STUDY GUIDE

Animal Farm
by George Orwell

TEACHER NOTES
• Background
• Pacing Guide
• Social and Emotional Considerations

STUDY GUIDE
• Student Anticipation Guide
• Vocabulary Tracker
• Read and Respond with Discussion Questions

ASSESSMENTS
• Writing Prompts
• Creative Projects
• Book Test (Multiple Choice, Short Answer, and Essay)
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Go online to assign
this book test.

ANSWER KEY
teacher notes
Animal Farm
by George Orwell
Animal Farm is a suggested title for Into Literature Grade 10 Unit 6.
It connects to the unit’s theme and shares the unit’s Essential Question:
? What are the sources of true power?
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Eric Arthur Blair (1903–1950) was born to English
parents in Bengal, India, then part of the British
Empire. He took the pen name George Orwell in
1933, when he published his first book. Orwell had
pursued a career with the Indian Imperial Police in
Burma, but by 1927 he had developed a change of
heart. He disliked that he was regarded by Burmese
people as a symbol of British imperialism, and that
he was becoming unsympathetic toward them as a
result; he also hated the corruption within the system.
He quit, and for the rest of his short life, he worked as a
journalist, published several novels and many essays,
and became an eloquent spokesman for democratic
socialism. His two most successful works are political
satires, Animal Farm (1945) and 1984 (1949). He wrote
the latter while battling tuberculosis, succumbing to
the disease at age 46.
BACKGROUND
Karl Marx believed that the overthrow of the rulers
by the workers was inevitable and would lead to
an ideal classless society in which everyone would
contribute to the common good and benefit equally.
Sparked by Marx’s ideas and by the devastating
impact of World War I—millions of soldiers dead and
the economy in ruins—Russian workers, led by a
small educated class, overthrew Czar Nicholas II and
his government in 1917. They established a social
democracy. Power struggles continued until 1929,
when Joseph Stalin became dictator. George Orwell
opposed Stalin’s cruel and oppressive methods
for gaining and holding power. Animal Farm is an
allegory of Russia’s political history beginning with
the Russian Revolution and ending in about 1943.
SUMMARY
When old Major, a 12-year-old pig, gathers the farm
animals to share a dream he has had, he prefaces it
with a revolutionary idea: “Remove Man from the
LEXILE 1170L
scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork
is abolished for ever.” Soon Major dies, and two
young boars, Snowball and Napoleon, with the aid
of a small pig named Squealer, rally the animals in
a successful revolt against the farmer, Mr. Jones.
On Animal Farm, the animals enjoy one summer
of prosperity. Then Napoleon usurps control of the
farm and orders his dogs to chase away Snowball.
With Squealer’s help, he gradually revises history
to paint Snowball as a cowardly traitor. Over
time, the pigs rewrite the Seven Commandments
established at the beginning of the revolution. The
other animals are exploited and work like slaves. By
the end, the pigs have “transformed” into human
beings; the workers are no better off than they were
under Mr. Jones’s control.
KEY THEMES
Power Corrupts  When the animals revolt
against Mr. Jones, they agree to follow seven
commandments that will ensure freedom and
equality for all. As Napoleon and his ruling class
gain more power, however, they modify these
laws to benefit themselves. The final modification
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reflects their ultimate corruption: “ALL ANIMALS
ARE EQUAL / BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE
EQUAL THAN OTHERS.”
Blind Devotion Leads to Oppression  Orwell
shows how ignorance, inertia, and blind loyalty
lead Napoleon’s followers to accept increasing
privations and limitations on their freedom. This
