Directional Drilling

Trajectory Design
Nguyễn Ngọc Thanh Phương – Application Engineer

Cao Thị Hà Ngân – Geoscientist

Nguyễn Bá Hải – Project Coordinator

13 November 2018 © 2017 Baker Hughes, a GE company, LLC - All rights

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Content

Well Engineering - Trajectory Design

• Drilling Engineering Process
• Survey Program
• Extended Reach Drilling
• Q&A

13 November 2018 2

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Trajectory Design

Trajectory Design Objectives will include the position

of the wellbore within the structure to hit one or
more downhole targets.

3 AWO
Tuesday, June 22, 2004
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Exploration and Production Process

• Phase 1 Identify possible targets: Put forward proposal

to drill a well
• Phase 2 Exploration drilling: initial decision as to
commerciality of reservoir.
• Phase 3 Appraisal / Development drilling: Drill wells to
efficiently produce reservoir.
• Phase 4 Field production: Produce field, 2ndary
recovery
• Phase 5 Field abandonment

13 November 2018 4

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 Exploration and Production Process, Drilling involvement

• Drilling is involved from Phase 2

onwards:
Exploration Drilling
field management & planning
Appraisal /Development Drilling
Field Production monitoring & surveillance
Field Abandonment
well design & planning

well construction & operations

cash flow

production enhancement time

data management

Exploration Appraisal Development Production

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Well Design Flowchart
Cementing
Cementing programme
This phase of the Design
Obtain spacial process is data
data for field Data transfer procedure acquisition and Get specialist
Input & validate validation from Select TOC contractor to
data sets the client. There for each hole formulate
must be a record section from recipes
maintained of this LOF basis
transfer to Determine
Obtain lithology, Baker Hughes volumes preflush,
fracture and pore Data transfer procedure Completed Well Determine TOTC spacer and
pressure data Input & validate Design for isolation cements then
data sets purposes produce pumping
schedule
Yes

Obtain well
requirements Data transfer procedure Drilling Drillstring
Input & validate T&D, Casing Wear and system and BHA
Hydraulic study OK? design
No

Select bit Bit/BHA strategy

and system with drillstring
combination

There must be design Design BHA

Design standards for : Survey details to give Design Drillstring
Conductor Trajectory Programme
Casing Design required DLS
Surface Casing Design
Intermediate Casings Yes
No Production Casing
Production Liners
Pressure Select Hole Surface
containment? No Sizes to Collision Risk ? Yes
deliver Casing No
Design No
Yes Drilling Fluid
Can
No better Survey
Well life Programme remove
considerations Determine profile
constraints: risk? MW and
? Are
surface Confirm Friction
reservoir all well legislation Factors
Yes wellbore stability positional requirements
requirements
met?
Trajectory Select MW from
Design Well Plan Drilling Fluid
Well Plots Well drilling plan pore pressure programme
and wellbore
stability

13 November 2018 6

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Key Elements of Well Design

Standards, Policies and Procedures

Engineering Standards (API) & Policy manuals
• casing design
• well control
• surveying including anti-collision
Procedure manual or guidelines
• drilling operations
• directional

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Key Elements of Well Design

Trajectory Design
Surface collision avoidance
Dogleg limitations
Formation responses
Reservoir orientation and placement
Availability of tools to deliver profile ???
Trajectory Planning Design - All wells classified as either “single” or “nearby wells”
After global scan of definitive database if no other well within 12,000 meters + MD of
subject well of its surface location - Treat as a single well
All other wells classified as nearby wells

13 November 2018 8

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Well shape types

Curve, Hold (J-2D or 3D) (given DLS)

Very useful

13 November 2018 9

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Well shape types

Curve, Hold, Curve (S-2D or S-3D)

Very useful

13 November 2018 10

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Well shape types

Hold, Curve, Hold (J)

