ECCE0313 LM MidtermTopics Rodriguez

CM-ECCE
0313
Course Module
Principle of
Communication
System
Knowledge Area Code : BSEE

Course Code : ECCE0313
Course Module Code : CM-ECCE0313
LM-ECCE
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Principle of Communication System

Learning Module
First Edition, 2020
Netiquette Guide for Online Courses
Copyright. Republic Act 8293 Section 176 provides that “No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein
the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office
may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. “
Borrowed materials included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every
effort has been exerted to reach and seek permission to use these materials from their respective
copyright owners. The University and authors do not claim ownership over them.
Published by the Bataan Peninsula State University

President: Gregorio J. Rodis, PhD
Learning Module Development Team
Writers:
Angelo N. Rodriguez, ECE Cluster Chair
Evaluators:
Faye L. Baret, ECE Program Head

Greg C. Mallari. EE Program Head
Nelson S. Andres, CEA Dean
Quality Management Team:
Arlene I. Pascual
Focal Person, University Gender and Development
Cristina G. Rivera
Chair, Oversight Committee on Curriculum Development
Arlene D. Ibañez
Chair, Oversight Committee on Textbook and Instructional Materials
Jesselyn C. Mortejo, EdD

Director, Quality Assurance Office
Emmanuel C. Macaraeg, PhD, CESE

Vice President for Academic Affairs
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It is important to recognize that the online classroom is in fact a classroom, and certain
behaviors are expected when you communicate with both your peers and your instructors.
These guidelines for online behavior and interaction are known as netiquette.
Security
Remember that your password is the only thing protecting you from pranks or more serious
harm.
• Don't share your password with anyone.
• Change your password if you think someone else might know it.
• Always log out when you are finished using the system.
Appearance
Bear in mind that you are attending a class, dress appropriately.
General Guidelines
When communicating online, you should always:
• Treat your instructor and classmates with respect in email or any other communication.
• Always use your professors’ proper title: Dr. or Prof., or if in doubt use Mr. or Ms.
• Unless specifically invited, don’t refer to your instructor by first name.
• Use clear and concise language.
• Remember that all college level communication should have correct spelling and
grammar (this includes discussion boards).
• Avoid slang terms such as “wassup?” and texting abbreviations such as “u” instead of
“you.”
• Use the prescribed font Palatino Linotype and use a size 10-point font.
• Avoid using the caps lock feature AS IT CAN BE INTERPRETTED AS YELLING.
• Limit and possibly avoid the use of emoticons like :) or J.
• Be cautious when using humor or sarcasm as tone is sometimes lost in an email or
discussion post and your message might be taken seriously or sound offensive.
• Be careful with personal information (both yours and other’s).
• Do not send confidential information via e-mail.
Email Netiquette
When you send an email to your instructor, teaching assistant, or classmates, you should:
• Use a descriptive subject line.
• Be brief.
• Avoid attachments unless you are sure your recipients can open them.
• Avoid HTML in favor of plain text.
• Sign your message with your name and return e-mail address.
• Think before you send the e-mail to more than one person. Does everyone really need to
see your message?
• Be sure you REALLY want everyone to receive your response when you click, “reply all.”
• Be sure that the message author intended for the information to be passed along before
you click the “forward” button.
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Message Board Netiquette and Guidelines

When posting on the Discussion Board in your online class, you should:
• Make posts that are on topic and within the scope of the course material.
• Take your posts seriously and review and edit your posts before sending.
• Be as brief as possible while still making a thorough comment.
• Always give proper credit when referencing or quoting another source.
• Be sure to read all messages in a thread before replying.
• Don’t repeat someone else’s post without adding something of your own to it.
• Avoid short, generic replies such as, “I agree.” You should include why you agree or add
to the previous point.
• Always be respectful of others’ opinions even when they differ from your own.
• When you disagree with someone, you should express your differing opinion in a
respectful, non-critical way.
• Do not make personal or insulting remarks.
• Be open-minded.
(Source: http://teach.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/NetiquetteGuideforOnlineCourses.pdf)
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About the Faculty

About the Faculty
Mr. Angelo N. Rodriguez earned his bachelor’s degree in Electronics Engineering at the
Mapua University (formerly known Mapua Institute of Technology). He earned his license in
Electronics Engineering in 2009. He was also a graduate of Master of Science in Electronics
Engineering major in Microelectronics at the Mapua University under the ERDT program of
DOST. He presented his research paper in both national and international conferences. His
research interest is in the field of electronic power systems, microelectronics and automation.
He has rendered service at Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific and Microcity College
of Business and Technology. He is currently a permanent faculty member of College of
Engineering in Bataan Peninsula State University. He was also a pioneer member of Institute
of Electronics Engineering of the Philippines, Inc. – Bataan Chapter (IECEP) and has served as
vice governor for academe. He still serves the IECEP organization as a member of Board of
Trustees.
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents
LEARNING MODULE 01: Fundamentals of Electronic Communication System
1. Course Packet 01: Introduction to Communication System Concepts and Principles

2. Course Packet 02: Noise in Communication System
LEARNING MODULE 02: Amplitude Modulation and Frequency Modulation

Transmission
1. Course Packet 01: Amplitude Modulation Transmitter Systems

2. Course Packet 02: Frequency Modulation Transmitter Systems
LEARNING MODULE 03: Amplitude Modulation and Frequency Modulation Reception
1. Course Packet 01: Amplitude Modulation Receiver Systems

2. Course Packet 02: Frequency Modulation Receiver Systems
3. Course Packet 03: Radio Wave Propagation
LEARNING MODULE 04: Introduction to Digital Communication
1. Course Packet 01: Pulse Modulation

2. Course Packet 02: Fundamentals of Digital Communication
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Course Overview
Course Overview
Introduction
Electronic communication system is one of the major applications of electronic devices. It
made the wireless transmission of information possible. Nowadays, we can communicate
from any part of the world by means of radio or internet. Extra-terrestrial communication
also became possible through the development of satellite systems. The basic knowledge of
electronic communication system plays a major role in the advancement of the electronic
communication technology. The course will deal with the principle of analog electronic
communication including the transmission, processing and reception of information. It will
also cover the fundamentals of digital communication.
The course will focus on the (1) fundamentals of electronic communications, (2) transmission
and (3)reception of analog communication system specifically amplitude and frequency
modulation communication systems and (4) Introduction to digital communication.
Key Learning Competencies (Lecture)

1. KLC – 001: Discuss the major components of electronic communications system.
2. KLC – 002: Analyze and solve problems Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency
Modulation Transmitter Systems.
3. KLC – 003: Analyze and solve problems Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency
Modulation Receiver Systems.
4. KLC – 004: Discuss the fundamentals of digital communication and broadband system.
Course Details:
• Course Code: ECCE0313
• Course Title: Principle of Communication System
• No. of Units: 3 units Lecture
• Classification: Lecture base
• Pre-requisite / Co-Requisite: Electronics 1
• Semester and Academic Year: 1st sem, AY 2020-2021
• Schedule: EE 3A : 11:30 AM - 12:30 PM, 11:30 AM – 1:30 PM : T,Th
EE 3B : 12:30 PM - 2:30 PM, 12:00 PM – 1:00 PM : T,F
EE 3C : 12:00 PM - 2:00 PM, 2:00 – 3:00 PM : W, F
• Name of Faculty: Engr. Angelo N. Rodriguez,MSECE
• Contact Details
Email:angelorodriguez09@gmail.com
Mobile Number: 0908 888 4036
Viber: 0908 888 4036
Messenger:
• Consultation
Day: Wednesday
Time: 2:00 PM – 4:00 PM
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Learning Management System
✓ EE 3A google classroom link; https://classroom.google.com/c/MTIxNjk3NjAwMjI0

Course Overview
✓ EE 3B google classroom link; https://classroom.google.com/c/MTIxNjk3NjAwMjM3

✓ EE 3C google classroom link; https://classroom.google.com/c/MTIxNzAzMDg3Mzc2
Assessment with Rubrics

The following criteria and the corresponding percentage shall be used to assess every
problem solving in term exam, specifically midterm and final exam.
Criteria Description %
Able to translate the thought of the problem into
Understanding circuit diagram or any visual drawing that signifies 15%
student’s understanding of the problem.
Able to establish what is asked in the problem and
Interpretation 25%
apply appropriate mathematical equation/formula
Able to solve the problem through solutions with
Execution mathematical strategies and have arrived at the 60%
correct answer
TOTAL 100%
Grading System
Grading System (Lecture)
Class Standing Percentage
Quiz(Written Examination) 30%
Attendance 10%
Assignment/Class Participation 30%
Major Course Outcome(Collaborative 30%

Learning Exercises)
TOTAL 100%
Midterm Final
Class Standing - 70% Class Standing - 70%

Term Exam - 30% Term Exam - 30%
Final Rating
Midterm Grade (50%) + Final Grade (50%) = Final Rating
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Course Policy
The following policies are to be observed and implemented inside the classroom by both the Professor
Course Overview
and Students.
• Attendance and punctuality must be strictly observed.
• Maintain respect and discipline.
• Active participation in the discussion through sharing of ideas and experiences is encouraged.
• Observe tranquility so as to maintain an environment of focus learning.
• Always check the shared folder/s for relevant readings.
• Be prompt in submitting reports and other requirements.
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Learning Module 01
Fundamentals of
Electronic
Communication System

Learning Module Code : LM01-ECCE0313
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Module Overview
Module Overview
Introduction
The advancement made in electronic communication in today ‘s era has a big impact on the
daily lives of human being. Almost all transactions can be done online using the internet.
Industries are using automated process in most of their operation. People can communicate in
any part of the country and even overseas. All of these are only some of the contribution of
electronic communication. Electronic communication is the transmission, reception and
processing of information using electronic devices. This module will set the basic concepts of
electronic communication. Different terminologies used in communication system will be
defined in this module. The overview of the process of transmission, reception, processing of
information and design consideration of electronic communication system will also be covered
in this module.
• Topic 01: Fundamentals of Electronic Communication System

• Topic 02: Noise in Electronic Communication System
Learning Outcomes
• Understand the concepts and principles of a Communication System.
Minimum Technical Skills Requirement

The module requires a basic knowledge in electronic devices and circuit theory specifically ac
operation and frequency response of amplifiers.

Duration
• Topic 01: Timeline of Electronic Communication System = 5 hours
• Topic 02: Noise in Electronic Communication System = 4 hours
Delivery Mode
The delivery mode of this module will be done in online platform. It will be the combination
of synchronous and asynchronous learning.
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Module Requirement with Rubrics
The following criteria and the corresponding percentage shall be used to assess problem
Module Overview
solving in quiz and take home activity as assessment tool or task.
Interpretation 25%
correct answer
TOTAL 100%
Pre-Assessment
Instruction: Select the best answer. Write the complete answer (do not include the letter) of
the chosen answer in a separate sheet of paper. Scanned copy or take a picture of your answer
sheet and submit it to our google classroom acct. Don’t forget to write your name at the upper
left most part of your answer sheet. Use A4 bond paper.
1. ____________refers to a time varying voltages or currents that are continuously

changing such as sine and cosine waves.
a. Digital Signal
b. Discrete Signal
c. Analog Signal
d. DC voltage/current
2. Another term for power loss
a. Power gain
b. Attenuation
c. Voltage gain
d. Power distortion
3. If a power gain is less than 0, therefore it represents a ________ in a system.
a. Attenuation
b. Gain
c. Unity
d. Efficiency
4. A collection of electronic devices and circuits converts information signal into a
manner that is suitable to the communication medium.
a. Transmitter
b. Receiver
c. Channel
d. Transducer

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5. The process of changing a characteristic of an information signal in accordance to the

carrier signal.
a. Multiplexing
Module Overview
b. Demodulation
c. Filtering
d. Modulation
6. A high frequency signal that is suitable for wireless transmission. It contains no
information and only used for the purpose of transmission.
a. Intelligence
b. Carrier
c. Reference
d. Noise
7. It refers to a communication system that process continuous wave signal
a. Analog communication system
b. Digital communication system
c. Digital transmission
d. Analog transmission
8. A signal that introduce distortion into the information signal.
a. Intelligence
b. Carrier
c. Reference
d. Noise
9. What is the decibel value an amplifier that has a power gain of 85.
a. 38.59 dB
b. 19.29 dB
c. 9.65 dB
d. 77.16 dB
10. An amplifier that has an input power of 3.8 mW will have a power of ___________in
dBm.
a. 5.79 dBm
b. 11.6 dBm
c. -24.2 dBm
d. -48.4 dBm
11. The following are examples of analog modulation except ___________.
a. Amplitude modulation
b. Phase modulation
c. Amplitude shift keying
d. Frequency modulation
12. The following are example of devices that utilize half duplex communication system
except.
a. Intercom
b. CB radio
c. Cellular phone
d. Walkie - talkie
13. The number of times a periodic motion occurs in a given period of time is called
________.
a. Period
b. Magnitude
c. Frequency

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d. Angular motion
14. What spectrum in the electromagnetic spectrum covers the frequency from 300 kHz
to 3 Mhz?
Module Overview
a. High frequency spectrum

b. Medium frequency spectrum
c. Low frequency spectrum
d. Very high frequency spectrum
15. FM broadcasting operate at what frequency spectrum?
16. Calculate the noise voltage of an electronic communication system that has a load
resistance of 50 ohms operated at 3 Mhz bandwidth.
a. 1.55 uW
b. 1.096 uW
c. 1.5 uW
d. 0.155 uW
17. A noise that occurs when there is no signal
a. Correlated noise
b. Shot noise
c. Thermal noise
d. Uncorrelated noise
18. A frequency 3 times the original signal frequency
a. 1st harmonic
b. 2nd harmonic
c. 3rd harmonic
d. 4th harmonic
19. A distortion that occurs when two or more signal are mixed in a nonlinear amplifier
a. Intermodulation distortion
b. Modulation distortion
c. Impulse noise
d. Transit – time noise
20. What is the noise power in dBm of a signal that has 10 Mhz bandwidth?
a. -133.98 dBm
b. -267.95 dBm
c. -103.98 dBm
d. -207.95 dBm
*** Nothing Follows***

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Learning Module
Fundamentals of
Electronic
Communication
System
Course Packet 01
Introduction to
Concepts and Principles

Course Packet Code : LM01-ECCE0313-1.1

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Fundamentals of Electronic Communication

System
Introduction
The recent advancement in the technology of electronic communication is still rooted on its
fundamental concept. An electronic communication system addresses the challenge met in
human communication. The traditional way of human communication is replaced by using
electronic devices. This electronic device must process the human information and convert it
to a manner that electronic device would understand. On the receiving end, the electronic
device must convert the information signal into a form that is understandable by human being.
This course packet establishes these fundamentals that would be needed in the succeeding
learning modules.
Objectives
At the end of the discussion, the students will be able to:
• Understand the history of electronic communication.
• Discuss the four main blocks of electronic communication system.
• Explain the types of communication system.
• Demonstrate the relationship of bandwidth, frequency, wavelength through solving
problems.
• Discuss the application of the various electromagnetic spectrum.