theme is most strongly conveyed by Boxer’s oft-
repeated motto: “If Comrade Napoleon says it, it
must be right.”
Rewriting History  Squealer not only rewrites
the commandments to benefit the ruling animals,
he also convinces the “lower animals” that they
have misremembered events that they themselves
witnessed, such as Snowball’s brave and heroic
charge against Mr. Jones. 2
teacher notes • Animal Farm (continued)
CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES
For decades, literary critics have analyzed Animal
Farm and its messages about society. The critic
John Sutherland notes that regardless of the grand
declarations the animals make at the beginning of
their revolution, neither equality nor advancement
from one class to another is possible in Orwell’s
allegory. As students read, have them think about
what messages Orwell might be suggesting about
equality and society. Is a society in which all people
are treated equally possible? If not, why?
KEY LITERARY ELEMENTS
Allegory  An allegory is a work with two levels
of meaning—a literal one and a symbolic one.
In allegories, many of the characters, objects,
settings, or events represent abstract qualities,
such as greed or cruelty, or real people or places.
For example, Napoleon represents Joseph Stalin,
and the farmhouse represents the Kremlin.
Personification is often used in traditional
allegories. As in a fable or a parable, the purpose
of an allegory may be to convey truths about life,
to teach religious or moral lessons, or to criticize
social institutions. Animal Farm is an allegory about
human nature and society. It is also an allegorical
representation of Russia’s political history from
1917 to about 1943.
Irony  Irony is a special kind of contrast between
appearance and reality in which reality is typically
the opposite of what it seems to be. Situational
irony is a contrast between what a reader or
character expects and what actually exists or
happens. Dramatic irony exists when a reader
knows something that a character doesn’t. Verbal
PACING GUIDE
Book
Introduction Read & Respond to Animal Farm
DAY: 1 2
Note: Activities in the Study Guide are provided as options. You can customize instruction according to student
needs and time available.
irony is stating one thing while meaning another.
The plight of Boxer is an example of situational
irony; the loyal plow horse believes, along with his
comrades, that he will receive medical attention,
but instead, he is taken to be slaughtered and
turned into glue.
Personification  Personification is a type of
figurative language. It refers to the giving of human
qualities to an object, animal, or idea. All of the
animal characters in Animal Farm are personified.
For example, Napoleon is cruel and intimidating,
Boxer is loyal and likable, Mollie is vain, and
Benjamin is cynical.
Propaganda  Propaganda is a form of one-
sided, biased communication meant to influence
its audience. It distorts the truth, delivers false
information, and misleads people. Propaganda in
Animal Farm often involves the repetition of simple
messages, as when the sheep repeat slogans.
Other examples include Squealer’s and Napoleon’s
lies, such as that Snowball is a traitor; distortions
of facts, such as the statistics that exaggerate the
farm’s prosperity; and appeals to fear, such as
implying that Mr. Jones will return if the animals
don’t comply with Napoleon’s orders.
Foreshadowing  Foreshadowing is the use of
hints to suggest plot events that will occur later
in the novel. For example, foreshadowing occurs
when Napoleon takes the puppies away from their
mother. He claims that he will be responsible for
their education. This event hints at Napoleon’s
ulterior motives: to develop an “army” of fierce
defenders that will protect him and intimidate
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others as he rises to power.
Choices &
Book Test
3 4 5 6–7
3
 teacher notes • Animal Farm (continued)

SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

While most students will have positive reactions to this book, it is important to be sensitive to the few who
may make connections between story events and personal trauma. The chart below lists topics or events that
may trouble students, together with how the situation was resolved and ways that you might address this
content with individual students. Because the chart contains plot spoilers, you may want to avoid sharing this
information before students read.
You may wish to share this chart with a school counselor for additional support.

Sensitive Content Context Evaluating the Outcome

Coercion and Napoleon uses the threat of being
executions killed by his dogs to coerce false
confessions from some animals.
Confessors are slain. Survivors are
traumatized.
The surviving animals do not know whether they are
more upset by the betrayals of the confessors or by the
executions. Ask: What do the animals’ responses to the
killings reveal about their vulnerabilities?

Harsh injustice for a Boxer has worked harder than any Boxer fails to kick his way out of the truck and is presumably
beloved character other animal on the farm and has slaughtered. Ask: Did you expect this to be Boxer’s fate?
blindly believed that Napoleon is Why or why not? What makes this outcome particularly
always right. He boards the glue poignant? What message might Orwell be conveying
factory truck with his usual trust, through Boxer’s life and death?
believing he will be taken to the
hospital. Only when he hears the
others screaming does he realize how
misplaced his trust was.

Mistreatment of There are several instances of animals
animals being betrayed and mistreated.
Descriptions of slaughter include Mr.
Jones drowning old dogs. Animals
are whipped and starved. Hens die
as a result of protesting the taking of
their eggs.
The treatment of animals while Napoleon is in power is
worse than the treatment they received while Mr. Jones
ran the farm. Ask: What message about human nature
might Orwell be suggesting through the cruel treatment of
animals? What options do the animals have?

To prepare students to engage with the book’s themes and events, have them complete the following Student

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Anticipation Guide before and after reading. The Before Reading and After Reading freewriting associated
with the Anticipation Guide may serve as a starting point for a more in-depth discussion.

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study guide
Animal Farm by George Orwell

TURN AND TALK: RESPOND TO THE ESSENTIAL QUESTION

? With a partner, discuss your opinions and experiences related to this question:
What are the sources of true power?

STUDENT ANTICIPATION GUIDE

Before Reading  Before reading the book, mark your response to each item below in
the “Before” column:

• Mark a plus sign (+) if you agree.

• Mark a minus sign (–) if you disagree.
• Mark a question mark (?) if you are unsure of your opinion.
Then freewrite about one of the items.
before after

1. Power always corrupts those who wield it.

2. Written history is a trustworthy record of events.
3. Revolutions lead to improvements in society.
4. In the end, kindness and loyalty will always be rewarded.
5. Violence is an unfortunate, yet necessary, component of revolution.

After Reading  When you have finished reading and discussing the book, mark your
responses to the items above in the “After” column. Then freewrite about one item. You
may choose to write about

• the same item you chose for your Before Reading freewriting
• an item about which your opinion changed
• an item about which your opinion grew much stronger

QUICK START © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

In the chart below, work with a partner to list revolutions that you know about, identify
what caused each one, and describe the outcome. You may include current or ongoing
revolutions. Discuss your work with the class.

Revolution Cause Outcome

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Animal Farm by George Orwell

VOCABULARY TRACKER
Use the chart below to record unfamiliar terms that you encounter while reading. Choose
words that you are likely to use in future reading, writing, and class discussions in this
and other classes. Page references will vary depending on the edition of the book you are
reading.

Word Page Definition from Context Dictionary Definition My New Sentence

cynical 5 Benjamin is sarcastic, Believing that people He is so cynical that he
critical, and irritable. are selfish or personally won’t even trust the Girl
motivated; skeptical of Scouts.
the motives of others

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

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study guide
Animal Farm by George Orwell

READ AND RESPOND 1

Chapters 1 – 3
Remember to annotate as you read. Your teacher may ask you to use sticky notes,
highlight ideas, or mark and write comments on the pages. Annotating will help you find
evidence to support ideas in discussions. After reading, complete the following activities.

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Answer these questions independently.

1. What main insight does Major share with the farm animals?

2. What finally causes the animals to revolt against Mr. Jones?

3. What does Squealer imply will happen if the animals don’t accept the pigs’
proclamations?

PICK A PASSAGE
Review the pages you have just read and choose a sentence or short passage that you find © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

important or thought-provoking, or one that you have a question about. Discuss it with a
partner or group.

TALK ABOUT THE BOOK

Discuss the following in pairs or small groups. Use evidence from the text to support your
answers.
1. How can you tell that Animal Farm is an allegory?
2. Identify uses of irony so far. How does this irony help Orwell communicate a message
effectively?
3. How do the animals behave when they gather to hear old Major speak? What do their
behaviors suggest about them?

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Animal Farm by George Orwell

READ AND RESPOND 2

Chapters 4 – 6
Remember to annotate as you read. Your teacher may ask you to use sticky notes,
highlight ideas, or mark and write comments on the pages. Annotating will help you find
evidence to support ideas in discussions. After reading, complete the following activities.

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Answer these questions independently.

1. Which animal relies most upon books to educate himself, and what does he learn?

2. What upsets Boxer after the Battle of the Cowshed, and how does Snowball
respond?

3. What does Napoleon claim has happened to the windmill?

PICK A PASSAGE
Review the pages you have just read and choose a sentence or short passage that you find © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
important or thought-provoking, or one that you have a question about. Discuss it with a
partner or group.

