Linear

QI :

T : Ra →
Ps
Tca , bio , d) = ( at b -
c
-

d) od t ( 2A -
btc ) sit C- a -
)
4bt4ct3d

The rector coordinate of x is ( 0,0 , 0,07

Dim of Pz = 4 Form a matrix 4x4

⇐ ÷ : il : : : *::
Rank = Number of non
-

zero rows

= 2

Nullity = # column -
Rank

= a -2=2 ③
 QI :

consider each statement i

r) If A is an nxn matrix , the i cok with the

-
ith

#fIYakix of then
order n
,
eigenvalue 1 =
.

:÷÷÷÷÷÷n
Any Anz . . .

Agi . - .

Ayn
A
21

am.

ka: :: :.tl
am
-
X -
-
-

Ani - - -

ann
T
,

: :

""" ""
:: ::

animal :÷: :: : : :
"

⇐ 1=1 is an
eigenvalue →
True

then at least I of the

I, If the square matrix A is
singular ,

eigenvalue =D

that
A- is
singular → Exist x to Aac -0

→ -
Ax = Osc

→ Exist an
eigenvalue h=O that A- is
singular
But we don't know how X O that a
singular matrix have
many
-

- can

[ to § %)
for
exp :
A -

3×3
-

I A- XII =
ft -

X)X2=o exist 2 eigenvalue 4=0

→ 2 False , 3 True
4, If an
eigenvalue of A is 0 ,
then A is
singular
Ax = Xx = Ox = O
→ Ax -

-
O has a non
-

trivial solution
A- is
→

True
singular

For square matrix A A and At have the

5) every : same

AT have the
eigenspaces
A S same
eigenvalue
But AS AT not
always include have the
the
same
eigenspaces .

( Because the
eigenspace unique situation of
eigenvectors )
5 False ,
6 True

4 statements in total are True .

Qs :
Tm -

2 -
3 57
A =/ -

4
O m
m -12

'
-2M
-

q/ j
L

[Lo)
'

eigenvector I -

A- Is = II

t.io :*
.
= '
.

HE.tn/-- '
I÷÷÷¥
m O
②
µI£E=
-

⇐ -

-
am -
reeds
QI :

/
TU , 1,11 = ( 2,0 , -

t)

TCO ,
-1,27=11-3,2 ,
-
t) Tca 1,01
,
= ?

1- ( 1,0 , t ) = ( 1,1 ,
O)

l : ;g±¥÷=oe { FEE
at O t 2
y z =
-

Z =L

T( 2,1 , o) =
O -
T( 1,111 ) -

1. TCO , -1,2) * LTG , on)

= O -
1. ( -3,2 ,
-1 ) -1211,110)

= (5+0,1)

QI :

* ÷÷¥
No solution det -0

/! ÷ Im 1=0 -8M -20+16-110

-132 -

8m=O

es m
tf since)=-I ⑧
-

-
 QI :

]=B
t t
a -
-

LL
'
a 9) →
Lf i In
-

④ ⑨ As
④ ④ bz

Ibn , be } is a basis for CSCB)

Lan as ,
is a basis for CS CA ) = { ( 1,21 , 11,41 }

We also have Lay , az

-

an } is also a basis for range Ct)

= { (1,21 , 10,27 } → ④

Check again :
⇐ g) →
⇐ off →
det to
{ Fpa
Basis for range CT ) ( satisfied )
QI :

/
F ( 3,5 7)
=
, the orthogonal projection
Span { ( t , 1,1 ) 1012,2 ) } of it on the
subspace span ?
,
Vn V2

Apply Gram -

Schmidt for Wi:

ur 11,1 , 1) wa = ( Fritz 't )

ur =
Vz -

£;Y un = Co 2,2 ) .
-

43-4,117=41,3 # ,

④
we
-

FI Fife) ,

n'
= Cwi , we ) → projwv = Lv, we > we + G. we> we = (3,6%6)
 QI
{ /
a 3z I
y
: t
Find all the
-

such that
=

2x tz
m
system
-3g
+ =

has
uniguesohetion.lt
3x
ty tmz
-

= a

1¥ If Im / Ig )
Augmented detto

-1¥ Ink:
at

. ⑨

at :

thin 'THE ! I Find sylhsiemmdaasmetaraymoneuhsahhatm

'

Augmented,
[ Ln my f z) deter

Det
tank 41 2×9 2mCm) to
-

- -

⇐
me I2 DO

mil ! ! E)
QI
÷ !!
:
→ Im -

' II .

=
-

(X -
Nlt -21=0
1=1 , 1=2
t t ( XIII
( I § g) f! ! 1)
-

: M o
⇐
-
-
-

I' = o -
I -
-
O

→
I =

tf )
[ ,
I

l -
eigenvector
dimensional
eigen space
+, 1=2 ( M -
XI ) I .
= O

(-1%80)*0 t
⇐

dimensional
E -

tf )
-

eigenvector
M has total 2
eigenvectors
M is not
diagonafization .