Duration
• Topic 01: Fundamentals of Electronic Communication System = 5 hours
(4.5 hours self-directed learning with practical exercises
and 0.5 hours assessment)
Delivery Mode

The following criteria and the corresponding percentage shall be used to assess
Course Packet Discussion Forum / Virtual Recitation
Learning Module: Principle of Communication System: Fundamentals of Electronic Communication System 3

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ONLINE DISCUSSION RUBRICS
SCORE
Criteria
10 30 60 80 100
Sometimes Consistently
Promptness Seldom Often respond More often
respond to respond to
and respond to to post and respond to
discussion post in less
initiative discussion some posting post and all
and most of than 12 hours.
and late are within 24 posting are less
(30%) the posting Demonstrate
posting. hours than 24 hours
are late. self-initiative.
Utilizes
poor Few Most of the
Errors in
Delivery of spelling grammatical post are All post are
spelling and
Post and and spelling grammatically grammatically
grammar
grammar in errors are correct with correct with no
(20%) evidenced in
all post; All noted in some rarely spelling errors.
several post.
post appear post. misspelling.
“hasty”
Consistently
Rarely post Most posts are Frequently posts topics
Rarely post
topics and short in length posts topic that related to the
topics and
Relevance of offer no and offer are related to subject matter.
always
Post further slight insight discussion Cites
makes
insight into into the topic content and additional
(50%) irrelevant
the topic with with quite prompts references
remarks to
occasional relevant to the further related to topic
the topic.
off-topics subject matter. discussion. to clarify the
idea.
Requirement with Rubrics
You are required to post your idea or opinion based from the argument posted by the faculty
on Google Classroom stream page. This is an open online discussion where students in this
class are encouraged to participate and post their idea open-mindedly.
Readings
1. Wayne,T. (2015). Electronics Communications Systems| Fundamentals through
Advanced (5th ed). Prentice Hall.
2. Frenzel, L. E. (2007). Communication Electronics (3rd ed.). McGraw – Hill Education.
3. George, K. & Bernard, D. (1992). Electronics Communication Systems, (4th ed.).
McGraw – Hill Education.

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Lesson Proper
Introduction to Electronic Communication Key Points:
• 1830: First transmission

Introduction of practical electrical
Communication is a very essential part of human lives. It is the signal
exchange of information between people. The information can be • 1837: Telegraph
ideas, concepts, feelings, thoughts and others. People • 1843: Facsimile
communicate using language (verbal and nonverbal). However, • 1864: Dynamic Theory
of the Electromagnetic
human communication has challenges such as distance and
Field
language. The fast evolution of technology demands faster • 1880: Electromagnetic
communication at longer distances. This is where electronic waves
communication plays a huge role in human life. • 1887: Radio waves
• 1895: Ground wave
propagation
History of Electronic Communication
Describe below are some of the milestone of electronic
communication system.
Definition of Terms:
➢ 1830: American Scientist and Professor Joseph Henry
transmitted the first practical electrical signal. Facsimile. A device that
➢ 1837: Samuel Finley Breese Morse invented the is capable of printing
electrical signal
telegraph.
Phonograph. A device
➢ 1843: Alexander Bain invented the facsimile. capable of reproducing
➢ 1861: Johann Phillip Reis completed the first sounds by means of
nonworking telephone. vibration of needle in a
➢ 1864: James Clerk Maxwell released his paper “Dynamic rotating disc.
Theory of the Electromagnetic Field”, which concluded Radio Waves An
electrical wave that is
that light electricity, and magnetism were related. suitable for wireless
➢ 1865: Dr. Mahlon Loomis became the first person to transmission.
communicate wireless through the Earth’s atmosphere. Ground Wave
➢ 1866: First transatlantic telegraph cable was installed. Propagation. Radio
➢ 1876: Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson waves that are travelling
through Earth’s surface
Invented the telephone.
➢ 1877: Thomas Alva Edison invents the phonograph.
➢ 1880: Heinrich Hertz discovers electromagnetic waves.
➢ 1887: Heinrich Hertz discovers radio waves. Marchese
Guglielmo Marconi demonstrates wireless radio wave
propagation.
➢ 1888: Heinrich Hertz detects and produces radio waves.
Heinrich Hertz conclusively proved Maxwell’s
prediction that electricity can travel in waves through
the Earth’s atmosphere.
➢ 1894: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi builds his first radio
equipment, a device that rings a bell from 30 ft. away.
➢ 1895: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi discovered ground
wave propagation.
➢ 1898: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi established the first
radio link between England and France.

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➢ 1900: American Scientist Reginald A. Fessenden the

world’s first radio broadcast using continuous waves.
Key Points:
➢ 1901: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi transmits
telegraphic radio messages from Cornwall, to • 1901: First successful
Newfoundland. Reginald A. Fessenden transmits the transatlantic
World’s first radio broadcast using continuous waves. transmission of radio
First successful transatlantic transmission of radio signal
signal. • 1905: Directional
➢ 1903: Valdemar Poulsen patents an arc transmission that Antenna
• 1906: Triode Vacuum
generates continuous wave transmission 100-kHz signal
Tube
that is receivable 150 miles away. • 1914: Superheterodyne
➢ 1904: First radio transmission of music at Graz, Austria. Receiver
➢ 1905: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi invents the • 1915: Vacuum Tube
directional radio antenna. Radio Transmitter
➢ 1906: Reginald A. Fessenden invents amplitude • 1923: Demonstration of
modulation (AM). First radio program of voice and Television
music broadcasted in the United States by Reginald
Fessenden. Lee DeFrorest invents triode (three-
electrode) vacuum tube.
➢ 1907: Reginald Fessenden invents a high- frequency
Electric generator that produces radio waves with a Definition of Terms:
frequency of 100 kHz.
Triode Vacuum Tube.
➢ 1908: General Electric develops a 100-kHz, 2-kW Three electrode device
alternator for radio communications. capable of amplification
➢ 1910: The Radio Act of 1910 is the first concurrence of Telegraph. The first
government regulation of radio technology and services. device capable of
➢ 1912: The Radio Act of 1912 in the United States brought transmitting and receiving
over long distances
order to the radio bands by requiring station and
Directional Antenna. An
operators’ licenses and assigning blocks of the frequency antenna that focus the
spectrum to the existing users. gain in single direction.
➢ 1913: The cascade-tuning radio receiver and the Superheterodyne
heterodyne receiver are introduced. Receiver. A radio receiver
➢ 1914: Major Edwin Armstrong develops the that can be tuned to more
than frequency channel.
superheterodyne radio receiver.
Short wave. Refers to
➢ 1915: Vacuum-tube radio transmitters introduced. high frequency radio
➢ 1919: Shortwave radio is developed. signals
➢ 1920: Radio Station KDKA broadcasts the first regular
licensed radio transmission out of Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania.
➢ 1921: Radio Corporation of America (RCA) begins
operating Radio Central on Long Island. The American
Radio League establishes contact via shortwave radio
with Paul Godley in Scotland, proving that shortwave
radio can be used for long distance communications.
➢ 1923: Vladimir Zworykin invents and demonstrates
television.
➢ 1927: A temporary five- member Federal Radio
Commission agency was created in the United States.
➢ 1928: Radio station WRNY in New York City begins

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broadcasting television shows.

Key Points:
➢ 1931: Major Edwin Armstrong patents wide- band
frequency modulation (FM). • 1931: Wide band
➢ 1934: Federal Communications Commission (FCC) frequency modulation
created to regulate telephone, radio, and television (FM)
broadcasting. • 1935: Commercial FM
➢ 1935: Commercial FM radio broadcasting begins with radio broadcasting
monophonic transmission. • 1945: Commercial
Television
➢ 1937: Alec H. Reeves invents binary coded pulse-code
• 1948: Transistor
modulation. (PCM) • 1951: Transcontinental
➢ 1939: National Broadcasting Company (NBC) microwave system
demonstrates television broadcasting. First use of two- • 1954: Commercial
way radio communications using walkie-talkies. production of silicon
➢ 1941: Columbia University Radio Club opens the first trnasistor
regularly scheduled FM radio station. • 1957: Sputnik Satellite
by Russia
➢ 1945: Television is born. FM moved from its original
• 1958: integrated
home of 42 MHz to 50 MHz to 88 MHz to 108 MHz to Circuits (IC)
make room. • 1963: T1 Digital Carrier
➢ 1946: The American Telephone and Telegraph Company System
(AT&T) inaugurated the first mobile telephone system • 1970: HDTV
for the public called MTS (Mobile Telephone System). • 1977: optical fiber in
➢ 1948: John Von Neumann created the first store program commercial
communication
electronic digital computer. Bell Telephone Laboratories
• 1999: Standards on
unveiled the transistor, a joint venture of scientist
DTV was established.
William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain.
➢ 1951: First transcontinental microwave system began
operation. Definition of Terms:
➢ 1952: Sony Corporation offers a miniature transistor
Frequency Modulation.
radio, one of the first mass produced consumer AM/FM
A modulation process
radios. wherein the frequency of
➢ 1953: RCA and MBC broadcast first color television the carrier signal is varied.
transmission. Transistor. Tan electronic
➢ 1954: The number of radio stations in the world exceeds device that can amplify
the number of newspapers printed daily. electrical signals.
Integrated Circuit (IC). A
➢ 1954: Texas Instruments becomes the first company to
fabrication process
commercially produce silicon transistors. wherein two or more
➢ 1956: First transatlantic telephone cable systems began electronic device can be
carrying calls. made in a single silicon
➢ 1957: Russia launches the world’s first satellite. (Sputnik) wafer.
➢ 1958: Kilby and Noyce develop first integrated circuits. Satellite. A device that
orbits around the Earth.
➢ NASA launched the United States first satellite.
HDTV. High definition
➢ 1961: FCC approves FM stereo broadcasting, which television.
spurs the development of DTV. Digital Television
➢ FM. Citizens band (CB) radio first used.
➢ 1962: U.S. radio stations begin broadcasting
stereophonic sound.
➢ 1963: T1 (transmission 1) digital carrier systems
introduced.
➢ 1965: First commercial communications satellite

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launched.
➢ 1970: High-definition television (HDTV) introduced in
Japan. Key Points:
➢ 1977: First commercial use of optical fiber cables.
➢ 1983: Cellular telephone networks introduced in the • Electronic
United States. Communication
• Transmitter
➢ 1999: HDTV standards implemented in the United
• Receiver
States. • Channel
➢ 1999: Digital Television (DTV) transmission began in the • Noise
United States.
Electronic communication deals with the transmission, reception
and processing of information. Figure 1.1 shows the basic Interference. Also known
diagram of an electronic communication system. It consists of as noise. Nay unwanted
signal in a communication
transmitter, channel and a receiver.
system.
Intelligence. A signal that
refers to the information
signal.
Channel. Also known as
communication medium.
This where the signal will
travel from transmitter to
receiver.
Transducer. A device
that converts a form of
physical signal such as
pressure, temperature,
Figure 1.1: Block Diagram of an Electronic Communication light into an electrical
System signal or vice – versa.
Parts of Electronic Communication System

1. Transmitter
➢ A collection of electronic circuits and
components designed to convert an electrical
signal into a signal suitable to the chosen
medium.
➢ It consists of amplifiers, filter, oscillators,
modulators and mixers.
2. Channel
➢ It is the medium where electronic signals
are being sent.
➢ It can be air, copper wire or optical cable.
3. Receiver
➢ It is a collection of electronic circuit that
converts the electronic signal back into its
original form.
➢ It consists of filters, demodulators,
amplifiers, tuned circuits and mixers.

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4. Noise Key Points:

➢ It is an interference that degrades the quality
of information in an electronic • Simplex
communication system. • Full - duplex
• Half - duplex
Types of Communication System
Electronic communication can be classified in two ways (1) One
way (simplex) or two way (half duplex or full duplex), (2) analog Definition of Terms:
or digital.
Broadcast. Transmission
Simplex of information from 1 point
to many points. 1
It is the simplest type of electronic communication system.
transmitter, many
Figure 1.2 shows an illustration of one way or simplex receivers.
communication system. The information can be transmitted only Tx. Label for transmitter
in one way. The receiving end can transmit back to the source of Rx. Label for receiver
information. Transceiver. An
electronic circuit that is
capable of transmitting
and receiving of
information.
Microphone. A
transducer that converts
acoustic signal into
electrical signal.
Speaker. A transducer
that converts electrical
Figure 1.2: TV Broadcasting as an example of Simplex signal into audio signal.
Communication
Half Duplex
It is a form of two-way communication where the two parties can
transmit information provided that only one party can use the
channel at a time. Figure 1.3 shows an illustration of half – duplex
communication system. The two parties take turns in suing the
communication channel.
Figure 1.3: Half – duplex (one way at a time)

Full Duplex
It is a form of two-way communication where the two parties can
transmit information simultaneously. Figure 1.4 shows the
diagram of a full – duplex communication system.

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Key Points:
• Analog Signal
• Digital Signal
• Discrete
Figure 1.4: Full – duplex (simultaneous usage of channel)
Binary. A number system
Analog Signal that has two symbols (1
and 0).
An analog signal is a continuously varying electrical signal. Square wave. A signal
Audio, video and light when converted to an electrical signal will that commonly represents
have an analog signal. Figure 1.5 shows an illustration of an digital signal.
analog signal.
Figure 1.5: Example of Analog of Signal
Digital Signal
A digital signal does not vary continuously. It varies in a discrete
and defined manner. Figure 1.6 shows an example of digital
signal. It can be observed that the signal stays at a constant level
for a period then changes state abruptly. One common example
of a digital signal is the binary signal use in computers.
Figure 1.6: Example of a Digital Signal (Binary)
Checkup activity:
1. Give 3 examples for each type of electronic
communication system.
a. Simplex
b. Half – duplex
c. Full – duplex
d. Digital Signal
e. Analog signal
Transmission of Information
The two-basic technique in the transmission of information are
(1) Modulation and (2) Multiplexing. The modulation technique
processes the information and make it suitable to the

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communication medium. The multiplexing technique allows the

transmission of two or more information over a single Key Points:
communication channel.
• Baseband
• Broadband
Baseband Transmission
• Modulation
Baseband is the direct transmission of the electronic signal. The
• Multiplex
information signal is already compatible to the communication • Carrier
channel and doesn’t need any modification. An example of this
is the telephone system. The voice signal is converted into
electrical signal and directly transmit it over copper wire.
Broadband Transmission
One advantage of electronic communication is the ability to
communicate over long distance. A modulation technique is Carrier. A higher
necessary to make it possible to transmit signal over free space. frequency signal that is
Modulation is the process of impressing the baseband signal mix into the information
(intelligence) into a higher frequency signal (carrier). The signal thru modulation.
Modulated signal. A
information signal changes a property of carrier to make it
signal that is compose of
suitable in a communication medium. Figure 1.7 shows a block modulating (information)
diagram of broadband transmission. The information signal signal and carrier signal.
(intelligence) is amplified and fed into a modulator where it will A signal that is compatible
be mix to a carrier signal. The resulting signal is the modulated to the transmission
signal that is ready for transmission over the antenna. The channel.
Amplifier. An electronic
receiver end will demodulate the electronic signal to recover the device that increases
original form of the information signal. (amplify) the magnitude of
a signal.
Power Amplifier. An
electronic device that
increases the power of a
signal so that it can
withstand any interference
in the communication
medium.
Vm. Peak amplitude of the
modulating signal.
Vc. Peak amplitude of the
carrier signal.
Figure 1.7: Block diagram of broadband transmission fm. Modulating frequency
fc. Carrier frequency
vm(t). Instantaneous value
The equation below is the mathematical expression of the of modulating signal as a
intelligence signal and carrier signal. function of time (t)
vc(t). Instantaneous value
𝑣𝑚 (𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 ; 𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑉𝑐 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 of carrier signal as a
function of time (t).
There are many types of modulation. It can be analog or digital.
The following types of modulation are summarized below and
will be discussed in detail later at this course.
Types of Modulation
1. Analog Modulation
a. Amplitude Modulation (AM)

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b. Frequency Modulation (FM)

c. Phase Modulation (PM) Key Points:
2. Digital Modulation
a. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) • Analog Modulation
b. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) • Digital Modulation
• Multiplexing
c. Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
• Demultiplexed
d. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Multiplexing
The number of communication channel is one challenge
electronic communication system especially in wireless
transmission. Thus, a multiplexing technique is required to Multiplexer. An electronic
utilize the channel efficiently. This technique made it possible to circuit that combines
transmit two or more intelligence in a single communication many information signals
channel. This intelligence is intended to a different receiver. into a single signal.
Figure 1.8 shows a block diagram of multiplexing technique. It Multiplex signal. A single
signal that contains many
can be observed in the figure that the different intelligence
information
signals are being fed into a multiplexer before it undergoes the Demultiplexer. An
process of modulation. The signal will be transmitted over the electronic device that
communication channel and will be demultiplexed at the decodes the multiplexed
receiver end. signal and send it to the
intended receiver.
Figure 1.8: Block diagram of Multiplexing
The following are types of multiplexing. The details of

multiplexing will not be discussed in this course but rather on
the higher level of electronic communication courses.
Types of Multiplexing
1. Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
2. Time division multiplexing (TDM)
3. Code division multiplexing (CDM)
Electromagnetic Spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum illustrates the range of
frequencies applicable to electronic communication. Figure 1.9a
shows the entire electromagnetic spectrum and Figure 1.9b
shows the description of each spectrum. The electromagnetic

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waves are signals that oscillates. It consists of electric field and

magnetic field. It is also characterized by its amplitude, Key Points:
frequency or phase.
• Electromagnetic
spectrum
• Electromagnetic waves
• Electric field
• Magnetic field
Electric field (E). Defined

as the electric force per
unit charge. It flows
Figure 1.9a: Electromagnetic Spectrum radially from high potential
(+) to lower potential (-).
Magnetic Field (H). A
field that describe the
magnetic influence of an
electric field. It
perpendicular to the
electric field.
Figure 1.9b: Description of Electromagnetic Spectrum
It can be observed that the range of the electromagnetic spectrum

is defined by its frequency and wavelength. Frequency is the
number of cycles that occur in one second (Hertz) while
wavelength is the length travelled by one cycle in meters. Figure
1.10a and Figure 1.10b shows an illustration of frequency and
wavelength.