TALK ABOUT THE BOOK

Discuss the following in pairs or small groups. Use evidence from the text to support your
answers.
1. How does Orwell use foreshadowing to hint at Snowball’s fate? What effect does the
foreshadowing have on the book’s mood?
2. Identify examples of propaganda. What effect does it have on the animals, and is that
effect believable? Explain.
3. How does Orwell develop Squealer’s character? What is his role in the story?

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Animal Farm by George Orwell

READ AND RESPOND 3

Chapters 7 – 8
Remember to annotate as you read. Your teacher may ask you to use sticky notes,
highlight ideas, or mark and write comments on the pages. Annotating will help you find
evidence to support ideas in discussions. After reading, complete the following activities.

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Answer these questions independently.

1. What happens when the animals assemble in the yard on Napoleon’s order?

2. Why does Clover ask Muriel to read the Sixth Commandment to her, and what is
her reaction to what she hears?

3. What happens to Napoleon a few days after the Battle of the Windmill, and
what changes as a result?

PICK A PASSAGE © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Review the pages you have just read and choose a sentence or short passage that you find
important or thought-provoking, or one that you have a question about. Discuss it with a
partner or group.

TALK ABOUT THE BOOK

Discuss the following in pairs or small groups. Use evidence from the text to support your answers.
1. What effect does the execution of the confessors have on the other animals? What
message might Orwell be conveying through this scene?
2. Why might Orwell have chosen to personify animals in his story instead of using human
characters?
3. How does Napoleon use the animals’ illiteracy to his advantage?

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Animal Farm by George Orwell

READ AND RESPOND 4

Chapters 9 – 10
Remember to annotate as you read. Your teacher may ask you to use sticky notes,
highlight ideas, or mark and write comments on the pages. Annotating will help you find
evidence to support ideas in discussions. After reading, complete the following activities.

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Answer these questions independently.

1. What terrifying sight does Clover see in the yard, and how do the sheep respond?

2. What does Benjamin reveal about Boxer’s destination, and how does this affect
the animals?

3. By the story’s end, how has the Seventh Commandment been recast?

PICK A PASSAGE
Review the pages you have just read and choose a sentence or short passage that you find © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

important or thought-provoking, or one that you have a question about. Discuss it with a
partner or group.

TALK ABOUT THE BOOK

Discuss the following in pairs or small groups. Use evidence from the text to support your
answers.
1. Why do you think Orwell chose to express his political views in the form of an allegory?
2. Which tactics do you think were most effective in Napoleon’s rise to power? Why were
they so effective?
3. In the final scene of the book, Napoleon and Mr. Pilkington both draw the ace of spades.
What might this moment represent?

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assessments
Animal Farm by George Orwell

CHOICES

ANALYZE
Choose one of the following three topics. Then write a well-organized and well-developed essay
supported by evidence from Animal Farm.
1. In the beginning of the novel, Major claims that “Man” is the animals’ “only real enemy.” Do you
agree? Who or what is the “real enemy” of the animals?
2. Choose an animal character from Animal Farm and explain how he or she is personified. Why
might Orwell have developed the character as he did, and what role does the character play in
the story? What kind of person might this character represent?
3. Analyze the way the Commandments change over the course of the novel. What would a
society of animals built around the original list be like? How would an animal society built
around the revised list be different?

CREATE
Choose one of the following three activities.
1. Propaganda PSA  What is propaganda, and how do you identify it? Do we need to be
concerned with propaganda today? What questions might we ask ourselves to determine
whether a message is propaganda? Work with a small group to create a public-service
announcement (PSA) video about propaganda. Identify its purpose and the techniques it
uses to influence an audience—such as exaggerations, distortions, lies, or appeals to fear. Use
real examples of propaganda to support your points. Share your PSA with the class and invite
comments.
2. Annotated Timeline  Animal Farm is an allegory of Russia’s political history from 1917 to
about 1943. Research the major political events that took place in Russia during that time,
including the key political figures who came into and fell out of power and the tactics Joseph
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Stalin used to make himself a powerful dictator. Create a timeline highlighting key moments.
Then annotate the timeline with notes in which you compare characters and events in Animal
Farm to people and events connected to the Russian Revolution. Display your timeline and
discuss it with classmates.
3. Laws for Humanity  Review the Seven Commandments, the principles of Animalism that
were meant to form “unalterable law by which all the animals on Animal Farm must live for ever
after.” Then write seven “laws” for humanity, which should be applicable to all people across
the globe, be relevant for future generations, and reflect the values and ideas that you believe
are most important. Present your work in a small group and discuss any challenges you faced in
creating your laws.

