Nmaths I

lecture 5
 Taylor 's theorem

consider function Fla )

Let us a

such that the derivatives upto

order

Cents) exist in some interval around

point a a
-_
a .

Pack )
objective : To find a
polynomial
of degree almost n such that

Pala ) = fla )

f'

}
'

Pn (a) = la ) &)
'

Rita ) fi = ca ,

Pnm la ) = fmla )

to be
Poise )
Consider the polynomial
written as :

Pulse ) = Cota ( a -
a) tczfn -
aft .
-
-

- -
+ Cn ( se -
a
)

where co a - .
Cn are to be determined .

, , ,
 -)
"

Pole ) = Cot Gcse -

a ) t che - aft - - .
+ Calm a

Ponta ) =
C , tzczcse -

a) t 3cg @a) 4 - - . .

n - '
.
.
-

e n Cn Cn -
a)
"

Pn I a
) =
24 t 3.2
Cz Ca - a ) t
- - -

tnln
n -
2

-
-
-
, ) Ca C se -
a)

n ! Cn
en ,
=
Penn
,

From &I it is dear that

Fla ) A ffa )

:/
= co =

f' (a) = C , C, =
ft la)

' a
÷
÷

::÷
:c
:
.

a.

f'
' '

.
Cg = Ca )
:
ST
fth nl.cn
.

cat "

finlay
.

q =

n ?
 Using these expressions for his
2
fla ) fi @ ) ( a a)
tf÷al
palm ) =
+ la ) - a -

apt
;
"
tf )
Ca - . . .

t
finna Ca ) - a

This polynomial Pulse ) is called as

Taylor polynomial of degree n .

or

.
:3 bead

Rnla ) so
I

{
Taylor 's theorem .

If f is a function such that

" )
f
'
f . . -

,
fth are continuous on
, ,

the closed interval Ca ,b ) and fan

is differentiable on Ca , 's ) ,
then there

exists a number c E Ca , b) such

that
2

fcb ) Fla ) + ft la ) C b a)
tf÷a ) ( b a) -
-

+ . . .

tfhnf.at Cb -

at
)
flnt
'
htt
+
-
cc ,
(b - a )
Cnts ) ?

at
Prod :
The Taylor polynomial
a -_ a

Hla ) (
flat
fI
Pulse ) = n -
a) t Cn -
a)

fmla ) he
n
f- +
a)
. .
.
-

my
 '

Define date ) .
.

Pala ) + k Ca -
aint
for some constant K .

Clearly 7=1%4 ) with Yaffa )

, agree
with its first
along
n
at n= a

derivatives .

We choose the constant K such that

On (b) =
f Cb ) .

(K
*b
Mt I
f- Cb ) = On (b) = Pal b) -

a)

⇒
k= fCbnCb7
nti
(b -
a)

Now define
Floe ) =
floe ) -
Ion la )

which measures the difference between

flat and the

approximating function

label .
on Carb ]
.

Note that Fla ) = Fcb ) = O and

f is differentiable then by Rolle 's
,

exists Ca b)
theorem ,
there a c- ,

Such that
'
F (G) = 0

Nole that F' la ) =

F' 4,1=0

Apply Rolle 's theorem F ez

Ela ,4 )
,
'
s . 't . F' lez ) = o

an .cn
Ela
,
a
) such that
Igg
)
fin C Cn ) = O

rCntncc=#
flntilcseg.lt
Applying'd Rolle theorem once more

Ca ) Srt
F Cnt =L C- Cn
.

( Fut )
'

ca ) =

t "
k f cc )
⇒ =

¥1 .
 nt!4-aT
AH = Pn lb ? -1