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Key Points:
• Frequency
• Wavelength
• Hertz
Hertz (Hz). Unit of

frequency. Cycles/sec.
Figure 1.10a: Frequency of a wave Lamda (𝝀). Symbol
wavelength. The unit of
wavelength is in meters
(m).
c. Symbol of speed of
light. It is equal to the
velocity of wave in a
vacuum. 3x108 m/s.
Figure 1.10b: Wavelength of a wave
Example:
1. Find the wavelength of the following frequency:
a. 97.1 Mhz
b. 590 kHz
c. 107.5 Mhz
d. 2.2 Ghz
Solution:
The relationship between wavelength (λ) to frequency
𝑐
is 𝜆 =
𝑓
𝑐 3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
a. 𝜆=𝑓= = 3.09 𝑚
97.1𝑀ℎ𝑧
𝑐 3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
b. 𝜆=𝑓= = 508.47 𝑚
590 𝑘ℎ𝑧
𝑐 3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
c. 𝜆 = 𝑓 = 107.5 𝑀ℎ𝑧 = 2.79 𝑚
𝑐 3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
d. 𝜆=𝑓= = 0.14 𝑚
2.2 𝐺ℎ𝑧

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Application of each spectrum
Voice Frequencies.
➢ Voice frequencies (VFs) are in the range of 300 to 3000 Hz. This is the normal
range of human speech. Although human hearing extends from
approximately 20 to 20,000 Hz, most intelligible sound occurs in the VF
range.
Very Low Frequencies.

➢ Very low frequencies (VLFs) extend from 9 kHz to 30 kHz and include the
higher end of the human hearing range up to about 15 or 20 kHz. Many
musical instruments make sounds in this range as well as in the ELF and
VF ranges. The VLF range is also used in some government and military
communication. For example, VLF radio transmission is used by the navy
to communicate with submarines.
Low Frequencies.
➢ Low frequencies (LFs) are in the 30- to 300-kHz range. The primary
communication services using this range are in aeronautical and marine
navigation. Frequencies in this range are also used as subcarriers, signals
that are modulated by the baseband information. Usually, two or more
subcarriers are added, and the combination is used to modulate the final
high-frequency carrier.
Medium Frequencies.
➢ Medium frequencies (MFs) are in the 300- to 3000-kHz (0.3- to 3.0-MHz)
range. The major application of frequencies in this range AM radio
broadcasting (535 to 1605 kHz). Other applications in this range are
various marine and amateur radio communication.
High Frequencies.
➢ High frequencies (HFs) are in the 3- to 30-MHz range. These are the
frequencies generally known as short waves. All kinds of simplex
broadcasting and half duplex two-way radio communication take place in
this range. Government and military services use these frequencies for
two-way communication. Amateur radio and CB communication also
occur in this part of the spectrum.
Very High Frequencies.

➢ Very high frequencies (VHFs) encompass the 30- to 300-MHz range. This
popular frequency range is used by many services, including mobile radio,
marine and aeronautical communication, FM radio broadcasting (88 to 108
MHz), and television.
Ultrahigh Frequencies.
➢ Ultrahigh frequencies (UHFs) encompass the 300- to 3000-MHz range. This,
too, is a widely used portion of the frequency spectrum. It includes the
UHF TV channels 14 through 51, and it is used for land mobile
communication and services such as cellular telephones as well as for

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military communication. Some radar and navigation services occupy this

portion of the frequency spectrum, and radio amateurs also have bands in
this range.
Microwaves and SHFs.

➢ Frequencies between the 1000-MHz (1-GHz) and 30-GHz range are called
microwaves. Microwave ovens usually operate at 2.45 GHz. Superhigh
frequencies (SHFs) are in the 3- to 30-GHz range. These microwave
frequencies are widely used for satellite communication and radar.
Wireless local-area networks (LANs) and many cellular telephone systems
also occupy this region.
Extremely High Frequencies.

➢ Extremely high frequencies (EHFs) extend from 30 to 300 GHz.
Electromagnetic signals with frequencies higher than 30 GHz are referred
to as millimeter waves. Equipment used to generate and receive signals in
this range is extremely complex and expensive, but there is growing use
of this range for satellite communication telephony, computer data, short-
haul cellular networks, and some specialized radar.
Frequencies Between 300 GHz and the Optical Spectrum.

➢ This portion of the spectrum is virtually uninhabited. It is a cross between
RF and optical. Lack of hardware and components limits its use.
Infrared
➢The infrared region is sandwiched between the highest radio frequencies
(i.e., millimeter waves) and the visible portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum. Infrared occupies the range between approximately 0.1
millimeter (mm) and 700 nanometers (nm), or 100 to 0.7 micrometer (μm).
One micrometer is one-millionth of a meter. Infrared wavelengths are
often given in micrometers or nanometers.
The Visible Spectrum
➢ Just above the infrared region is the visible spectrum or visible light. Light is
a special type of electromagnetic radiation that has a wavelength in the
0.4- to 0.8-μm range (400 to 800 nm). Light wavelengths are usually
expressed in terms of angstroms (Å). An angstrom is one ten-thousandth
of a micrometer. 1 Å = 1x10-10 m.
Ultraviolet
➢ Ultraviolet light (UV) covers the range from about 4 to 400 nm. Ultraviolet
generated by the sun is what causes sunburn. Ultraviolet is also generated
by mercury vapor lights and some other types of lights such as fluorescent
lamps and sun lamps. Ultraviolet is not used for communication; its
primary use is medical. Beyond the visible region are the X-rays, gamma
rays, and cosmic rays.

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Bandwidth (BW)
Bandwidth refers to the range of frequency in an electromagnetic spectrum. It is the difference
between the highest frequency available in the spectrum to the lowest frequency.
𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓2 − 𝑓1
A channel bandwidth refers to the portion of electromagnetic spectrum occupied by the

modulated signal. Commonly it refers to the sidebands of the modulated signal. Figure 1.11
illustrate the bandwidth of the voice frequency (VF) spectrum.
Figure 1.11: Bandwidth of voice frequency spectrum
Example:
1. Determine the bandwidth of high frequency spectrum.
Solution:
The range of the high frequency spectrum is from 3 Mhz to 30 Mhz
Thus,
𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓2 − 𝑓1 = 30 𝑀ℎ𝑧 − 3 𝑀ℎ𝑧 = 𝟐𝟕 𝑴𝒉𝒛
2. A television has a 6 Mhz bandwidth. Determine the lower side frequency of channel 2
if the higher frequency 60 Mhz.
Solution:
𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓2 − 𝑓1
6 𝑀ℎ𝑧 = 60𝑀ℎ𝑧 − 𝑓1
𝑓1 = 60𝑀ℎ𝑧 − 6 𝑀ℎ𝑧 = 𝟓𝟒 𝑴𝒉𝒛
Summary
Electronic communication system deals with the transmission reception and processing of
information. This information can be baseband or broadband. Broadband transmission needs
to a higher frequency signal called carrier to be transmitted through free space. The
transmission of information can be simplex or duplex. The amount of information being
transmitted depends on the value of the bandwidth. The electromagnetic spectrum describes
the different range of frequency that can be used in electronic communication system.

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Course Packet Discussion 1.1

Instruction: Give your answer within 24 hours. Post your answer at the google classroom of
your respective section.
1. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the advancement in technology of

electronic communication in today’s world.
2. What do you think is the best type of electronic communication system? State the
advantages and disadvantages.
a. Simplex
b. Half – duplex
c. Full – duplex
3. Explain why a high frequency carrier signal is needed to be modulated by an
information signal before transmission.

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Activity Sheet 1.1

Activity Sheet 1.1
Instruction: Write legibly and discuss concisely for essay type question.
1. Name the four main elements of electronic communication system. Draw the block
diagram and explain each block.
2. Explain the process of modulation.
3. Give three application of the Very high frequency spectrum
4. Differentiate the following:
a. Analog and digital signal
b. Baseband transmission and broadband transmission
c. Simplex and full – duplex
d. Modulation and Multiplexing
e. Half – duplex and full – duplex
5. Determine the wavelengths of the following frequency spectrum:
a. VF
b. LF
c. MF
d. VHF
e. EHF
6. Calculate the frequency of the signals that has the following wavelengths:
a. 40 m
b. 8 m
c. 10 m
d. 5 cm
e. 15 mm

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Learning Module 01
Fundamentals of
Electronic
Communication
System
Course Packet 1.2
Noise in Communication
System


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Course Packet 1.2
Course Packet 1.2
Noise in Communication System

Introduction
Electronic communication system has solved the two main limits of human communication (1)
Language and (2) distance. Electronic communication made it possible to send information
over longer distance through wired and wireless communication. Electronic communication
system has its own limitation (1) bandwidth and (2) noise. Bandwidth is defined as the range
of frequency occupied by a certain information signal while noise is any unwanted signal that
can interfere and can cause distortion to the information signal. In this
Objectives
• Differentiate the various sources of noise in electronic communication system.
• Calculate the noise power and noise voltage in electronic communication system.
• Calculate the noise figure and noise factor in electronic communication system.
• Explain the significance of signal to noise ratio and noise factor.

Duration
• Topic 02: Noise in Communication System = 4 hours
(3 hours self-directed learning with practical exercises
and 1 hour assessment)
Delivery Mode


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SCORE
Course Packet 1.2
Criteria
10 30 60 80 100
Utilizes
Errors in
spelling and
grammar
(20%) evidenced in
several post.
“hasty”
Consistently
Rarely post
topics and
always
makes
(50%) irrelevant
remarks to
the topic.
idea.
class are encourage to participate and post their idea open-mindedly.
Readings
3. George, K. & Bernard, D. (1992). Electronics Communication Systems, (4 th ed.).

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Lesson Proper
Key Points:
Introduction • Electronic
Course Packet 1.2
Despite the numerous advantages of electronic communication, Communication

there are still challenges in the design of communication system. • Transmitter
It was mentioned in the last course packet that there are four (4) • Receiver
main block in the communication system; (1) Transmitter, (2) • Channel
Channel, (3) Noise, and (4) Receiver. The noise can occur in any • Noise
of these four blocks, but the largest contributor of noise can occur
at the communication channel/medium.
Decibel (dB), Gain (A) and Attenuation
Interference. Also known
Gain is occurring when a signal passes through an amplifier as as noise. Nay unwanted
shown in Figure 2.1. It is the ratio of the output signal to the input signal in a communication
signal as describe by the equation below: system.
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 Intelligence. A signal that
𝐴= refers to the information
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 signal.
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 Channel. Also known as
𝐴𝑣 = −→ 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 communication medium.
𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 This where the signal will
𝐴𝑝 = −→ 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 travel from transmitter to
𝑃𝑖𝑛 receiver.
Transducer. A device
that converts a form of
physical signal such as
pressure, temperature,
Figure 2.1: Gain of an amplifier light into an electrical
Example: signal or vice – versa.
1. Determine the voltage gain if the input signal is 20 mV
and the output signal is 500 mV.
Solution:
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 500 𝑚𝑉
𝐴𝑣 = = = 𝟐𝟓
𝑉𝑖𝑛 20 𝑚𝑉
2. What power gain is required for a communication circuit
in order to if increase the input power from 50 mW to
1kW.
Solution:
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 1 𝑘𝑊
𝐴𝑝 = = = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑃𝑖𝑛 50 𝑚𝑊
3. What is the value of the output voltage if a 1 mV signal

passes through an amplifier with a gain of 1000?
Solution:
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐴𝑣 = = = 1000
𝑉𝑖𝑛 1 𝑚𝑉
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 1000 (1𝑚𝑉 ) = 𝟏𝑽
A practical electronic communication system utilizes cascade

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amplifier configuration to further increase the voltage or power
gain. The equation below is used o compute for the total gain of Key Points:
a cascaded amplifier.
Course Packet 1.2
𝐴𝑃 = 𝐴1 𝑥 𝐴2 𝑥 𝐴3 … … … 𝐴𝑛 • Simplex
• Full - duplex
Example:
• Half - duplex
1. What is the total power gain of a 3-stage amplifier that
has a gain of 3,5 and 8?
Solution: Definition of Terms:

𝐴𝑃 = 𝐴1 𝑥 𝐴2 𝑥 𝐴3 = 3 𝑥 5 𝑥 8 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎
Broadcast. Transmission
of information from 1 point
2. The first stage of a 2 – stage amplifier has a gain of 5. to many points. 1
Compute the gain of the 2nd stage amplifier if the input transmitter, many
signal is 10 uW and output signal is 2 mW. receivers.
Tx. Label for transmitter
Rx. Label for receiver
Solution: Transceiver. An
2 𝑚𝑊 electronic circuit that is
𝐴𝑃 = = 200 capable of transmitting
10 𝜇𝑊
and receiving of
information.
𝐴𝑃 = 𝐴1 𝑥𝐴2 Microphone. A
𝐴𝑝 200 transducer that converts
𝐴2 = = = 𝟒𝟎 acoustic signal into
𝐴1 5
electrical signal.
Speaker. A transducer
Attenuation is the opposite of gain. It represents a decrease of that converts electrical
the output signal. The decrease can be intentional or signal into audio signal.
unintentional. In an electronic communication system,
attenuation is unnecessary as it affects the integrity of the
information signal. Attenuation may be introduced by a
component of the circuit or by the surroundings.
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐴= 𝑜𝑟 𝐴 =
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑖𝑛
Total attenuation:
𝐴 𝑇 = 𝐴1 𝑥 𝐴2 𝑥 𝐴3 … … … 𝐴𝑁
Example:
1. Determine the total attenuation if the signal passes
through 3 loss stage circuit with attenuation of 0.01, 0.04
and 0.8 respectively.
Solution:
𝐴 𝑇 = 𝐴1 𝑥 𝐴2 𝑥 𝐴3
𝐴 𝑇 = 0.01 𝑥 0.04 𝑥 0.8 = 𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟔
2. Determine the resulting magnitude of the signal of

example number 1 if the input signal is 10 V.

