^f^gm3,a[nmghmfhk^maZg-))ff fck Factor, F

Pa^k^ablma^]^imah_ma^leZ[' +. *10.
+1 *00+
?hkleZ[l+))ffmab\dhk`k^Zm^k%ma^[Zklbs^Zg]liZ\bg`lahne][^
,) *0*+
ebfbm^]mh\hgmkhema^\kZ\dpb]maZg]k^_^k^g\^lahne][^fZ]^mh
,+ */.0
L^\mbhg0',',h_ma^>nkh\h]^hk<aZim^k+%hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]Zl
,. *.1.
@^mmbg`lmZkm^]'
-) *-1+
-. *,21
Spacing of punching shear reinforcement
.) *,+/
Pa^k^ing\abg`la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]ma^_heehpbg`kne^l
Note
lahne][^h[l^ko^]'
_\d aZl[^^gmZd^gZl.))FIZ
N Bmlahne][^ikhob]^][^mp^^gma^_Z\^h_ma^\henfgZg]d]
bglb]^ma^hnm^ki^kbf^m^kpa^k^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblghehg`^k
k^jnbk^]'dbl*'.%nge^llma^i^kbf^m^kZmpab\ak^bg_hk\^f^gmblgh Selected symbols
ehg`^kk^jnbk^]ble^llmaZg,]_khfma^_Z\^h_ma^\henfg'Bgmabl Symbol Definition Value
\Zl^ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][^ieZ\^]bgma^shg^)',]mh*'.] :\ <khlll^\mbhgZeZk^Zh_\hg\k^m^ [a
_khfma^_Z\^h_ma^\henfg'
:l :k^Zh_m^glbhglm^^e
N Ma^k^lahne][^Zme^Zlmmphi^kbf^m^klh_la^Zkebgdl'
:l+ :k^Zh_\hfik^llbhglm^^e
N Ma^kZ]bZeliZ\bg`h_ma^ebgdllahne]ghm^q\^^])'0.]
:l%ikho :k^Zh_m^glbhglm^^eikhob]^]
!l^^?b`nk^2"'
N Ma^mZg`^gmbZeliZ\bg`h_ma^ebgdllahne]ghm^q\^^]*'.]pbmabg :l%k^jÃ] :k^Zh_m^glbhglm^^ek^jnbk^]

+]h_ma^\henfg_Z\^' [ Pb]mah_leZ[

N Ma^mZg`^gmbZeliZ\bg`h_ma^ebgdllahne]ghm^q\^^]+]_hkZgr ] >__^\mbo^]^ima
hma^ki^kbf^m^k'
]+  >__^\mbo^]^imamh\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm
N Ma^]blmZg\^[^mp^^gma^_Z\^h_ma^\henfgZg]ma^g^Zk^lmla^Zk
_\] =^lb`goZen^h_\hg\k^m^\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`ma a\\_\d (g\
k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][^e^llmaZg)'.]'
_\d <aZkZ\m^kblmb\\rebg]^klmk^g`mah_\hg\k^m^

Figure 9 _\mf F^ZgoZen^h_ZqbZem^glbe^lmk^g`ma )',)_\d+(,_hk_\d©<.)(/)

Punching shear layout   !_khfMZ[e^,'*%>nkh\h]^+"

al  LeZ[mab\dg^ll

Outer perimeter of shear D ?Z\mhkmhmZd^Z\\hngmh_ma^]b__^k^gm L^^MZ[e^G0'-bg

Outer control
reinforcement perimeter  lmkn\mnkZelrlm^fl NDGZmbhgZe:gg^q
u out
e^__ >__^\mbo^liZgh_f^f[^k L^^L^\mbhg.','+'+!*"

e(] Ebfbmbg`liZg&mh&]^imakZmbh

F =^lb`gfhf^gmZmma^NEL
≤ 0.75d
q =^imamhg^nmkZeZqbl !]¾s"()'-
A A
≤1.5d 0.5 d qfZq Ebfbmbg`oZen^_hk]^imamhg^nmkZeZqbl !d¾)'-"]pa^k^d©*')
≤1.5 d
(2 d if > 2d s E^o^kZkf
sr
from column)
a \\ <h^__b\b^gmmZdbg`Z\\hngmh_ehg`m^kf )'1._hk_e^qnk^Zg]
st
 ^__^\mlhg\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`maZg]h_ ZqbZeehZ]l'
 ng_ZohnkZ[e^^__^\mlk^lnembg`_khfma^ *')_hkhma^kia^ghf^gZ
 pZrehZ]blZiieb^] !?khfNDGZmbhgZe:gg^q"

d KZmbhh_ma^k^]blmkb[nm^]fhf^gmmhma^
 ^eZlmb\[^g]bg`fhf^gm
sr ≤ 0.75 d
Outer control g f IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hkfZm^kbZeikhi^kmb^l *'*._hkk^bg_hk\^f^gm!gl "
≤ 0.5 d perimeter   *'._hk\hg\k^m^!g\ "
kd
r ) K^_^k^g\^k^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh R_\d (*)))

r K^jnbk^]m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmZmfb]&liZg :l([]
 mhk^lblmma^fhf^gm]n^mhma^]^lb`g
 ehZ]l!hkZmlniihkm_hk\Zgmbe^o^kl"

rà K^jnbk^]\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmZm :l+([]