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assessments
Animal Farm by George Orwell
BOOK TEST page 1
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Read each question below. Then mark the letter of the answer you have chosen.
1. Who inspires the animals to rebel against
Mr. Jones?
A Major
B Snowball
C Squealer
D Napoleon
2. Which of the following is one of the
­original Seven Commandments?
A Whatever goes upon four legs is an
enemy.
B No animal shall drink alcohol to
excess.
C No animal shall kill any other animal.
D Animals are superior to human beings.
3. Napoleon trains the puppies to —
A be fiercely loyal to him
B be defenders of Animalism
C rewrite the commandments
D punish Mollie for leaving
4. What is Boxer’s private motto?
A Cruel whips no more shall crack.
B I will work harder.
C Always question authority.
D Honesty is the best policy.
5. The animals’ interactions with humans are
characterized by —
A fear and submissiveness
B courtesy and kindness
C aggression and anger
D distrust and deception
6. When does Animal Farm function at its
best?
A when it is owned and run by Mr. Jones
B after Snowball has been chased away
C when the windmill is up and running
D the summer after the rebellion
7. What is one of the novel’s themes?
A There will always be winners and
losers.
B Your work ethic defines you.
C Blind devotion can lead to oppression.
D If at first you don’t succeed, don’t
give up.
8. Napoleon makes sure that the outside
world doesn’t know that —
A animals on the farm are starving
B he is in charge
C Major has died
D some animals know how to read
9. The windmill is a symbol of the animals’ —
A collective future
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B reliance on human inventions
C concern for the environment
D blind obedience
10. By the end of this allegory —
A the animals have triumphed over
human domination
B there is no difference between the
revolution’s leaders and the oppressors
C the “lower animals” have all
recognized that they were foolish to
obey the pigs
D animals on other farms are hoping to
learn from the example of Animal Farm
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assessments
Animal Farm by George Orwell

BOOK TEST page 2

SHORT ANSWER
Answer each of the following in complete sentences. Cite evidence from the novel to
support your answers.

11. An allegory is a story with both literal and symbolic levels of meaning. Characters, objects,
settings, or events in an allegory often represent abstract qualities or real people or places
in order to convey truths about life, to teach religious or moral lessons, or to criticize social
institutions. Identify how Animal Farm shows the characteristics of an allegory and what lesson
it attempts to teach.

12. Irony is a contrast between appearance and reality in which reality is typically the opposite
of what it seems to be. Situational irony is a contrast between what a reader or character
expects and what actually exists or happens. Identify one example of situational irony in Animal
Farm. What is the effect of this irony on Orwell’s message?

13. Personification refers to the giving of human qualities to an object, animal, or idea.
Choose one animal character from the novel, and explain how he or she exhibits human
­characteristics. Why is this personification more effective at communicating a message than
using a human character with the same traits would be?

14. Propaganda is a form of biased, one-sided communication. Identify one use of propaganda in
the novel. What is its effect on the characters, and how does it contribute to Orwell’s message?

15. Foreshadowing is the use of hints to suggest plot events that will occur later in the
­novel. What is an event or action that is foreshadowed in Major’s speech? How does this
­foreshadowing affect the novel’s tone?

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ESSAY

16. Write an essay that explains how the following quotation from Animal Farm relates to the
­Essential Question. Include evidence from the novel to support your answer.

“Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. . . . Yet he is lord of
all the animals. He sets them to work, he gives back to them the bare minimum
that will prevent them from starving, and the rest he keeps for himself.”