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Solution:
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 Key Points:
𝐴=
𝑉𝑖𝑛
Course Packet 1.2
• Analog Signal
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 10 (320𝑥10−6 ) = 𝟑. 𝟐 𝒎𝑽 • Digital Signal
• Discrete
The Gain and Attenuation is commonly expressed in Decibels

(dB). The equation below shows the conversion of voltage gain
and power gain into decibels. Definition of Terms:
Binary. A number system

Voltage gain in (dB): that has two symbols (1
𝐴𝑣(𝑑𝐵) = 20 log 𝐴𝑣 and 0).
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 Square wave. A signal
𝐴𝑣(𝑑𝐵) = 20 log that commonly represents
𝑉𝑖𝑛 digital signal.
Power gain in (dB):

𝐴𝑝(𝑑𝐵) = 10 log 𝐴𝑝
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐴𝑝(𝑑𝐵) = 10 log
𝑃𝑖𝑛
Total Gain in (dB):
𝐴(𝑑𝐵) = 𝐴(𝑑𝑏)1 + 𝐴(𝑑𝑏)2 + 𝐴(𝑑𝑏)3 … … … 𝐴(𝑑𝑏)𝑁
Gain in (dBm):
➢ The gain expressed in dBm is commonly used in an
electronic communication system.
➢ dBm refers to the absolute power at 1 mW reference
power.
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐴𝑝(𝑑𝐵𝑚) = 10 log
1𝑚𝑊
Example:
1. Determine the input power of the power amplifier that
has a gain of 50 dB and output power of 200 W.
Solution:
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑃𝑖𝑛
200
50 = 10 log
𝑃𝑖𝑛
50 200
= log
10 𝑃𝑖𝑛
200
𝑙𝑜𝑔
105 = 10 𝑃𝑖𝑛
200 200
105 = ; 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 5 = 𝟐𝒎𝑾
𝑃𝑖𝑛 10

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2. Determine the attenuation of the circuit in decibels if the Key Points:
Course Packet 1.2
input signal is 2 V and the output signal is 1.8V.

• Baseband
• Broadband
Solution:
• Modulation
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 • Multiplex
𝐵𝑣(𝑑𝐵) = 20 log
𝑉𝑖𝑛 • Carrier
1.8 𝑉
𝐵𝑣(𝑑𝐵) = 20 log = −𝟎. 𝟗𝟐 𝒅𝑩
2𝑉
*Take note that an attenuation represents a (-) value
when express in decibels. Definition of Terms:
Carrier. A higher
3. What would be the output power if an input power of 3
frequency signal that is
mW pass through a two-stage amplifier with a gain of 10 mix into the information
dB and 5 dB respectively. The circuit also contains a filter signal thru modulation.
circuit that has an attenuation of -1.5 dB. Modulated signal. A
signal that is compose of
Solution: modulating (information)
signal and carrier signal.
𝐴(𝑑𝐵) = 𝐴(𝑑𝑏)1 + 𝐴(𝑑𝑏)2 + 𝐵(𝑑𝑏)𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 A signal that is compatible
𝐴(𝑑𝐵) = 10 𝑑𝐵 + 5 𝑑𝐵 − 1.5 𝑑𝐵 to the transmission
𝐴(𝑑𝐵) = 13.5 𝑑𝐵 channel.
Amplifier. An electronic
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 device that increases
𝑃𝑖𝑛 (amplify) the magnitude of
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 a signal.
13.5 𝑑𝐵 = 10 log Power Amplifier. An
3 𝑚𝑊 electronic device that
increases the power of a
13.5 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 signal so that it can
= log withstand any interference
10 3 𝑚𝑊
in the communication
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 medium.
101.35 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑚𝑊 Vm. Peak amplitude of the
modulating signal.
Vc. Peak amplitude of the
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 carrier signal.
101.35 = ; 𝑃 = 101.35 (3 𝑚𝑊 )
3 𝑚𝑊 𝑜𝑢𝑡 fm. Modulating frequency
= 𝟔𝟕. 𝟏𝟔 𝒎𝑾 fc. Carrier frequency
vm(t). Instantaneous value
of modulating signal as a
function of time (t)
vc(t). Instantaneous value
Noise in Communication System of carrier signal as a
function of time (t).
Classification of Noise
1. Correlated Noise
➢ Noise that exist if there is signal present.
2. Uncorrelated Noise
➢ Noise that exist even there is no signal present.

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Types of Correlated Noise
1. Harmonic distortion Key Points:
➢ Results when unwanted harmonics of a signal are
Course Packet 1.2
produced through non-linear amplification • Analog Modulation

(mixing). • Digital Modulation
𝑣ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 • Multiplexing
➢ %𝑇𝐻𝐷 = 𝑥100 • Demultiplexed
𝑣𝑓𝑢𝑛
✓ %THD – Total harmonic distortion
✓ 𝑣ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 → 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑚𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑠
✓ 𝑣ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 = √𝑣22 + 𝑣32 + 𝑣42 + ⋯ + 𝑣𝑛2
✓ 𝑣𝑓𝑢𝑛 → 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
2. Intermodulation distortion Multiplexer. An electronic

➢ It occurs when two or more signals are mixed in a circuit that combines
nonlinear device many information signals
➢ When the information signal is mixed with the into a single signal.
Multiplex signal. A single
carrier signal is an example of process where
signal that contains many
intermodulation distortion occurs. information
Demultiplexer. An
Types of Uncorrelated Noise electronic device that
1. External decodes the multiplexed
signal and send it to the
• Types of external noise
intended receiver.
▪ Atmospheric
o Cosmic
o Solar
▪ Extra – terrestrial
▪ Man made
▪ Impulse
2. Internal
• Types of internal noise
▪ Shot noise
▪ Partition noise
▪ Flicker noise
▪ Burst noise
▪ Transit time noise
▪ Thermal noise
Noise Calculation
Noise calculation is very important in the design of a
communication system. The result of noise calculation will be a
consideration in the design of the other components within an
electronic communication system.
Noise Power equation:

𝑃𝑁 = 𝑘𝑇𝐵

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Noise Voltage equation:
𝑉𝑁 = √4𝑘𝑡𝐵𝑛 𝑅𝐿
Course Packet 1.2
Figure 2.2: Noise voltage illustration
Total Noise equation:
2 2 2 2
𝑣𝑛(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) = √𝑣𝑛(1) + 𝑣𝑛(2) + 𝑣𝑛(3) + ⋯ + 𝑣𝑛(𝑛)
Noise in cascaded amplifiers:

✓ RL in the noise voltage equation is now the equivalent
resistance. Use the equation below to determine the
equivalent resistance Req.
𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅𝑁
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 2 + 2 2 + ⋯+ 2 2
𝐴1 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴1 𝐴2 … 𝐴2𝑁−1
Signal to Noise Ratio
The signal to noise ratio shows the relationship between the

magnitude of the information signal and noise signal. The
magnitude of the signal must be significantly larger compare to
noise in order to preserve the integrity of the information signal.
Figure 2.3 shows an illustration of the signal to noise ratio; it can
be observed that the noise rides at the peak of the information
signal. A small signal to noise ratio will largely affect the
appearance of the information signal as described by the first
figure. The second figure shows a large signal to noise ratio
wherein the appearance of the information signal is slightly
affected. Remember that the appearance of the information
signal refers to the actual information. The amount of distortion
in the information signal due to noise can be observe on the
appearance of the information signal.

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Course Packet 1.2
Figure 2.3: illustration of signal to noise ratio
Noise Factor (F)

The noise factor is the ratio between signal to noise ration at the
input to the signal to noise ratio at the output. It is a figure of
merit that describe the degradation of the signal to noise ratio of
the information signal when travelling from input end to the
output end of an electronic device.
Equation of Noise Factor (F):
𝑆
(𝑁 )
𝑖𝑛
𝐹=
𝑆
(𝑁 )
𝑜𝑢𝑡
Noise Figure (NF)
The noise figure is the noise factor expressed in decibels.
Equation of Noise Figure (NF):
𝑁𝐹 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐹
𝑆
(𝑁 )
𝑖𝑛
𝑁𝐹 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑆
(𝑁 )
𝑜𝑢𝑡
Equivalent Noise Temperature (Teq)

It is the temperature to be maintained so that same noise level
will be produced at the output of the system.
Equation:
𝑇𝑒𝑞 = 𝑇𝑎 (𝐹 − 1)

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Equivalent Noise Resistance (Req)
A quantitative representation in resistance units of the spectral
density of a noise-voltage generator.
Course Packet 1.2
Equation:
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅𝑎 (𝐹 − 1)
Relationship between noise equivalent temperature and noise

equivalent resistance
Equation:
𝑇𝑒𝑞 𝑅𝑒𝑞
=
𝑇𝑎 𝑅𝑎
Example:
1. Calculate the total harmonic distortion if the %2nd order
and %3rd order is 2.5% and 1.25 % respectively and
fundamental amplitude of 8 V.
Solution:
𝑣ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟
%𝑇𝐻𝐷 = 𝑥100
𝑣𝑓𝑢𝑛
For %2nd:
2.5% = 𝑥100
8𝑉
2.5 (8)
𝑣ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 = = 0.2 𝑉
100
For %3rd:
1.25% = 𝑥100
8𝑉
1.25 (8)
𝑣ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 = = 0.1 𝑉
100
Solving for total harmonic distortion:
𝑣ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 = √𝑣22 + 𝑣32 = √0.22 + 0.12 = 0.22𝑉
0.22𝑉
%𝑇𝐻𝐷 = 𝑥100 = 𝟐. 𝟖%
8𝑉
2. Calculate the spectrum density and thermal noise power

for a certain communication system with an IF
bandwidth of 10.7 MHz.
Solution:
Solving for spectrum density:
𝑆𝑁 = 𝑘𝑇 = 1.38𝑥10−23 (290𝐾 ) = 4𝑥10−21 𝑤/𝐻𝑧
𝑃𝑁 = 𝑘𝑇𝐵 = 1.38𝑥10−23 (290𝐾 )(10.7 𝑀ℎ𝑧)
= 𝟒. 𝟐𝟖𝟑𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟒𝒘

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3. An amplifier operating over a 5 MHz bandwidth has 100
ohms input resistance. It is operating at 27 degrees
Celsius, has a voltage gain of 200 and an input signal of
Course Packet 1.2
6 μVrms. Calculate the output rms noise.
Solution:
Temperature in Kelvin (K) = 27 0C +273K = 300K
𝑉𝑁 = √4𝑘𝑡𝐵𝑛 𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝑛(𝑖𝑛) = √4(1.38𝑥10−23 )(300𝐾 )(5 𝑀ℎ𝑧)(100Ω)

= 2.88 𝜇𝑉
𝑉𝑛(𝑜𝑢𝑡) = 𝐴𝑥𝑉𝑛(𝑖𝑛) = 200 𝑥 2.88𝜇𝑉 = 𝟓𝟕𝟔𝝁𝑽
4. The first stage of a two-stage amplifier has a voltage gain

of 10, a 600-Ω input resistor, a 1600-Ω equivalent noise
resistance and a 27kΩ output resistor. For the 2nd stage,
these values are 25, 81kΩ, 10kΩ and 1MΩ, respectively.
Calculate the equivalent input-noise resistance.
Solution:
𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅𝑁
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + + + ⋯ +
𝐴12 𝐴12 𝐴22 𝐴12 𝐴22 … 𝐴2𝑁−1
𝑅1 = 1600Ω + 600Ω = 2200Ω
𝑅2 = 10𝑘Ω + (81𝑘Ω//27k) = 30.25 kΩ
𝑅3 = 1 𝑀Ω
30.25 kΩ 1 MΩ
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 2.2kΩ + 2
+ 2 = 𝟐𝟓𝟖𝟏. 𝟓𝛀
10 10 𝑥252
5. Compute the noise factor and figure of the transistor

give a transistor has a measured S/N power of 260 at its

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input and 40 at its output.
Solution:
Course Packet 1.2
For noise factor:

𝑆
(𝑁 ) 260
𝑖𝑛
𝑁𝐹 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟑
𝑆 40
(𝑁 )
𝑜𝑢𝑡
For noise figure

𝑁𝐹 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐹 = 10 log(8.13) = 𝟗. 𝟏 𝒅𝑩
Summary
The noise in electronic communication is any undesirable signal that interfere and distort the
original information. It can exist with or without the signal. There various source of noise such
as man-made noise and extraterrestrial noise. The noise within the electronic device also exist.
This can be a factor of temperature where electrons tend to have an abnormal behavior. This
course packet has also discussed the calculation of noise voltage and power which is very
essential in the design of electronic communication system. Since noise cannot be eliminated,
the quality of electronic communication system can be described by means of noise factor. The
noise factor or noise figure depends on the signal to noise ration. A high signal to noise ratio is
desirable in a communication system and it must be maintained from the input end to the
output end of the system.

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1. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the advancement in technology of

electronic communication in today’s world.
2. Explain what is the reason why power gains and attenuation are commonly expressed
in decibels instead of its absolute value?
3. How will you describe the Noise Figure or Noise Factor of a well-designed electronic
communication system?

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Activity Sheet 1.2
Activity Sheet 1.2
Instruction: Write legibly, show complete solution for problem solving and discuss concisely
for essay type question.
1. Three amplifiers with gains 15, 22 and 7 are cascaded. The input voltage is 120 𝜇𝑉.
Caculate the following:
a. Gain of each stage in decibels
b. Output voltage in each stage
c. Total gain in absolute value and in decibels
2. An electronic device has two stage amplifiers with gains of 50 and 75. It also has two
loss stage with attenuation factors of 0.03 and 0.09. Determine the following:
a. Total gain in decibels of the two-stage amplifier
b. Total attenuation of the two-loss stage
c. Total gain or attenuation of the electronic device
3. Determine the total harmonic distortion if the fundamental amplitude of 12 V and the
%2nd order, %3rd order, %4th order and %5th order are 3.5%, 2.25%, 1.75% and 2.8%
respectively.
4. Given the bandwidth of UHF, solve for the spectrum density and noise power for a
certain communication system at a temperature of 20 deg Celsius.
5. A transmitter-amplifier operates at 8 MHz bandwidth has 175 ohms input resistance.

It operates at 24 deg Celsius, has a voltage gain of 325 and an input signal of 12 μVrms.
Calculate the output rms noise.
6. A transistor has a measured S/N power of 100 at its input and 20 at its output.
Determine the noise figure of the transistor.

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Assessment
Instruction: Write the complete answer /solution in a separate sheet of paper. Scanned copy or
Assessment
take a picture of your answer sheet and submit it to our google classroom acct. Don’t forget to
write your name at the upper left most part of your answer sheet. Use A4 bond paper.
1. Draw the block diagram of electronic communication system. and explain each
block.
2. Differentiate the following:

a. Analog and digital signal
b. Baseband transmission and broadband transmission
c. Simplex and full – duplex
d. Modulation and Multiplexing
e. Half – duplex and full – duplex
3. Four amplifiers with gains 15, 22, 7 and -0.4 are cascaded. The input voltage is 200
𝑚𝑉. Caculate the following:
a. Gain of each stage in decibels
b. Output voltage in each stage
c. Total gain in absolute value and in decibels
4. Determine the total harmonic distortion if the fundamental amplitude of 12 V and the
%2nd order, %3rd order, %4th order and %5th order are 3.5%, 2.25%, 1.75% and 2.8%
respectively.
5. Given the bandwidth of UHF, solve for the spectrum density and noise power for a
certain communication system at a temperature of 20 deg Celsius.
6. A transmitter-amplifier operates at 8 MHz bandwidth has 175 ohms input resistance.

It operates at 24 deg Celsius, has a voltage gain of 325 and an input signal of 12 μVrms.
Calculate the output rms noise.
7. A transistor has a measured S/N power of 200 at its input and 15 at its output.
Determine the noise figure and noise factor of the transistor.