Section A - A  fb]&liZgmhk^lblmma^fhf^gm]n^mhma^
 ]^lb`gehZ]l!hkZmlniihkm_hk\Zgmbe^o^kl"

57
 0'?eZmleZ[l

References
1 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+¾*¾*%>nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l¾@^g^kZekne^lZg]kne^l_hk[nbe]bg`l';LB%+))-'
2 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1**)¾*3Ma^lmkn\mnkZenl^h_\hg\k^m^¾IZkm*%<h]^h_ikZ\mb\^_hk]^lb`gZg]\hglmkn\mbhg';LB%*220'
3 G:K:R:G:G%KL;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3Bgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+)).'
4 ;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3@^mmbg`lmZkm^]'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+)).'
5 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+¾*¾+%>nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'@^g^kZekne^l¾lmkn\mnkZe_bk^]^lb`g';LB%+))-'
6 =>I:KMF>GMH?<HFFNGBMB>L:G=EH<:E@HO>KGF>GM'AZg][hhdmh;L>G*22+¾*¾+'=<E@%]n^+))/'
7 P>;LM>K%K;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3=^_e^\mbhg\Ze\neZmbhgl'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
8 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';Z\d`khng]iZi^kmhma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^qmh;L>G*22+¾*¾*Zg];L>G*22+¾*¾+';LB%+))/'
9 I:EE>MM%I'@nb]^mh_eZmleZ[_hkfphkdZg]_Zel^phkd'<hglmkn\m%+)),'
10 ;KBMBLA<>F>GM:LLH<B:MBHG'Ik^_Z[kb\Zm^]ing\abg`la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm_hkk^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^_eZmleZ[l';<:%+))*'

Acknowledgements
Ma^\hgm^gmh_mablin[eb\ZmbhgpZlikh]n\^]ZliZkmh_ma^ikhc^\mÂ>nkh\h]^+3mkZglbmbhg_khfNDmh>nkhi^Zg\hg\k^m^]^lb`glmZg]Zk]lÃ'Mabl
ikhc^\mpZliZkm_ng]^][rma^=MBng]^kma^IZkmg^klbgBgghoZmbhgl\a^f^'Ma^e^Z]iZkmg^kpZlma^;kbmbla<^f^gm:llh\bZmbhg'Ma^phkdpZl
\Zkkb^]hnmng]^kma^`nb]Zg\^h_ma^<hg\k^m^Bg]nlmkr>nkh\h]^+@khni%pab\a\hglblmlh_k^ik^l^gmZmbo^l_khf3
:eZg;Zqm^kZg]:llh\bZm^l:kni;kbmbla<^f^gm:llh\bZmbhg;kbmblaIk^\Zlm;nbe]bg`K^l^Zk\a>lmZ[eblaf^gm<eZkdLfbmaIZkmg^klabi
<hg\k^m^BgghoZmbhgZg]=^lb`g<hglmkn\m=^iZkmf^gm_hkMkZ]^Zg]Bg]nlmkrH__b\^h_ma^=^inmrIkbf^Fbgblm^kMa^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^
Ma^<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mrJnZkkrIkh]n\ml:llh\bZmbhg'

Published by The Concrete Centre

?hkfhk^bg_hkfZmbhghg>nkh\h]^+Zg]
hma^kjn^lmbhglk^eZmbg`mhma^]^lb`g%nl^ Kbo^klb]^Ahnl^%-F^Z]hpl;nlbg^llIZkd%
Zg]i^k_hkfZg\^h_\hg\k^m^\hgmZ\mma^ LmZmbhg:iikhZ\a%;eZ\dpZm^k%<Zf[^ke^r%
_k^^GZmbhgZeA^eiebg^hg3 Lnkk^r@N*02:;
0700 4 500 500hk0700 4 CONCRETE Tel:$--!)"*+0//)/1))
Fax:$--!)"*+0//)/1)*
a^eiebg^9\hg\k^m^\^gmk^'\hf
ppp'concretecentre'\hf

K^_3M<<(),(++ :eeZ]ob\^hkbg_hkfation from The Concrete Centre is intended for those who will evaluate the significance and limitations of its contents
and take responsibility for its use and application. No liability (including that for negligence) for any loss resulting from such advice or
BL;G*&2)-1*1&,+&, information is accepted by The Concrete Centre or its subcontractors, suppliers or advisors. Readers should note that publications from
The Concrete Centre are subject to revision from time to time and they should therefore ensure that they are in possession of the
?bklmin[ebla^]FZr+))/%k^obl^]=^\^f[^k+))/
58
latest version. This publication has been produced following a contract placed by the Department for Trade and Industry (DTI); the
¡Ma^Concrete<^gmk^¢Zg];kbmbla<^f^gm:llh\bZmbhg views expressed are not necessarily those of the DTI.