Not very useful

13 November 2018 11

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Well shape types

Hold or Curve to Target

Not very useful

13 November 2018 12

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Well shape types

Curve-Curve (2D)

Not very useful

13 November 2018 13

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Well shape types

Plane (2D) Build then Drop

Not very useful

13 November 2018 14

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Well shape types

Plane (2D) Build then Drop

Limited use

13 November 2018 15

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Key Elements of Well Design

Well Survey Design

• Applies globally to all aspects of Survey Management
Includes survey data and database management
Geometric well trajectory planning
Survey Quality assurance
• It will be strictly followed except in the case where:
An established client policy with a higher safety threshold exists and is implemented
Where a written exemption is granted by the appropriate authority

13 November 2018 16

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Geological Target

A simplification of the reservoir target that can be used for geometric well-planning
• Layer / Lithology
• Location
• Layer / Lithology & Location

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Positional Uncertainty

Sources

Gy
ro

16” MWD

12 ¼” MWD

8 ½” MWD

13 November 2018 18

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Positional Uncertainty

Sources
• Wellhead position measurement
• Wellbore position
• Geologic target position uncertainty

13 November 2018 19

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Driller’s Target

• Subtract Lateral uncertainty from sides

• Subtract Radial Uncertainty from front & back

• Ellipse of Uncertainty calculations shall be

based on 95% confidence level using either
the ISCWSA or the Wolff and De Wardt error
model.
• Drilling Target Tolerances: EOU shall be
calculated with 2-D normal distributions for
2-D target, and 1-D normal distributions for
1-D target.

13 November 2018 20

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Key Elements of Survey Design

Survey Program

Instrument from to
I1 GMS / GWD Surface I1
MWD Curve I2
I2 GMS Curve I2
MWD Tangent I3
GMS Tangent I3
Curve MWD I3 TD

I3

13 November 2018 21

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Well Execution Flowchart

Identify process to
monitor

Is plan being Yes Is Data Data

Yes Data QA/QC'd
achieved? recorded ? recorded
Data Stored

No No

Reports
Is allowable
Can plan be
deviation Yes Modify and inform
modified within Yes
from plan ALL parties
limits?
quantified?

No
Non-Conformance
Report issued

Halt operations No

Normal QA/QC process

Re-engineer from to record changes and Release new plan
current position to lessons learned to ALL parties
next target

13 November 2018 22

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Well Evaluation Flowchart

Review metrics for Data Gathering

Process Do performance Ø Review times to obtain data
Yes each process
Evaluation metrics exist ? Ø Review data accuracy
Casing Design
Ø Casing seat selection satisfactory
Ø Casing wear satisfactory
No
Trajectory Design
Ø Profile drillable
Ø Torque and Drag prediction validation
Is the Survey Programme
Report factual data
No performance of this Ø Instruments performance
process assessed? Ø QA/QC reports written
Ø Service performance
Drilling System Performance
Ø DLS within criteria
Ø Wellbore tortuosity / Difficulty
Yes Ø Bit Selection review
Drilling Fluid
Ø Problems
Prepare metrics to Ø Environmental loss
represent relevant Ø Cost
performance Cementing
Ø Problems
Ø Environmental loss
Ø Cost
Operations Review
Ø Non Productive Time and Cost
Ø Failures
Ø Efficiency review
Ø Ft/Day
Ø $/Ft
Logistics
Ø Efficiency review

13 November 2018 23

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Extended Reach Drilling

ERD Preliminary Well Design

• ERD defined as:
Throw (H-Horizontal Distance) : V (TVD) ratio > 2
• Complex 3-D wells require different definition
MD : TVD > 2

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Extended Reach Drilling

Wellpath Profiles
• – Several options
• Build & Hold
• S-turn
• Pseudo Catenery
• Horizontal
• Double build
• 3-Dimensional
• – Significant issues associated
with each.