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Post Assessment
Post Assessment
1. ____________refers to a time varying voltages or currents that are continuously

changing such as sine and cosine waves.
a. Digital Signal
b. Discrete Signal
c. Analog Signal
d. DC voltage/current
2. Another term for power loss
a. Power gain
b. Attenuation
c. Voltage gain
d. Power distortion
3. If a power gain is less than 0, therefore it represents a ________ in a system.
a. Attenuation
b. Gain
c. Unity
d. Efficiency
4. A collection of electronic devices and circuits converts information signal into a
manner that is suitable to the communication medium.
a. Transmitter
b. Receiver
c. Channel
d. Transducer
5. The process of changing a characteristic of an information signal in accordance to the
carrier signal.
a. Multiplexing
b. Demodulation
c. Filtering
d. Modulation
6. A high frequency signal that is suitable for wireless transmission. It contains no
information and only used for the purpose of transmission.
a. Intelligence
b. Carrier
c. Reference
d. Noise
7. It refers to a communication system that process continuous wave signal
a. Analog communication system
b. Digital communication system
c. Digital transmission
d. Analog transmission
8. A signal that introduce distortion into the information signal.

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a. Intelligence
b. Carrier
c. Reference
Post Assessment
d. Noise
9. What is the decibel value an amplifier that has a power gain of 85.
a. 38.59 dB
b. 19.29 dB
c. 9.65 dB
d. 77.16 dB
10. An amplifier that has an input power of 3.8 mW will have a power of ___________in
dBm.
a. 5.79 dBm
b. 11.6 dBm
c. -24.2 dBm
d. -48.4 dBm
11. The following are examples of analog modulation except ___________.
a. Amplitude modulation
b. Phase modulation
c. Amplitude shift keying
d. Frequency modulation
12. The following are example of devices that utilize half duplex communication system
except.
a. Intercom
b. CB radio
c. Cellular phone
d. Walkie - talkie
13. The number of times a periodic motion occurs in a given period of time is called
________.
a. Period
b. Magnitude
c. Frequency
d. Angular motion
14. What spectrum in the electromagnetic spectrum covers the frequency from 300 kHz
to 3 Mhz?
15. FM broadcasting operate at what frequency spectrum?
16. Calculate the noise voltage of an electronic communication system that has a load
resistance of 50 ohms operated at 3 Mhz bandwidth.
a. 1.55 uW
b. 1.096 uW
c. 1.5 uW
d. 0.155 uW

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17. A noise that occurs when there is no signal
a. Correlated noise
b. Shot noise
Post Assessment
c. Thermal noise
d. Uncorrelated noise
18. A frequency 3 times the original signal frequency
a. 1st harmonic
b. 2nd harmonic
c. 3rd harmonic
d. 4th harmonic
19. A distortion that occurs when two or more signal are mixed in a nonlinear amplifier
a. Intermodulation distortion
b. Modulation distortion
c. Impulse noise
d. Transit – time noise
20. What is the noise power in dBm of a signal that has 10 Mhz bandwidth?
a. -133.98 dBm
b. -267.95 dBm
c. -103.98 dBm
d. -207.95 dBm

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Answer Keys
Answer Keys

39 Learning Module: Principle of Communication System: Fundamentals of Electronic Communication System
Answer Key of Activity Sheet 01
5.
a. λ= 100x103 m to 1000x106 m
b. λ= 1000 m to 10x103 m
c. λ= 100 m to 1000 m
d. λ= 1m to 10 m
e. λ= 1x10-3 m to 10x10-3 m
6.
a. f = 7.5 MHz
b. f = 37.5 MHz
c. λ= 30 MHz
d. λ= 6 GHz
e. λ= 20 GHz
1.
a. Av1 = 23.52 dB, Av2 = 26.85 dB, Av3 = 16.9 dB
b. Vo1 = 1.8 mV, Ao2 = 39.6 mV, Ao3 = 277.2 mV
c. AVT = 67.27 dB
2.
a. Total gain of gain stage = 71.48 dB
b. Total attenuation = =51.37 dB
c. Total gain of circuit = 20.11 dB
3. 5.3%
4. PN = 1.09 x10-11 w, SN = 4.04 x10-21 w/Hz
5. 1.56 mV
6. 6.99 dB
Answer Keys
04
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References (APA Style)
Wayne,T. (2015). Electronics Communications Systems| Fundamentals through Advanced
(5th ed). Prentice Hall.
•George, K. & Bernard, D. (1992). Electronics Communication Systems, (4th ed.). McGraw –
Hill Education.
•Carlson, B.A. & Crilly, P. B. (2009). Communication System| An Introduction to Signals and
Noise in Electrical Communication, (5th ed.). McGraw – Hill Education.
•Frenzel, L. E. (2007). Communication Electronics (3rd ed.). McGraw – Hill Education.

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Learning Module 02
Amplitude Modulation
and Frequency
Modulation
Transmission

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Module Overview
Module Overview
Introduction
In broadband transmission, the baseband signal is modulated by a higher frequency before
transmission. This high frequency signal is called the carrier signal. This module deals with the
transmission of analog modulated signal. Analog modulated signal has three types. (1)
Amplitude Modulation (AM) (2) Frequency Modulation (FM) (3) Phase Modulation (PM). This
module covers AM and FM transmitter system. The process of modulation, calculation of
transmitter parameters such as power, modulation index and percent modulation will be
covered in this learning module.
• Topic 01: Amplitude Modulation Transmitter Systems

• Topic 02: Frequency Modulation Transmitter Systems
Learning Outcomes
• Analyze problems related to the Amplitude Modulation
• Analyze problems related to the Frequency Modulation
Minimum Technical Skills Requirement

The module requires a basic knowledge in electronic devices and circuit theory specifically ac
operation and frequency response of amplifiers.

Duration
• Topic 01: Amplitude Modulation Transmitter Systems = 6 hours
• Topic 02: Frequency Modulation Transmitter Systems = 6 hours
Delivery Mode

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Module Requirement with Rubrics
The following criteria and the corresponding percentage shall be used to assess problem
Module Overview
solving in quiz and take-home activity as assessment tool or task.
Interpretation 25%
correct answer
TOTAL 100%
Pre-Assessment
1. ____________ frequency refers to the integral multiple of the fundamental frequency.

a. Harmonic
b. Carrier
c. Modulating
d. Resonant
2. The __________of a waveform consist of all the frequencies contained in the
waveform and their respective amplitudes plotted in frequency domain.
a. Period
b. Amplitude
c. Frequency spectrum
d. Time domain
3. The process of combining two or more signals is called___________.
a. Modulation
b. Summing
c. Combining
d. Mixing
4. A carrier that is transmitted at reduced power is called ___________.
a. Reduced carrier
b. Pilot carrier
c. Minor carrier
d. Major carrier
5. This refers to the type of AM signal produced by a balance modulator
a. Double sideband full carrier

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b. Single sideband full carrier

c. Double sideband suppressed carrier
d. Single sideband suppressed carrier
Module Overview
6. A condition where the relative positions of the carrier and sideband vectors of the
received signal change, causing a decided change in the shape of the envelope, causing
a severely distorted demodulated signal.
a. Carrier or sideband phase shift
b. Sideband fading
c. Signal cancellation
d. Selective fading
7. A double-balanced modulator/demodulator that produces an output signal that is
proportional to the product of its input signals.
a. LM 7908/7809 IC
b. LM 555 IC
c. LM1497 / 1596 IC
d. LM 317 IC
8. The following are techniques that is used to produce single sideband except________.
a. Filter method
b. Phase shift method
c. Carrier Phase shift method
d. Diode Detector method
9. The two forms of analog angle modulation are Frequency modulation and
___________.
a. Phase modulation
b. Frequency shift keying
c. Phase shift keying
d. Amplitude modulation
10. The relative displacement of the carrier frequency in hertz in respect to its
unmodulated value.
a. Frequency swing
b. Frequency deviation
c. Carrier swing
d. Carrier deviation
11. Refers to the peak to peak frequency deviation.
a. Frequency swing
c. Carrier swing
12. The ratio of the frequency deviation actually produced to the maximum frequency
deviation allowed by law stated in percent form.
a. Modulation index
b. Percent modulation
c. Percent modulation index
d. Peak effective power
13. ________ of the first kind for several values of modulation index provides the number
of side frequency pairs and their corresponding magnitude.
a. Frequency spectrum
b. Bessel function
c. Fourier Series

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d. Angular motion
14. A modulation index of greater than 1 in AM is considered___________
a. 100% modulation
Module Overview
b. Over modulation
c. Under modulation
d. Perfect modulation
15. A commercial FM broadcast station has a standard bandwidth of ___________
a. 200 kHz
b. 20 kHz
c. 20 Hz
d. 2 kHz
16. The two classification of AM modulator are ___________
a. High level and low-level modulator
b. Crystal lattice modulator
c. Balance ring modulator
d. Collector and series modulator
17. The high-frequency modulating signals are emphasized or boosted in amplitude in
the transmitter prior to performing modulation.
a. Non – linear amplification
b. Pre - emphasis
c. De - emphasis
d. Linear amplification
18. The peaks of the AM wave are called_______
a. Envelope
b. Vmax
c. Vmin
d. 4th harmonic
19. Probably the most significant advantage of angle modulation transmission over
amplitude modulation transmission.
a. Noise Immunity
b. Low operating power
c. Simplicity of circuits
d. Wider bandwidth
20. Allows a receiver to differentiate between two signals received with the same
frequency.
a. Selective fading
b. Capture effect
c. Sensitivity
d. Comparator

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Learning Module
and Frequency
Modulation
Transmission
Course Packet 2.1
Transmitter Systems


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Amplitude Modulation Transmitter Systems

Introduction
It was discussed in the last course packet that a signal can be transmitted in baseband or in
broadband. In broadband transmission, a high frequency carrier signal is modulated by the
information signal in order to transmit the signal over free space. This chapter will focus on the
Amplitude Modulation (AM) where in the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in
accordance to the amplitude of the information signal.
Objectives
• Explain the process of modulation in AM transmitter.
• Calculate modulation index and percent modulation.
• Calculate frequency and power of carrier signal and sideband signal of AM.
• Discuss single sideband system.

Duration
• Topic 01: Amplitude Modulation Transmitter Systems = 6 hours
Delivery Mode

Learning Module: Principle of Communication System AM and FM Transmission 3

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SCORE
Criteria
10 30 60 80 100
Utilizes
Errors in
spelling and
grammar
(20%) evidenced in
several post.
“hasty”
Consistently
Rarely post
topics and
always
makes
(50%) irrelevant
remarks to
the topic.
idea.
class are encouraged to participate and post their idea open-mindedly.
Readings
3. George, K. & Bernard, D. (1992). Electronics Communication Systems, (4th ed.).

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Lesson Proper
Amplitude Modulation Key Points:
• Amplitude Modulation
Introduction • Carrier Signal
In amplitude modulation (AM), the amplitude of the carrier • Information Signal
signal is varied in accordance to the amplitude of the information • Modulator
signal before transmission. This means that when the amplitude
of information signal increases, the carrier amplitude will also
increase and vice – versa.
Mathematical representation of AM signal Carrier Signal. Fixed

The equation below describes the components of AM signal peak amplitude, high
mathematically. It consists of the carrier signal 𝑣𝑐 and frequency signal.
Modulating Signal. Also
modulating signal 𝑣𝑚 . known as the intelligence
or information signal
𝑣𝑐 = 𝑉𝑐 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 Modulator. An electronic
circuit that mix the carrier
signal to modulating
𝑣𝑚 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 signal
When these two signals where mix into a nonlinear device such
as modulator as shown in Figure 2.1, the resulting waveform is
similar to what is shown in Figure 2.2. The input of the
modulator are the modulating signal and the carrier signal. The
output of the modulator is now called the AM signal. The AM
signal represents the carrier signal which is varied in accordance
to the amplitude of the modulating signal and the envelope
which contains the information.
Figure 2.1: Block diagram of modulation process

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Key Points:
• Modulation Index (m)

• Percent Modulation
(%m)
• AM Envelope
Figure 2.2: AM Signal VAM. Instantaneous

voltage of AM signal.
Mathematically; Vc. Peak amplitude of
carrier signal.
Vm. Peak amplitude of
𝒗𝑨𝑴 = 𝑽𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 + 𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕 (𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕) modulating signal
fc. Carrier freuqency
The equation above shows two terms. The first term represents fm. Modulating frequency
the carrier signal and the second term represents the AM Envelope. Part of the
combination of the carrier signal and the modulating signal AM signal where
information can be
which actually represents the AM signal.
decoded.
Modulation Index (m) and Percentage Modulation (%m)

One consideration to consider when producing an AM signal is
that the amplitude of the modulating (Vm)signal must be less
than the amplitude of the carrier signal (Vc). The relationship of
the two amplitude is described by the modulation index (m). It
can be seen that in an event when the Vm si greater than Vc, the
modulation index (m) will be greater than 1 and it means
distortion or over modulation. The percent modulation can be
computed by multiplying the modulation index by 100.
Modulation Index equation:
𝑉𝑚
𝑚=
𝑉𝑐
Percentage Modulation equation:
𝑉𝑚
%𝑚 = 𝑥100
𝑉𝑐
The Figure 2.3 shown below illustrates the different modulation

index and its corresponding AM waveform. A 100% modulation
is the ideal percent modulation. This means that the highest

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power possible of information signal was utilized. The percent

modulation of less than 100% means that there is no distortion
but may affect the efficiency of transmission. The undesirable m = 1. Perfect modulation
percent modulation is when is exceeded 100%. It can be shown m <1. Under modulation
that the information signal is distorted and when it reaches the m >1. Overmodulation
receiver, the demodulated signal will be also distorted. The Adjacent Channel.
Frequencies that is near
distortion due to overmodulation also indicates the interference
to the operating frequency
on the adjacent channels. band.
Note:
Undermodulation can
result into a low-level
modulating signal as
shown in Figure 2.23.
Note:
The distortion is in AM
signal is the overlapping
of the two envelopes as
Figure 2.3: Modulation index m = 50%,100% and 150% shown in Figure 2.3
The modulation index can be also computed by getting the

maximum and minimum voltage of the AM signal. Figure 2.4
shows the relationship between the maximum and minimum
voltage to the modulation index.

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Vmax. The peak amplitude

of the AM signal
Vmin. The lower peak
voltage of one envelope.
Figure 2.4: Maximum and minimum voltage of AM wave
𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑽𝒎 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝒎= =
𝑽𝒄 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 + 𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏
Example:
The AM signal has a maximum voltage of 9.8V and a minimum
voltage of 1.2V. Calculate:
a. Modulation index
b. Vc and Vm
Solution Note:
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 9.8𝑉−1.2𝑉 Since the computed
a. 𝑚= =𝑉 = 9.8𝑉+1.2𝑉 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖 modulation index in the
𝑉𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 +𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
b. 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 9.8𝑉 + 1.2𝑉 = 𝟏𝟏𝑽 example problem is less
𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 9.8𝑉 − 1.2𝑉 = 𝟖. 𝟔𝑽 than 1, the carrier is
undermodulated.
Undermodulation is better
AM Frequency Domain than overmodulation
A common representation of modulation signal is in frequency because in
domain because it is more convenient to analyze modulation undermodulation, the
signal in this way. The frequency domain plots the magnitude appearance of modulating
signal does not change,
versus the frequency. Figure 2.5 shows the time domain of AM
thus the information is the
wave with its sidebands and carrier signal. Figure 2.7 shows the same.
equivalent wave in frequency domain. Wave (a) is the
modulating signal, wave (b) and (d) are the lower and upper
sideband respectively, wave (c) is the carrier signal and wave (e)
is the AM signal. The Figure 2.6 shows the relationship of time
domain AM signal to frequency domain Am signal.

