ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

What is Artificial Intelligence?

According to the father of Artificial Intelligence John McCarthy, it is “The science and engineering of making
intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”. Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a
computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent
humans think. AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans learn, decide, and work
while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of developing intelligent
software and systems.

Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer
systems.

Philosophy of AI
While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the curiosity of human, lead him to wonder, “Can a machine
think and behave like humans do?” Thus, the development of AI started with the intention of creating similar
intelligence in machines that we find and regard high in humans.

Goals of AI
• To Create Expert Systems: The systems which exhibit intelligent behavior, learn, demonstrate,
explain, and advice its users.
• To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines: Creating systems that understand, think, learn,
and behave like humans.

Applications of AI

AI has been dominant in various fields such as:

• Gaming AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc., where machine
can think of large number of possible positions based on heuristic knowledge.
• Natural Language Processing It is possible to interact with the computer that understands natural
language spoken by humans.
• Expert Systems There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and special
information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and advice to the users.
• Vision Systems These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on the computer.
For example,
▪ A spying aeroplane takes photographs which are used to figure out spatial information or map of
the areas.
▪ Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
▪ Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal.
Machines get smarter

All three of these AI concepts – machine learning, deep learning, and neural networks – can enable hardware and
software robots to “think” and act dynamically, outside the confines of code. 

Machine learning and applications

It’s likely that you’ve interacted with some form of AI in your day-to-day activities. If you use Gmail, for
example, you may enjoy the automatic e-mail filtering feature. If you own a smartphone, you probably fill out a
calendar with the help of Siri, Cortana, or Bixby. If you own a newer vehicle, perhaps you’ve benefited from
a driver-assist feature while driving.

As helpful as these software products are, they lack the ability to learn independently. They cannot think outside
their code. Machine learning is a branch of AI that aims to give machines the ability to learn a task without pre-
existing code.

In the simplest terms, machines are given a large amount of trial examples for a certain task. As they go through
these trials, machines learn and adapt their strategy to achieve those goals.

For example, an image-recognition machine may be given millions of pictures to analyze. After going through
endless permutations, the machine acquires the ability to recognize patterns, shapes, faces, and more.

Deep learning

How do we get machines to learn more than just a specific task? What if we want it to be able to take what it has
learned from analyzing photographs and use that knowledge to analyze different data sets? This requires computer
scientists to formulate general-purpose learning algorithms that help machines learn more than just one task.
How was a program able to master a game that calls for human intuition? Practice, practice, practice — and a
little help from an artificial neural network.

Neural networks

Deep learning is often made possible by artificial neural networks, which imitate neurons, or brain cells. Artificial
neural networks were inspired by things we find in our own biology. The neural net models use math and
computer science principles to mimic the processes of the human brain, allowing for more general learning.
An artificial neural network tries to simulate the processes of densely interconnected brain cells, but instead of
being built from biology, these neurons, or nodes, are built from code.
Artificial Intelligence is the superset of the other two fields of Computer Science which have been mentioned.
AI mainly deals with developing systems which can perform intelligent activities. It can do the job of a human
being, taking decisions on its own as if it is mimicking a human being.

On the other hand, Machine Learning is a subset of AI. ML deals with developing systems which can improve
their performance with experience. ML is very useful to determine patterns from raw data and carrying out
complicated and huge search operations. In simpler terms, ML deals with making the computer learn with the
help of observations from which the system gains experience and improves its performance.

EXAMPLE OF MACHINE LEARNING

The main idea of machine learning is to create algorithms that can receive input data and use statistical analysis
to predict an output value within an acceptable range.
The processes involved in machine learning are like data mining and predictive modeling. They require searching
through data to look for patterns and adjusting program actions appropriately. Most people are familiar with
machine learning from shopping on the Internet and being offered products related to their purchase.
COMPUTER VISION

Artificial intelligence and computer vision share other topics such as pattern recognition and learning techniques.
Consequently, computer vision is sometimes seen as a part of the artificial intelligence field or
the computer science field in general.

Computer vision is to images as Natural-language processing (NLP) is to words.

Computer vision is an interdisciplinary field concerning how computers can see and understand digital images
and videos.

EXAMPLE

There’s no better example of computer vision than Facebook’s facial recognition AI, which is now human-like
in recognizing faces. Deep Face (Facebook’s deep learning AI specializing in computer vision) has 97.25%
accuracy, regardless of lighting conditions or angles.