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Extended Reach Drilling Trajectory

Build and Hold

– Constant BUR (say 2.5° - 3 ° /100’)
– Minimizes angle and MD
– Preferred choice when :
• TVD limited
• Hydraulics limited in 121/4” section
• No shallow stability problems

13 November 2018 26

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Extended Reach Drilling Trajectory

Pseudo Catenery build

– Slow initial BUR (say 1°/100’), accelerating
with depth (say, to 4°/100’)
– Initially used by Statoil at Statfjord C to
reduce wellbore instability problems in
surface hole
– Issues
• Reduces torque, if torque is generated in the
build section
• May or may not increase drag problems

13 November 2018 27

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Extended Reach Drilling Trajectory

Double Build
• Build to intermediate angle (say 50°), hold, then build again to final angle (say 80°)
• Used to get surface casing below a critical formation without excessive MD
• Reduced angle and MD compared to Catenery profile

13 November 2018 28

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Extended Reach Drilling Trajectory

S-turn
• Drop angle at depth ….
• To reduce effect of vertical geological &
survey uncertainty
• To reduce risk in pay-zone or deeper
formations
• To enable reduced mud weight in
payzone
• To reduce interval of slowest drilling
• To reduce total MD (if TD based on
vertical depth)
• Increases intermediate angle
• Maybe to the point of being negative
weight

13 November 2018 29

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Extended Reach Drilling Trajectory

Critical Point Evaluation Issues

What will be the limiting factors for an ERD well that drives the wellpath design ?
• Hydraulics: flowrate, surface pressure, ECDs
• Surface torque
• Power
• Drag / Buckling
• Tension (deep TVD wells only)

13 November 2018 30

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Summary: Well Engineering Process
‘The significant problems we face cannot be solved at the same level of
thinking we were at when we created them.’
Albert Einstein

• Drilling Engineering Process –

Standard, Policy, Operational Manual

• Survey Program –Driller’s Target -

Assurance of having met the well’s
value based well objectives after
Evaluate Design
include the uncertainty

• Extended Reach Drilling – Identify your

well’s limitations, consult with
available technology to overcome
technical limitation.
Execute

31 AWO
Tuesday, June 22, 2004
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Thank you !

© 2017 Baker Hughes, a GE company, LLC - All rights

Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval. reserved.
Extended Reach Drilling Trajectory

Rules of Thumb for Preliminary ERD Well Planning

Hole cleaning :
• In 12 ¼” hole, want minimum 800 gpm (3000 lpm) at TD
• Conventional thinking is >1000 gpm (3800 lpm)
• High flowrate capability is required if conventional methods are used
• In 9 ⅞” hole, want 450 gpm (1700 lpm) at TD
• In 8 ½” hole, want 350+ gpm (1300 lpm) at TD
What we are really talking about is Annular Velocity
• • 200 ft/min (1.00 m/sec) – Ideal
• • 150 ft/min (0.75 m/sec) – Bare Minimum (for efficient hole cleaning)
• • 100 ft/min (0.50 m/sec) – Poor Cleaning + Barite Sag Problems

13 November 2018 39

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Rules of Thumb for Preliminary ERD Well Planning
Torque
• – Worst case is often rotation of 7” or 5½” liner at TD duringcementing
• – Worst drilling case is in 8½” hole
• At TD or when drilling out shoe
• Increasingly, Operators want to use WBM in reservoir
• – For 12¼” TD, need torque capability at > 120 rpm
Drag
• Running casing (133/8”, 95/8” or 7”)
• Slide drilling - especially horizontal wells
• Less relevant criteria with RSS technology now available
• Running completions
• Coiled tubing, duals, wireline….

13 November 2018 40

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Rules of Thumb for Preliminary ERD Well Planning
• Buckling
– Slide drilling
– Running liner (or casing on a sub-sea well)
– Running completions
ECDs
• Drilling 8½” hole, 6” hole
• Drilling big hole in deepwater (cuttings loading)
• Running and cementing 7” liner

13 November 2018 41

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