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Key Points:
• Upper Sideband
• Lower Sideband
Time Domain. The plot of

AM signal voltage/power
with respect to time.
Frequency Domain. The
plot of AM signal
voltage/power with
respect to frequency
Figure 2.5: Time domain representation of AM wave with its Sideband. The sum and
difference of frequencies
sidebands
produce when the
modulating signal is mix
with the carrier signal. It is
called upper sideband or
lower sideband.
Figure 2.6: Relationship between time domain and frequency

domain AM signal
Figure 2.7: Time domain representation of AM wave with its

sidebands

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AM Frequency Calculation Definition of Terms:

By observing the frequency domain, it can be easily seen the
equation for the frequency of the carrier signal, upper and lower Vmax. The peak amplitude
sidebands. of the AM signal
Vmin. The lower peak
voltage of one envelope.
Example:
1. Calculate the upper sideband, lower sideband and the
overall bandwidth of an AM signal with 2800 kHz
carrier frequency modulated by voice frequency
spectrum. Draw the AM wave in frequency domain
Solution:
The voice frequency spectrum is from 300 Hz to 3 kHz.
Solving for the higher end of upper sideband:
𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑏 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 = 2800 𝑘ℎ𝑧 + 3 𝑘ℎ𝑧 = 𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝒉𝒛
Solving for the higher end of lower sideband:

𝑓𝑙𝑠𝑏 = 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 = 2800 𝑘ℎ𝑧 − 3 𝑘ℎ𝑧 = 𝟐𝟕𝟗𝟕 𝒌𝒉𝒛
Note:
AM wave in frequency domain: The figure on your left
shows that upper
sideband and lower
sideband is consist of
range frequency, hence
the term “band”. Base on
the figure lower sideband
frequencies are from 2797
kHz to 2799.99 kHz.
While upper sideband
frequencies are from
2800.3 kHz to 2803 kHz.
Solving for the higher end of lower sideband:

𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑏 − 𝑓𝑙𝑠𝑏 = 2803 𝑘ℎ𝑧 − 2797 𝑘ℎ𝑧 = 𝟔 𝒌𝒉𝒛
2. A standard AM broadcast station transmit modulating

frequencies up to 5 kHz. If the carrier signal is 980 kHz,
calculate the maximum and minimum upper and lower
sidebands and the total bandwidth occupied by the AM
station.
𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑏 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 = 980 𝑘ℎ𝑧 + 5 𝑘ℎ𝑧 = 𝟗𝟖𝟓 𝒌𝒉𝒛
𝑓𝑙𝑠𝑏 = 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 = 980 𝑘ℎ𝑧 − 5 𝑘ℎ𝑧 = 𝟗𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝒉𝒛
𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑏 − 𝑓𝑙𝑠𝑏 = 985 𝑘ℎ𝑧 − 975 𝑘ℎ𝑧

= 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝒉𝒛

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AM Power
The AM power are the total transmitted power consumed by the
carrier, upper sideband and lower sideband. Key Points:
𝑷𝑻 = 𝑷𝒄 + 𝑷𝑳𝑺𝑩 +𝑷𝑼𝑺𝑩 • AM Power
Looking back to the instantaneous AM signal equation, the

power equation for each term in AM can be computed by
applying power formula in electrical circuits.
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚
𝑣𝐴𝑀 = 𝑉𝑐 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + sin 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡 + sin 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡
2 2
𝟐
𝒎𝑽𝒄 𝒎𝟐 𝑷𝒄 𝑷𝑻 . Tota power of AM
𝑷𝑳𝑺𝑩 = 𝑷𝑼𝑺𝑩 = =
𝟖𝑹 𝟒 signal
𝑷𝒄 . Carrier power
𝑽𝒄 𝟐 𝑷𝑳𝑺𝑩 . Lower sideband
𝑷𝒄 = power.
𝟐𝑹
𝑷𝑼𝑺𝑩 . Upper sideband
power.
𝑰𝑻 . Total current of AM
𝒎𝟐 signal.
𝑷𝑻 = 𝑷𝒄 (𝟏 + )
𝟐 𝑰𝒄 . Carrier current.
𝒎. Modulation index
AM power in terms of current: 𝑹. Load resistance
𝑷𝑻 = 𝑰𝟐𝑻 𝑹
𝒎𝟐
𝑰𝑻 = 𝑰𝒄 √(𝟏 + )
𝟐
Modulation Index in terms of current:
𝑰𝑻 𝟐
𝒎 = √𝟐 [( ) − 𝟏]
𝑰𝑪
Example:
1. An AM transmitter has carrier power of 100 W power at
80% modulation. Calculate the following:
a. Total Power
b. Power in each sideband
Solution:
𝑚2 0.82
a. 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝑐 (1 + ) = 100 (1 + ) = 𝟏𝟑𝟐 𝑾
2 2
𝑚2 𝑃𝑐 0.82 (100𝑊)
b. 𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵 = 𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵 = = = 𝟏𝟔 𝑾
4 4

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2. An antenna has an impedance of 40 Ω. An unmodulated

Check up question:
AM signal produces a current of 6 A. The modulation is
85 percent. Calculate the following: How would you
a. Carrier power compare the amount of
b. Total power power consumed by the
c. Total power of sideband sideband to the carrier
power of AM signal?
Solution:
a. 𝑃𝑐 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = 62 (40) = 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟎 𝑾
b.
𝑚2 0.852
𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼𝑐 √ ( 1 + ) = 6√(1 + ) = 𝟕𝑨
2 2
c. 𝑃𝑇 = 𝐼𝑇2 𝑅 = 72 (40) = 1960𝑊
𝑃𝑆𝐵 = 𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑐 = 1960𝑊 − 1440𝑊 = 𝟓𝟐𝟎𝑾
3. If the antenna of transmitter in example number 2

experiences a change in current from 6A unmodulated
to 6.3A modulated. What is the percentage of What can you say about
the modulation index of
modulation?
example number 3?
Solution:
𝐼𝑇 2 6.3 2
𝑚 = √2 [( ) − 1] = √2 [( ) − 1] = 0.45
𝐼𝐶 6
%𝑚 = 𝑚𝑥100 = 0.45𝑥100 = 𝟒𝟓%
Single Sideband Modulation

A single sideband modulation is used to efficiently utilize the
AM power. Two – thirds (2/3) of the total power is consumed by
the carrier power which contains no information and the two
sidebands contains the same information. To maximize the
efficiency of AM transmission, we can eliminate the carrier and
one sideband. This make the total power of AM to be utilized by
a single sideband. The first step in Single sideband modulation
is to suppress the carrier as shown in Figure 2.8. This is done by
using a balance modulator.

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Key Points:
• Single Sideband (SSB)

• Double Sideband (DSB)
Figure 2.8: Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB)
Double Sideband
Advantages of Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSB) Suppressed Carrier. An
1. Smaller occupied frequency spectrum since it occupies AM technique wherein the
carrier is suppressed or
only half of the DSB signals.
removed before the
2. Efficient used of transmission power since it will be transmission.
consumed by a single sideband. A stronger signal can be Single Sideband
producing with less power. Suppressed Carrier. An
3. Less transmitter circuitry means lower power AM technique wherein the
consumption. carrier and one sideband
are suppressed or
4. Lesser bandwidth thus, reducing the amount of noise. removed before the
5. Less selective fading or signal cancellation because only transmission.
one signal is being transmitted.
Figure 2.9 shows the frequency domain of an SSB with 14.3 Mhz
carrier frequency modulated by 2 kHz signal.
Figure 2.9: SSB in Frequency Domain
In an SSB transmission, when there is no information, no signal

is being transmitted unlike in DSB which continuously transmit
the carrier signal even there are no information.

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Disadvantages of Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSB)

1. Information is harder to recover at the receiving end.
Key Points:
Carrier must be reintroduced at the receiver which
requires a more complex receiver circuitry. • Single Sideband
2. SSB is impossible to be used in some data such as stereo Reduced Carrier
FM and colored TV signals. The solution to this is to (SSBRC)
transmit the carrier signal as low power level. This is • Double Sideband (DSB)
called Single Sideband reduced carrier (SSBRC). The
carrier is called pilot carrier.
Classification of Radio Emission

The Figure 2.10 below shows the Radio emission code.
Single Sideband
Reduced Carrier. An AM
technique wherein the
carrier is transmitted at
low power just enough to
detect at the receiver side.
Figure 2.10: Radio Emission Code
Example on how to apply radio emission code:

a. DSB two sidebands, full carrier = A3
b. DSB two sidebands, suppressed carrier = A3b
c. SSB single sideband, suppressed carrier = A3j
d. SSB single sideband, 10 percent pilot carrier = A3a
e. Vestigial sideband TV = A3c
f. OOK and ASK = A1
g. Amplitude-modulated analog TV = A3F
h. SSB voice = J3E
i. FSK data = F2D
j. Phase-modulated voice, multiple signals = G7E

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Amplitude Modulator Circuits

The modulation of AM signal has been discussed. The next topic Key Points:
will deal on are the components of the AM transmitter circuits,
mainly the modulator circuit. Figure 2.11 shows the block • AM Modulator
diagram of AM transmitter circuit. It consists of preamplifier, • RF Oscillator
AM modulator, RF oscillator, power amplifier and Antenna. • Pre-Amplifier
Figure 2.12 shows the block diagram of AM modulator. The AM
modulator is consisting of analog multiplier and a summer. The
carrier signal will be modulated by the modulating signal in an
analog multiplier then the modulated output is combined by the
carrier using the summer circuit before transmission.
Pre-Amplifier. An
amplifier that is designed
to increase the signal
level at the source. The
amplified signal must not
contain any distortion.
Figure 2.11: Block diagram of AM transmitter Usually a linear amplifier.
Power Amplifier. An
amplifier that is designed
to increase the power of
the AM signal to prepare it
for transmission. Usually a
class C amplifier.
Figure 2.12: Block diagram of AM Modulator
Types of Amplitude Modulator Circuits

1. Low level AM Modulator
a. Diode Modulator
✓ Simplest type of AM modulator
✓ Parts of Diode Modulator (refer to Figure 2.13)
➢ Resistive mixing networks
➢ Diode Rectifier
➢ LC Tuned Circuits
✓ Principle of Operation (refer to Figure 2.14)
➢ Two signals are linearly mix into R3.
➢ The resulting signal is shown in Figure

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2.14c. The amplitude of the carrier varied in

accordance to the change in amplitude of Key Points:
the modulating signal. It appears that the
carrier signal is riding the modulating • AM Modulator
signal. • RF Oscillator
• Pre-Amplifier
➢ The waveform at R3 will pass through a
• Power amplifier
diode rectifier and the resulting waveform • Low level Modulator
is shown in Figure 2.14d. Only the positive • Diode Modulator
pulses appear, and negative pulses has
been removed.
➢ The positive pulses will pass through the
LC tank circuit that is tuned into the carrier
frequency.
➢ When the diode conducts, positive pulses
are introduced to the LC tuned circuit and
cause oscillation. The resulting waveform
is shown in Figure 2.15e.
➢ Works best at low level signals (millivolt
range). Definition of Terms:
Analog Multiplier. An
electronic circuit that
produce the product of
two analog signal.
Summer. An electronic
circuit that takes the sum
of multiple analog signals.
Figure 2.13: Diode Modulator Circuit
Figure 2.14: Diode Modulator Waveforms

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b. Transistor Modulator
✓ Improvise form of diode modulator Key Points:
➢ Resistive mixing networks • Transistor Modulator
• Differential Amplifier
➢ Transistor Circuit
Modulator
➢ LC Tuned Circuits
✓ Principle of Operation
➢ It introduces a gain in the circuit.
➢ Rectification occurs at the base – emitter
junction since it is like a diode.
➢ The operation is the same with diode
modulator except that the large collector
current is controlled by the base. Thus, it has
amplification.
Differential Amplifier. An
amplifier that outputs any
difference between the
input signal of the two
transistors.
Single Ended
Differential Amplifier. A
differential amplifier mode
wherein one input is
connected to the source
and the other is grounded.
.
Figure 2.15: Transistor Modulator
c. Differential Amplifier Modulator

✓ A more excellent AM modulator compare to diode
and transistor modulator.
➢ Transistors Q1 and Q2 forms a differential
amplifier.
➢ Transistor Q3 serves as the constant current
source.
➢ One output of the differential amplifier is
connected to LC tank circuit.
➢ The output can be taken in between the two
collectors of Q1 or Q2 producing a
differential output.
➢ No special biasing circuits are needed.
Collector current is supplied directly by Q3.
➢ When no input signal, R1 is equal to R2 and
Q1 and Q2 conducts similarly. Thus, no

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output at the differential amplifier. (refer to

Figure 2.16a)
➢ When a signal is applied at Q1, the collector
current at Q1 will increase and collector
current at Q2 will decrease at the same
amount and vice – versa. The emitter
current at Q3 will always remain the same.
(refer to Figure 2.16a).
➢ The gain depends on the emitter current.
When emitter current changes the signal
applied at the differential amplifier can be
varied. This can be done by adjusting the
circuit like Figure 2.16b.
➢ The differential amplifier now is operating
in single ended mode. The carrier signal is
applied at Q1 and modulating signal is
applied at Q3. Since the modulating signal
varies, the emitter current varies resulting
into change on the gain that amplifies the
carrier signal. This result into an AM wave.
➢ A tuned circuit can be used at the collector
of Q2 to pass the require band that contains
the carrier signal and the sideband signal.
Figure 2.16a: Differential Amplifier Modulator

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Key Points:
• High level Modulator

• Collector Modulator
High level Modulator. A

high-level modulator
refers to an AM modulator
that is capable of high-
power modulation of
carrier signal. It uses
class C amplifiers for
more efficient modulation.
Figure 2.16b: Differential Amplifier Modulator (Single ended)
Collector Modulator. A
collector modulator is a
2. High level AM Modulator type of high level
a. Collector Modulator (refer to Figure 2.17) modulator wherein the
✓ The output stage is a class C amplifier. modulation occurs at the
collector of a class C
✓ A class C amplifier is a highly efficient amplifier that
amplifier.
is useful for high power application such as .
amplification of RF signals before transmission.
✓ Principle of Operation (refer to Figure 2.17)
➢ The modulator is a linear amplifier that
amplifies the low-level modulation into a
higher power level. The modulating signal
is transformer coupled via modulating
transformer to a class C amplifier.
➢ At zero modulation, the VCC directly supply
the collector of Q1 class C amplifier.
➢ When there is a modulating signal the
primary of the modulation transformer, the
voltage at the secondary of the modulation
transformer is added or subtracted to the
VCC. This causes the output of Q1(carrier) to
vary in accordance to change in the
amplitude of modulating signal.
➢ A high-level modulation requires a high-
power modulator circuit and can produce
only half of the total power.

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➢ Comparing to series modulator, a collector

modulator can produce up to 80% Key Points:
efficiency.
• Series Modulator
• Modulation transformer
Series Modulator. A
series modulator is a type
of high-level modulator
Figure 2.17: High level Collector Modulator Circuit Diagram that utilizes an emitter
follower circuit. The output
of the emitter follower
b. Series Modulator (refer to Figure 2.18)
circuit is connected in
✓ The disadvantage of using collector modulator is the series with the class C
used of the modulation transformer. amplifier.
✓ The higher the power, the bigger the required Emitter follower circuit.
transformer. Large transformer is expensive and An emitter follower circuit
will make the bulky modulator. is also known as common
collector amplifier
✓ The use of linear amplifier is not an option to replace configuration. The input is
transformer because of low efficiency. at the base and the output
✓ The solution is to convert the modulation is at the emitter. The
transformer into a transistor circuit that is shown in collector terminal is
Figure 2.18. common to the input and
output side of the amplifier
configuration.
➢ The transformer is replaced by a common .
collector amplifier configuration (emitter
follower circuit).
➢ The modulating signal is applied at the base
of Q2. The variation of modulating signal in
Q2 result into an increase or decrease at the
collector of Q1.
➢ The disadvantage of the series modulator is
the efficiency. At zero modulation, the class
C amplifier will be supplied by full value of
VCC.
➢ The efficiency can drop by less than 50%.
➢ Good for high level modulation of less than
100 W.