ESSENTIAL QUESTION
? What are the sources of true power? 13
answer key
Animal Farm by George Orwell
READ AND RESPOND
Responses to Pick a Passage and Talk About the Book
items will vary but should be supported with evidence
from the text.
CHAPTERS 1 – 3
Check Your Understanding
1. He shares this revolutionary idea: “Remove Man from
the scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork is
abolished for ever.”
2. They revolt because Mr. Jones fails to feed them and
milk the cows.
3. He implies that Mr. Jones will come back.
CHAPTERS 4 – 6
Check Your Understanding
1. Snowball learns strategy for winning a battle, how to
build a windmill, and the potential uses for electricity
on the farm.
2. Boxer thinks he has killed a stable-lad, and Snowball
says that the “only good human being is a dead one.”
3. He says that Snowball destroyed it.
CHAPTERS 7 – 8
Check Your Understanding
1. Some animals are coerced by the dogs into making
false confessions and are then executed.
2. Clover recalls that the Sixth Commandment forbade
animals from killing one another. However, it now reads,
“No animal shall kill any other animal without cause.”
She accepts the executions because she believes they
must have been justified.
3. He gets drunk and suffers a hangover so severe that he
thinks he is dying. As a result, the Fifth Commandment
now reads, “No animal shall drink alcohol to excess.”
CHAPTERS 9 – 10
Check Your Understanding
1. Clover sees the pigs walking on two legs; Napoleon
carries a whip in his trotter. Squealer has trained the
sheep to repeatedly bleat “two legs better.”
2. Boxer is being driven off to the “knacker’s.” The animals
are horrified and yell at Boxer to get out of the van. They
also try to convince the horses pulling the van to stop.
3. The Seventh Commandment now says that “some
animals are more equal than others.”
CHOICES
Analyze
1. Accept all reasonable responses. For example, some
students may suggest that greed or a system in which
power is not distributed equally is the “real enemy.”
2. Accept all reasonable responses. For example,
students may focus on Squealer, who is manipulative,
yet behaves as if he’s the animals’ friend. One of his
roles is to influence and control the animals through
misinformation. Students may say he represents
opportunistic social climbers or media mouthpieces of
oppressive regimes.
3. Students may say that the initial lists of Commandments,
if followed, would create a just and equitable society for
the animals. They may say that the revised list doesn’t
provide any guidelines to ensure fairness and therefore
invites abuses.
Create
1. PSA videos should clearly define propaganda, offer tips
for how to identify it, and provide real-life examples.
2. Timelines should identify parallels between Marxism
and Animalism; the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the
Battle of the Cowshed; Lenin and Major, Trotsky and
Snowball, and Stalin and Napoleon.
3. Accept creative and thoughtful efforts. Encourage
students to examine whether their laws reflect
universally held values and beliefs about human nature
and appropriate human behavior.
BOOK TEST
Multiple Choice
1. A 5. D 9. A
2. C 6. D 10. B
3. A 7. C
4. B 8. A
Short Answer
Responses will vary. Possible answers:
11. Students should note that animals are used to
represent people and that situations mirror historical
events. They may say that the lesson is to avoid blind
obedience.
12. Students may focus on the plight of Boxer; the loyal
plow horse believes, along with his comrades, that
he will receive medical attention, but instead, he is
taken to be slaughtered and turned into glue. This
irony demonstrates the danger of blind faith in a
charismatic leader.
13. For example, Mollie is vain and materialistic. Her
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
choice to leave the farm and go with a human points
to her selfishness, but also her willingness to think
for herself. A human might have more complex
motivations, so the lesson might be lost.
14. Students may discuss the song “The Beasts of
England” and how it changes over time. Orwell’s
message is that tyrants can turn something positive
into its opposite.
15. Students may say that the pigs’ eventual acting and
behaving like “Man” is foreshadowed in Major’s
speech when he warns against that very thing. The
foreshadowing develops suspense about the outcome.
Essay
16. Students’ essays should explain how the quotation
addresses the Essential Question and be well
supported with textual evidence. Students may
suggest that under tyranny, power is gained through
exploitation, manipulation, and coercion.
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