Facebook has a big edge in the computer vision game because (in an age of machine learning) data is digital
gold. They are now training deep learning models using 3.5 billion Instagram photos and 17,000 hashtags.

NLP (Natural Language Processing) is another subset of AI. It deals with developing systems that can
understand language. It is used to link, or you may say NLP serves as a bridge between Computer generated
Language and Human Language. NLP can be incorporated with ML to achieve great results. In simpler terms,
NLP is concerned with making the computer understand the language which is used by human beings.

WORKSHEET - 4.1
I.Choose the correct option –

i.What is artificial intelligence?

a. is the science of making computers do things that require intelligence when done by human.
b. is the science of solving problems, learn and understanding language.
c. is making machines that can move.

ii.What is intelligence?
1. Intuition
2. ability to reason
3. ability to learn
4. high mental capacity
5. all the above
 iii.Speech recognition technique is -
1. a technique for computer, converting into text files from voice input
2. a technique for a computer, reading the text out loud
3. technique to save voices on mp3 in hard disk
4. Solve logic problems in math

iv.Which of the following technique is part of the artificial intelligence (AI)?

a. Able to burn a movie into DVD
b. Able to save a picture in jpg format in hard disk
c. Able to play mp3 files stored in hard disk
d. Able to understand the humans' languages

v.One of the examples of machine learning is...

1. a machine, learn how to do a good surgery from watching other doctor's surgery operation
2. changing the screen resolution of the screen
3. Installing new operating system on a computer
4. change the computer's CPU, faster processor

II.Fill in the blanks -

1. ______________________ is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines,
especially intelligent computer programs.
`
2. ______________________ is the systems which exhibit intelligent behavior, learn, demonstrate,
explain, and advice its users.

3. Predictive analysis and Deep learning are a part of ________________________ learning.

4. Three AI concepts
are ________________________ , _________________________ and _______________________

5. ________________________ serves as a bridge between computer generated language

and human language.

6. ________________________ is often made possible by artificial neural networks, which imitate

neurons, or brain cells.

7. Artificial Intelligence can enable hardware and software robots to ___________________ and
act dynamically.

8. AI started with the intention of creating similar intelligence in machines that we find and regard
high in __________________________ .

9. Increase outcomes, increase retention, increase access etc. are the ________________ of
Artificial Intelligence.

10. NLP can be incorporated with __________________________________ to achieve great

results.

III. Classify following examples as Voice recognition(speech), Visual recognition (Computer

vision), Deep Learning

1. Google Translate app tell you what it means in your preferred language almost instantly.
______________________________________________________________________

2. As a virtual assistant, Amazon claims that Alexa can help professionals manage their schedule,
keep track of tasks, and set reminders.
 ______________________________________________________________________

3. News Aggregation and Fraud News Detection – There is now a way to filter out all the bad and
ugly news from your news feed.
_____________________________________________________________________

4. Self-driving cars can detect objects, lane markings, signs and traffic signals to safely drive.
______________________________________________________________________
5. Google Assistant is Google’s virtual assistant whose skills include tasks such as sending and
requesting payments via Google Pay, or troubleshooting its Pixel 2 XL phone.
_______________________________________________________________________

6. Siri by Apple has capabilities like translating, playing a song, booking rides and transferring
funds between bank accounts.
_______________________________________________________________________

7. Wimbledon 2018 used IBM Watson to analyse player emotions and expressions through
hundreds of hours of footage to auto-generate highlights for telecast.
________________________________________________________________________

8. Every platform is now trying to use chatbots to provide its visitors with personalized experiences
with a human touch. It is empowering efforts of e-commerce giants like Amazon, E-Bay, Alibaba,
etc. to provide seamless personalized experiences.
________________________________________________________________________

9. For cars with Bluetooth or Handsfree phone pairing to make commands, such as "call my wife"
to make calls without taking your eyes off the road.
________________________________________________________________________

10. From enabling new medical diagnostic methods to analyze X-rays, mammography and other
scans to monitoring patients to identify problems earlier and assist with surgery.
________________________________________________________________________

IV.How do we get machines to learn more than just a specific task?

___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

V.How was a program able to master a game that calls for human intuition?
___________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

VI.How do you think Artificial Intelligence can help you as you go about your daily life. Fill in
your ideas.