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Key Points:
• Single Sideband
• Balance Modulator
Figure 2.18: Series Modulator Circuit Diagram Balance Modulator. A

balance modulator is a
circuit that mixes the
carrier signal and
Single Side Band Techniques modulating signal. The
resulting signal is a
It was discussed earlier that suppressing the carrier frequency double sideband AM with
suppressed carrier.
and removing one sideband makes an efficient transmission of
Bridge type diode. A
AM signal. To produce a Single Sideband, the carrier must be bridge type circuit is a
suppressed using a balance modulator. circuit configuration
wherein the load is in
Type of Balance Modulator between two potentials.
1. Lattice Modulator (Refer to Figure 2.19) The two potentials
represents the two sides
✓ Widely used balance modulator.
of the bridge.
✓ Parts of lattice modulator .
➢ Two transformer T1 and T2
➢ Four diodes in bridge type configuration.
➢ The carrier is suppressed at the center
tapped point of T2 for both positive and
negative half cycle of the carrier signal.
Refer to Figure 2.20a and Figure 2.20b.
Figure 2.19: Lattice Modulator

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Key Points:
• IC balance modulator
• DIP IC
DIP IC. Stands for “Dual

in Line” IC. It is a type of
IC packaging that
contains two rows of pins.
Filter circuit. A tuned
Figure 2.20: Operation of Lattice Modulator circuit that rejects or
allows the signal if the
frequency of such signal
2. IC Balance Modulator is equal to the resonant
✓ The discovery of Integrated circuits (IC) in 1946 frequency of the filter
made it possible to fabricate several components circuit.
into a single wafer. Resonant frequency.
The frequency wherein a
✓ An IC balance modulator utilizes differential
tuned circuit produce the
amplifiers. highest oscillation.
✓ It allows higher frequency application up to 100
Mhz.
✓ Example of IC modulator:
➢ 1496 balance modulator
➢ 1596 balance modulator
➢ Both are 14 pin DIP IC.
SSB Circuits
1. Filter Method (Refer to Figure 2.21)

✓ Operating principle
➢ The output of the balance modulator which
is DSB is fed into a highly selective filter.
➢ The filter is fixed tuned circuit. 455 kHz, 3.35
MHz and 9 MHz filter are commercially
available.
➢ A filter is tuned to pass only one side band
and reject the other side band.

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Figure 2.21: Block diagram of SSB Filter

Method
2. Phasing Method (Refer to Figure 2.22)

➢ It utilizes two balance modulators.
➢ The modulating signal and carrier signal are
shifted 90 degrees before feeding to the 2nd
balance modulator.
➢ The input signals of balance modulator 1 is
did not undergo phase shifting.
➢ The addition of 90 degrees phase shifted
DSB and the unshifted DSB result into the
cancellation of one side band at the output.
Figure 2.22: Block diagram of SSB Phasing

Method
3. Carrier Phase Shift Method (Refer to Figure 2.23)
➢ Each RC network introduce a phase shift of
45 degrees resulting to a combined 90
degrees phase shift.
➢ Can easily be done by using 1496 IC balance
modulator for higher frequency application.

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Figure 2.23: Carrier Phase Shift SSB Circuit
Summary
Amplitude modulation is the variation of the amplitude of the
carrier signal in accordance to the change in amplitude of the
modulating signal. AM modulator is classified into two; (1) Low
level and (2) High level. The difference of the two AM modulator
is in terms of the level of the modulating signal and power
application. The AM power is distributed in its carrier and two
sidebands. Since the carrier signal has no information it can be
suppressed at the transmitter by using balance modulator. A
balance modulator produces DSB. Another way to improve the
efficiency of producing AM signal is to eliminate the other side
band since the two sidebands contains the same information.
This is called Single Side Band (SSB) System. A SSB can produce
by using the techniques such as filter method, phasing method
and carrier phase shift method.

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1. What do you think is the advantage and disadvantage of the different SSB techniques?

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Assignment 2.1
Assignment 2.1
1. Compute how many percent of the AM power is consumed by the carrier signal and
the two sidebands.
2. List 5 broadcast stations in the Philippines that utilizes amplitude modulation
technique.
3. An SSB transmitter with a carrier of 2.3 MHz is modulated by an intelligence signal in
the 150-Hz to 4.2-kHz range. Calculate the frequency range of the lower sideband.
4. How much power appears in one sideband of an AM signal of a 5-kW transmitter
modulated by 80 percent?
5. What is the total power supplied by an AM transmitter with a carrier power of 2500 W
and modulation of 77 percent?
6. An AM transmitter puts a carrier of 6 A into an antenna whose resistance is 52 V. The
transmitter is modulated by 60 percent. What is the total output power?

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Activity Sheet 2.1

Activity Sheet 2.1
1. Describe the following AM modulator

a. Diode Modulator
b. Transistor Modulator
2. Explain how phasing method produce SSB.
3. An AM transmitter has carrier power of 150 W power at
70% modulation. Calculate the following:
a. Total Power
b. Power in each sideband
4. An antenna has an impedance of 50 Ω. An unmodulated
AM signal produces a current of 4.8 A. The modulation
is 90 percent. Calculate the following:
a. Carrier power
b. Total power
c. Total power of sideband
5. If the antenna of transmitter in example number 2
experiences a change in current from 4.8 A unmodulated
to 5.1 A modulated. What is the percentage of
modulation?

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Learning Module 02
Fundamentals of
Electronic
Communication
System
Course Packet 2.2
Frequency Modulation
Transmitter Systems


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Course Packet 2.2
Course Packet 2.2
Frequency Modulation Transmitter Systems

Introduction
Another way of modulating a high frequency carrier is by varying its angel. This is called angle
modulation. Angle modulation can be done in two ways (1) Frequency Modulation and (2)
Phase modulation. In frequency modulation (FM), the frequency of the carrier is varied in
accordance the change in amplitude of the modulating signal while in phase modulation (PM)
the phase angle of the carrier is shifted in accordance to the change in amplitude of the
modulating signal. This course packet will focus on the characteristics, operating principle and
design consideration for frequency modulated signal.
Objectives
• Explain the operating principle of Frequency Modulation (FM).
• Describe the mathematical representation of FM signal.
• Calculate the modulation index and percent modulation of FM wave.
• Calculate FM power.
• Describe the operating principle of FM modulator Circuits.

Duration
• Topic 02: Frequency Modulation Transmitter Systems = 6 hours
Delivery Mode


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Course Packet 2.2
SCORE
Criteria
10 30 60 80 100
Utilizes
Errors in
spelling and
grammar
(20%) evidenced in
several post.
“hasty”
Consistently
Rarely post
topics and
always
makes
(50%) irrelevant
remarks to
the topic.
idea.
class are encourage to participate and post their idea open-mindedly.
Readings
3. George, K. & Bernard, D. (1992). Electronics Communication Systems, (4 th ed.).

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Lesson Proper
Key Points:
Introduction • Frequency Modulation

Course Packet 2.2
Amplitude modulation only generates two sidebands and • Frequency Deviation

occupies less bandwidth. A small bandwidth means less
information is being transmitted. The frequency modulation Did you know?
(FM) generates more than two side bands that contain more The frequency of the
modulating signal
components of information. Aside from the operating principle
determines the frequency
and design consideration of FM, this course packet will also deviation rate, or how
discuss the advantages and disadvantages of FM. many times per second
the carrier frequency
deviates above and below
Operating Principle of FM its center frequency
In FM, the frequency of the carrier signal is varied in accordance

to the change in amplitude of the modulating signal. The Definition of Terms:
amplitude of the carrier signal this time is constant as oppose to
Frequency Deviation(𝜹).
the AM. If the amplitude of the modulating signal increases the
The amount of change in
frequency of the carrier signal will increase and vice versa. carrier frequency
Figure 2.24 illustrates the variation of carrier frequency with produced by the
respect to the change in modulating signal. This makes the modulation signal.
carrier frequency varies above and below the center frequency.
The amount of variation is called frequency deviation.
Figure 2.24: Illustration of FM. (a) Carrier Signal (b) Modulating

Signal (c) Frequency Modulated Signal
Example:
A transmitter operates on a frequency of 900 MHz. The
maximum FM deviation is 15.5 kHz. What are the
maximum and minimum frequencies that occur during

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modulation?
Key Points:
Solution:
• Maximum deviation
Course Packet 2.2
𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑓𝑐 ± 𝛿
• Minimum deviation
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 900 𝑀𝐻𝑧 + 15.5 𝑘𝐻𝑧 • Modulation Index
= 𝟗𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟓 𝑴𝒉𝒛
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 900 𝑀𝐻𝑧 − 15.5 𝑘𝐻𝑧

= 𝟖𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟖𝟒𝟓 𝑴𝒉𝒛 Definition of Terms:
Sidebands of FM Modulation Index of FM.

Ratio of frequency
Like AM, FM produces side bands when the carrier signal is deviation to modulating
mixed with the modulating signal. The difference is that FM frequency
produces several pairs of side band compare to two for AM. This
allows FM to occupy wider bandwidth. Special techniques can Harmonic Frequency.
also be used to produce narrow band FM. Figure 2.25 illustrates Multiple of the
the frequency spectrum of FM showing the several produced fundamental frequency.
sidebands. The first pair of sideband is the sum and difference of Example:
carrier frequency fc plus or minus fm, the second pair is the sum If the fundamental
frequency is 1khz, the 2nd
and difference of fc plus or minus twice of fm and so son. Note
harmonic is twice the
also that the amplitude of the sideband varies. Theoretically, FM fundamental (2x1kHz =
produce infinite side bands but practically only side bands that 2kHz)
produce significant amplitude carries the information. 𝑚𝑓 . Modulation index
𝛿. Frequency deviation
𝑓𝑚 Modulating frequency
Note:
In FM sidebands, we can
say that the sideband
produce is equal to the
sum and difference of
frequency carrier and the
harmonics of modulating
frequency.
Figure 2.25: FM in Frequency Domain
Modulation Index of FM (mf)
The index of modulation for FM is defined as the ratio of the

frequency deviation to the modulating frequency.
𝛿
𝑚𝑓 =
𝑓𝑚

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Since bandwidth is a limitation in electronic communication, the
allowable frequency deviation is commonly set by law. In
Key Points:
Course Packet 2.2
commercial FM, the maximum frequency deviation is set to 75

and the maximum allowable modulating frequency is 15 kHz. • Deviation ratio
The ratio of maximum frequency deviation and maximum • Maximum deviation
allowable modulating frequency, the resulting modulation index • Maximum allowable
is called deviation ratio. modulating frequency
Example:
1. A transmitter operates on a frequency of 900 MHz. The
frequency deviation is 15.5 kHz. Calculate the Deviation Ratio. Ratio
modulation index if the maximum allowable between maximum
modulating frequency is 10 kHz. deviation to maximum
Solution: modulating frequency.
𝛿 15.5 𝑘𝐻𝑧 𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙 . Maximum
𝑚𝑓 = = = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 frequency deviation
𝑓𝑚 10𝑘𝐻𝑧
𝒇𝒎(𝐦𝐚𝐱) .Maximum
modulating frequency
2. What is the deviation ratio of item number 1 if the 𝑽𝒄 . Unmodulated
Carrier peak amplitude.
maximum allowable deviation is 25 kHz?
𝝎𝒄 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 . Angular
Solution: velocity of carrier
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 25 𝑘𝐻𝑧 frequency fc
𝑚𝑓 = = = 2.5
𝑓𝑚(max) 10𝑘𝐻𝑧 𝝎𝒎 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 . Angular
3. What is the maximum modulating frequency that can be velocity of modulating
used to achieve modulation index of 2.2 with a deviation frequency fm
of 7.48 kHz?
Solution:
𝛿 7.48 𝑘𝐻𝑧
𝑚𝑓 = = 2.2 =
𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑚
7.48 𝑘𝐻𝑧
𝑚𝑓 = = 𝟑. 𝟒 𝒌𝑯𝒛
2.2
Bessel Function
The number of FM sideband can be determined by the Bessel
function table. Note that the derivation of the Bessel function
equation is not covered by this course packet. The first term is
the carrier that the coefficient of J0 and the succeeding terms are
the amplitude of the FM sidebands which is express in Jn.
Bessel Function:

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The amplitude of the FM sidebands depends on the value of
modulation index. Generally, it can be computed by using the Key Points:
equation shown below:
Course Packet 2.2
Equation for FM Sideband Amplitude: • Bessel function
Figure 2.26 shows the Bessel function table. It shows the number
Factorial (!). This tells
of FM sideband with respect to the value of modulation index. you to multiply all
The higher the modulation index, the higher the number of FM integers from 1 through
sidebands that has significant amplitude. the number to which the
symbol is attached. For
example, 5! Means 1 3 2 3
3 3 4 3 5 5 120.
n. Number of sidebands
(1,2,3..)
n. Carrier if equal to 0.
mf. modulation index
Figure 2.26 Bessel Function Table
Example:
1. Draw the frequency domain of FM that has the following
modulation index:
a. mf = 0
b. mf = 1
c. mf = 2
d. mf = 0.25
Solution:
a.

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Key Points:
Course Packet 2.2
• FM bandwidth
• Carson’s Rule
b. Definition of Terms:
BW. Bandwidth of FM
𝒇𝒅(𝒎𝒂𝒙). Maximum
frequency deviation.
𝒇𝒎(𝒎𝒂𝒙). Highest
c. modulation frequency
N. Number of FM
sidebands
d.
2. What are the amplitudes of the carrier and sidebands of

FM with modulation index of 4?
Solution:
a. J0 = -0.4
b. J1 = -0.7
c. J2 = 0.36
d. J3 = 0.43
e. J4 = 0.28
FM Bandwidth
The frequency spectrum indicates that the bandwidth of FM
depends on the number of sidebands. It was mentioned in
previous discussion that the number of sidebands depends on
the modulation index. The equation below can be used to
determine the bandwidth of FM:
FM Bandwidth equation:
𝑩𝑾 = 𝟐𝒇𝒎 𝑵
Carson’s Rule: (applicable for sideband amplitude > 2% of the
carrier)
𝑩𝑾 = 𝟐[𝒇𝒅(𝒎𝒂𝒙) + 𝒇𝒎(𝒎𝒂𝒙)]

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Example:
1. Calculate the maximum bandwidth of an FM signal with
frequency deviation of 40 kHz and maximum Key Points:
Course Packet 2.2
modulating frequency of 6 kHz.

a. In terms of modulation index • Noise
b. Carson’s Rule • Noise suppression
• Limiter
Solution:
a.
𝑩𝑾 = 𝟐𝒇𝒎 𝑵
𝛿 42 𝑘𝐻𝑧
𝑚𝑓 = = =𝟕
𝑓𝑚 6 𝑘𝐻𝑧
For mf = 7, the number of sidebands is 10.
𝐵𝑊 = 2𝑓𝑚 𝑁 = 2(6 𝑘𝐻𝑧)(10) = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑯𝒛

b. 𝑩𝑾 = 𝟐[𝒇𝒅(𝒎𝒂𝒙) + 𝒇𝒎(𝒎𝒂𝒙) ]
𝐵𝑊 = 2[40 𝑘𝐻𝑧 + 6 𝑘𝐻𝑧] = 𝟗𝟐𝒌𝑯𝒛 Noise. Any unwanted
signal that causes
Noise Suppression in FM distortion to the original
signal.
The previous course packet discussion suggests that FM would
Noise suppression.
have more susceptible to noise because it operates at higher Process of eliminating the
bandwidth. Though it is true, but noise suppression is easier in noise in electronic
FM. Since FM has constant peak amplitudes, the voltage spikes communication system.
at the peaks of FM can easily be removed by using a limiter Limiter. An electronic
circuit. Figure 2.27 illustrates how noise suppression is done in circuit that remove a
certain part of the
FM. Voltage higher than the peak of the carrier will be clipped waveform when it
off, therefore eliminating then noise. This is an advantage of FM exceeds the set limit. A
over AM. In AM, noise is harder to remove because the diode is commonly the
amplitude is changing. main component of a
limiter circuit.
𝝓. Amount of phase shift
introduce by the noise.
𝜹. Amount of frequency
shift.
N. Rotating phasor that
represents noise signal.
C. Rotating phasor that
represents composite
carrier signal and noise
signal.
Figure 2.27: Nosie suppression in FM
Aside from high voltage spikes, noise can also shift the frequency
of an FM signal. The resulting phase shift can distort the overall
FM signal. The maximum phase can occur when the noise signal
(N) and the signal phasor (C) is at right angle. The phase shift
introduce by the noise is illustrated in Figure 2.28. The phase
shift (𝜙) and frequency shift (𝛿) can be computed by using the

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equations below:
𝑵
𝝓 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 Key Points:
𝑪
Course Packet 2.2
• Frequency shift due to

𝜹 = 𝝓(𝒇𝒎 ) noise
• Phase shift due to noise
Conversion of radians
to degrees:
𝝅
𝑹𝒂𝒅 = 𝒅𝒆𝒈.
𝟏𝟖𝟎
Where:
Rad – angle in radians
Deg. – angle in degrees
Figure 2.28: Phasor diagram of phase shift introduce by noise
The effect of phase shift or frequency shift in FM can be minimize

if the modulation index is high therefore a high allowable
frequency deviation can lessen the distortion effect of
phase/frequency shift due to noise. Mathematically,
Example:
1. Assume that the S/N is 3:1 and the modulating signal is
800 Hz. Calculate the phase shift and the amount of
frequency shift.
Solution:
𝑁 1
𝜙 = sin−1 𝐶 = 3 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟒𝟕𝒐 or 0.34 radians
𝛿 = 𝜙 (𝑓𝑚 ) = 0.34(800 𝐻𝑧) = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝑯𝒛
2. The input to an FM receiver has S/N of 2.5. The

modulating frequency is 1.8 kHz. The maximum
deviation is 4 kHz. Calculate the following:
a. Frequency deviation caused by noise
b. The improve S/N.
Solution:
𝑁 1
a. 𝜙 = sin−1 𝐶 = 2.5 = 23.58𝑜 𝑜𝑟 0.41 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝛿 = 𝜙(𝑓𝑚 ) = 0.41 𝑟𝑎𝑑(1.8 𝑘𝐻𝑧) = 𝟕𝟒𝟎 𝑯𝒛

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b.
𝑁 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 Key Points:
=
𝑆 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 • Analog Modulation
Course Packet 2.2
• Digital Modulation
𝑁 740 ℎ𝑧 • Multiplexing
= = 0.185 • Demultiplexed
𝑆 4 𝑘𝐻𝑧
𝑆 1
= = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟏
𝑁 0.185
It can be observed that the S/N ratio improve from initial Multiplexer. An electronic
circuit that combines
value of 2.5 to 5.41 when the maximum allowable many information signals
frequency deviation is increased. into a single signal.
Multiplex signal. A single
Pre – emphasis signal that contains many
information
The FM produce harmonics that is necessary to transmit
Demultiplexer. An
especially if the information is music. The high frequency electronic device that
components of music are the one that give unique sound to decodes the multiplexed
overall quality of the music. This high frequency components are signal and send it to the
low in amplitude and it can be loss during transmission. The pre intended receiver.
– emphasis technique is used to increase the signal level of these
high frequency components of FM. Figure 2.29 shows the block
diagram of a pre – emphasis circuit and its frequency response.
Basically, it is a high pass filter network in which the cut off
frequency is tuned to the higher frequency components of the
FM signal. In the receiver end, a de – emphasis network is used
to bring back the level of the high frequency component to its
original level.
Figure 2.29: Pre – emphasis Circuit and Frequency response

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Advantages of FM
➢ Noise Immunity
Key Points:
✓ Noise can easily be suppressed by employing a
Course Packet 2.2
limiter circuit at the transmitter. • Noise Immunity

➢ Capture Effect • Capture Effect
✓ When two FM signals are present in free space,
the stronger signal can overcome the weaker
signal, therefore cancellation due to similar
signal can be prevented.
➢ Transmitter Efficiency Definition of Terms:
✓ Unlike AM, FM doesn’t need linear amplifier to
transmit FM signal. FM signal can be always Capture Effect. A
transmitted using class C amplifier which is a phenomenon when two
different level of signals
very efficient amplifier. Higher efficiency
but same frequency are
amplifier such as class D and class E can also be present at the receiver.
used to produce FM signal. The higher-level signal
can dominate the lower
Disadvantages of FM level signal.
➢ Wider bandwidth Class D Amplifier.
Amplifier wherein the
✓ Bandwidth is one limitation of electronic
transistors are operated
communication. FM produces more sideband as a switch to produce
than AM, thus occupying wider bandwidth. The square wave pulses.
result is less channel can utilize the given Class E Amplifier. The
frequency spectrum. transistors are also
➢ Complex circuits operated as a switch
similar to class D amplifier
✓ Complex circuits are used to modulate and but has higher efficiency
demodulate FM signals. But due to the because it only turns on
advancement of technology, Integrated circuits when the drain to source
(IC) are readily available to produce FM circuits. voltage is very close to
zero.
Applications of AM and FM
Shown below are some of the common application of AM and
FM.
Figure 2.30: List of AM and FM application

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Summary
The Frequency modulation (FM) is a modulation technique wherein the frequency of the carrier
Course Packet 2.2
is varied in accordance to the change in amplitude of the modulating signal. It produces

constant peak amplitude signal. The bandwidth of FM is greater than the of the AM. FM
produces several pairs of sidebands in which gives unique quality for audio signals. This makes
FM suitable for music radio transmission and television. The number of sidebands produce by
FM depends on the modulation index and can be determine by using the Bessel function table.
Nosie suppression in FM can easily be done by employing a limiter circuit that clips the high
voltage peaks produce by noise. The effect of frequency shift due to noise can be solve by
increasing the maximum allowable frequency deviation.

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1. Increasing the maximum frequency deviation can improve the noise immunity of FM
signal. What do you think is the drawback of high frequency deviation?
2. Why do you think FM is used in television and music channels in FM radio?

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Activity Sheet 2.2
Activity Sheet 2.2
1. Describe the process of FM modulation by illustrating the waveform of carrier signal,

modulating signal and the resulting FM signal.
2. Describe the process of pre – emphasis and how it improves the transmission of FM
signals.
3. A 162 Mhz carrier is deviated by 12 kHz by a 2 kHz modulating signal. The maximum
allowable deviation is 25 kHz. Calculate the following:
a. Modulation index
b. Deviation ratio
c. Bandwidth using conventional method
4. What are the relative amplitudes of the fourth pair of sidebands for an FM signal with
modulation index of 8?
5. The signal to noise ratio in an FM system is 4:1. The maximum allowable deviation is
3.5 kHz. How much frequency deviation is introduced by the phase shift caused by the
noise when the modulating frequency is 700 Hz? What is the real signal to noise ratio?

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Assignment 2.2
Assignment 2.2
1. List four major applications for FM.

2. An available channel for FM transmission is 30 kHz wide. The maximum allowable
modulating signal frequency is 3.5 kHz. What deviation ratio should be used?
3. Draw the frequency spectrum for a single-frequency sine wave modulating signal of 3
kHz with a carrier frequency of 36 MHz, what is the spacing between sidebands?
4. Give 5 broadcast stations in the Philippines that utilize the frequency modulation
technique.

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Assessment 02
Instruction: Write the complete answer /solution in a separate sheet of paper. Scanned copy or
Assessment 02
take a picture of your answer sheet and submit it to our google classroom acct. Don’t forget to
write your name at the upper left most part of your answer sheet. Use A4 bond paper.
1. Draw the block diagram of AM and FM transmitter circuit. Name each block and
state the purpose of each block.
2. An AM broadcast transmitter has a carrier power output of 50 kW. What total power
would be produced with 80% modulation?
3. CB radio was developed using full-carrier DSB AM. It operates using 40 channels, each
10 kHz wide. When SSB is used, the same carrier frequencies are used as with
conventional AM, but the transceivers are switchable to either lower or upper
sideband. How many channels are available when SSB is used?
4. An FM communications transmitter has a maximum frequency deviation of 5 kHz
and a range of modulating frequencies from 300 Hz to 3 kHz. What is the maximum
phase shift that it produces?
5. The signal-to-noise ratio in an FM system is 6:1. The maximum allowed deviation is
25 kHz. How much frequency deviation is introduced by the phase shift caused by
the noise when the modulating frequency is 1 kHz? What is the real signal-to-noise
ratio?
6. Use Carson’s rule to determine the bandwidth of an FM channel when the maximum
deviation allowed is 5 kHz at frequencies up to 3.333 kHz. Sketch the spectrum,
showing carrier and sideband values.

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Post Assessment
Post Assessment
1. ____________ frequency refers to the integral multiple of the fundamental frequency.

a. Harmonic
b. Carrier
c. Modulating
d. Resonant
2. The __________of a waveform consist of all the frequencies contained in the
waveform and their respective amplitudes plotted in frequency domain.
a. Period
b. Amplitude
c. Frequency spectrum
d. Time domain
3. The process of combining two or more signals is called___________.
a. Modulation
b. Summing
c. Combining
d. Mixing
4. A carrier that is transmitted at reduced power is called ___________.
a. Reduced carrier
b. Pilot carrier
c. Minor carrier
d. Major carrier
5. This refers to the type of AM signal produced by a balance modulator
a. Double sideband full carrier
b. Single sideband full carrier
c. Double sideband suppressed carrier
d. Single sideband suppressed carrier
6. A condition where the relative positions of the carrier and sideband vectors of the
received signal change, causing a decided change in the shape of the envelope, causing
a severely distorted demodulated signal.
a. Carrier or sideband phase shift
b. Sideband fading
c. Signal cancellation
d. Selective fading
7. A double-balanced modulator/demodulator that produces an output signal that is
proportional to the product of its input signals.
a. LM 7908/7809 IC
b. LM 555 IC
c. LM1497 / 1596 IC
d. LM 317 IC
8. The following are techniques that is used to produce single sideband except________.

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a. Filter method
b. Phase shift method
c. Carrier Phase shift method
Post Assessment
d. Diode Detector method

9. The two forms of analog angle modulation are Frequency modulation and
___________.
a. Phase modulation
b. Frequency shift keying
c. Phase shift keying
d. Amplitude modulation
10. The relative displacement of the carrier frequency in hertz in respect to its
unmodulated value.
a. Frequency swing
c. Carrier swing
11. Refers to the peak to peak frequency deviation.
a. Frequency swing
c. Carrier swing
12. The ratio of the frequency deviation actually produced to the maximum frequency
deviation allowed by law stated in percent form.
a. Modulation index
b. Percent modulation
c. Percent modulation index
d. Peak effective power
13. ________ of the first kind for several values of modulation index provides the number
of side frequency pairs and their corresponding magnitude.
a. Frequency spectrum
b. Bessel function
c. Fourier Series
d. Angular motion
14. A modulation index of greater than 1 in AM is considered___________
a. 100% modulation
b. Over modulation
c. Under modulation
d. Perfect modulation
15. A commercial FM broadcast station has a standard bandwidth of ___________
a. 200 kHz
b. 20 kHz
c. 20 Hz
d. 2 kHz
16. The two classification of AM modulator are ___________
a. High level and low-level modulator
b. Crystal lattice modulator
c. Balance ring modulator
d. Collector and series modulator

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17. The high-frequency modulating signals are emphasized or boosted in amplitude in
the transmitter prior to performing modulation.
a. Non – linear amplification
Post Assessment
b. Pre - emphasis
c. De - emphasis
d. Linear amplification
18. The peaks of the AM wave are called_______
a. Envelope
b. Vmax
c. Vmin
d. 4th harmonic
19. Probably the most significant advantage of angle modulation transmission over
amplitude modulation transmission.
a. Noise Immunity
b. Low operating power
c. Simplicity of circuits
d. Wider bandwidth
20. Allows a receiver to differentiate between two signals received with the same
frequency.
a. Selective fading
b. Capture effect
c. Sensitivity
d. Comparator

39 Learning Module: Principle of Communication System AM and FM Transmission
3.
a. 186.75 w
b. 18.38 w
4.
a. 1152 w
b. 1618.56 w
c. 233.28 w
5. 51%
3.
a. 6
b. 12.5
c. 36 kHz
4. -0.27
5. 19.78
Answer Keys
Answer Keys
04
Packet
Course
0313
LM02-ECCE
LM02-ECCE
Course
0313
Packet
04
•Wayne,T. (2015). Electronics Communications Systems| Fundamentals through Advanced
(5th ed). Prentice Hall.
•George, K. & Bernard, D. (1992). Electronics Communication Systems, (4th ed.). McGraw –
Hill Education.
•Carlson, B.A. & Crilly, P. B. (2009). Communication System| An Introduction to Signals and
Noise in Electrical Communication, (5th ed.). McGraw – Hill Education.
•Frenzel, L. E. (2007). Communication Electronics (3rd ed.). McGraw – Hill Education.

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Year Level : ______________ Section : __________________
Faculty : __________________________________________________________
Schedule : __________________________________________________________
Course Packet : Code : _________ Title : __________________________________
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 I completely get it.  I’m struggling.
 I’ve almost got it.  I’m lost.
In what particular portion of this course packet, you feel that you are struggling or lost?
_____________________________________________________________________________
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If Yes, what did he/she do to help you?

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If No, state your reason?

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CM-ECCE

Knowledge Area Code : BSEE

Principle of Communication System

Published by the Bataan Peninsula State University

Learning Module Development Team

Angelo N. Rodriguez, ECE Cluster Chair

Faye L. Baret, ECE Program Head

Quality Management Team:

Jesselyn C. Mortejo, EdD

Emmanuel C. Macaraeg, PhD, CESE

Course Module: Principle of Communication System i

Netiquette Guide for Online Courses

Course Module: Principle of Communication System ii

Netiquette Guide for Online Courses

Message Board Netiquette and Guidelines

Course Module: Principle of Communication System iii

About the Faculty

Course Module: Principle of Communication System iv

LEARNING MODULE 01: Fundamentals of Electronic Communication System

1. Course Packet 01: Introduction to Communication System Concepts and Principles

LEARNING MODULE 02: Amplitude Modulation and Frequency Modulation

1. Course Packet 01: Amplitude Modulation Transmitter Systems

LEARNING MODULE 03: Amplitude Modulation and Frequency Modulation Reception

1. Course Packet 01: Amplitude Modulation Receiver Systems

LEARNING MODULE 04: Introduction to Digital Communication

1. Course Packet 01: Pulse Modulation

Course Module: Principle of Communication System v

Key Learning Competencies (Lecture)

Course Module: Principle of Communication System vi

Learning Management System

✓ EE 3A google classroom link; https://classroom.google.com/c/MTIxNjk3NjAwMjI0

✓ EE 3B google classroom link; https://classroom.google.com/c/MTIxNjk3NjAwMjM3

Assessment with Rubrics

Grading System (Lecture)

Class Standing Percentage

Quiz(Written Examination) 30%

Assignment/Class Participation 30%

Major Course Outcome(Collaborative 30%

Class Standing - 70% Class Standing - 70%

Course Module: Principle of Communication System vii

Course Module: Principle of Communication System viii

Knowledge Area Code : BSEE

• Topic 01: Fundamentals of Electronic Communication System

Minimum Technical Skills Requirement

Learning Management System

Learning Module: Principle of Communication System 3

Module Requirement with Rubrics

solving in quiz and take home activity as assessment tool or task.

1. ____________refers to a time varying voltages or currents that are continuously

Learning Module: Principle of Communication System 4

5. The process of changing a characteristic of an information signal in accordance to the

Learning Module: Principle of Communication System 5

a. High frequency spectrum

*** Nothing Follows***

Learning Module: Principle of Communication System 6

Knowledge Area Code : BSEE

Learning Module: Principle of Communication System 7

Fundamentals of Electronic Communication

Learning Management System

Assessment with Rubrics

Learning Module: Principle of Communication System: Fundamentals of Electronic Communication System 3

ONLINE DISCUSSION RUBRICS

Requirement with Rubrics

Learning Module: Principle of Communication System: Fundamentals of Electronic Communication System 4

* Nothing Follows*