'
4×+5
QI : plod = 2x -

Basis D= tax ,
2x -11,1 }

plx) =
Cnut t
Cruz + (
343

'
2x text 5 calx
'
) t
ez ( Lett ) t
→ x
Cz
-

=
en .
at t ( Lez -

G) x t
Cz t
Cz

4¥ :;
ee =L

I :÷÷ .
no

QI :
2nd 3rd

l: Hand ÷ ! ! !)
a 8 O l O '

: : :
are matrices in row
-

echelon form
QI :

Is e.) at : %)
n -
e O
'
e.
⇐
→

IBM = ( IBD = C-215=-32

QI :

=L} t) IA 1=0
-

A →
-

XI

⇐
13-21 1--4-114-21=0
→ 1=1 1=2
,

t 7=1 (A # E) Eh =
O

⇐
(I I :] ii.
tf 'd
ti t -

- 2 ,
=
CA KI ) Eh
-

=
0

⇐
[ I -1181 sit

With D=
f) =[ too ) → P= Exa xD , -

Iff )
⑧
Qtb :

( )
a o O O
3
O
-1
l
O
l
O
O
→
upper triangular matrix

O O 1 -2 →
Eigenvalues are
diagonal entries
→
Sum of all eigenvalues
= 2 -

1+1-2 = 0
 Rm
"

QI : T : R -
s be lineal transformation with standard
matrix A E Mm , n
-

rank (T) f min { m

, n
} ⑨
Explanation
-
:

N "m "

[ ) m rows .
If n > m rank Em

in
columns

( ) m rows .
If m 7h rank f n

QI :

3ms
'
5Mt
'
+
2M +
I = O

⇐ M ( 3M't 2Mt 5) =
-

I (1)

⇐ det [ MC 3Mt -12M -15 )

) = det f -

I)

⇐ detcm ) .
det (3M't 2M -15 ) = det C-I ) to

det ( M ) to
→ → M is non
-

singular
cel
M =
-13M-5 '
-12Mt

MY
Im 3M4Ifft5
'

= = =
-
3M -
2M -
5I

⑨
 QI i

s =L ( }
'

x,
y
) E R lxty -

-
O

We have ( xn , ya
) ,
Gu ,
ya )
(
}
Xz ) (
xn + t
yntyz ) = O
subspace
k Mt
Kyi = k La, + ya , =
o

{ (x
'
l
T = ,
y
) E R
2xt3y=0 }
2×2-1 3yz 2 Cart xz) t 3( ) O
{ 204 3g , t
+ =
yntyz =

K ( 2x , =O
t
3yd
Subspace .
→ ④

Q 19 .

⑨ diagonalizeble
-

If A is distinct
.

,
then it has a
eigenvalues .

( It value for
can have the same several
eigenvalues >
QI : Pa = ( f,
g) =
§ feel .

get ) .
dit

vie teh = f- Ct)

Vz t t glt )
-

=
-

solve
Apply Gram Schmidt Process
µ
:
-

ft pet a) -43
we =
re ⇐ t -11 Twi y> =
+ - =

I(
,

( Wy , Vz )
§ Ctu)
Wz vz '
wa , we>
=

713
-

'
m =
=

( teh)
t y
¥ ¥ Cost 5)
-

= = -

iF=v÷=f¥I= filter )
Wz
=
It 't -

style
=
feat -

s, } ④

§f¥Gt
-

)
-57
 QI ( 1,1 , t)

/
: un =

Find all values of m such that

uz = Cm , 0,2)

uz = ( 2mi -
1
, m , 2) d( Un , uz ) = d ( uz , uz )

d ( un , uz ) = dluz , uz )
llueuzll = It usual

k-mftft-OP-lt-2.IT =(2mtA-mTtm#
-4
⇐ - M =

2-9 , o }
L
ME
-

m = O

[ 9)
possible
Q22_ i 1 n Find all n such that the
n 2 -8 matrix is NOT invertible
2 3 n
⇐
det -

- O

l÷÷I¥I÷÷÷ :
011 :
Span ( H ,
0,11 ,
190,17) .
Orthonormal basis =
?
Va Vz

Un -
-
Va = Chi 0,17 =
, we ,Y÷=(Ezio '

Ure re -
ski
Lui , um
. Un = ( 0,0 , t ) -

f- (1,0117=(-1210,1-2)
→ w-
Fi,=CE .
o
,
E) = -

if # wife) ④
QI :

:L
o r i n
m

÷:O .

⑥ det M = aft aft af -

2 (araz t
Azaz t ai as )

{ 21 Iyy I # Ig
Q2 32=0
: x t
Ly -

has non
-

trivial solutions
def -0
⇐

If I 11=0
⇐ i 2 -3
⇐ k=4
,

QI :

square matrix of order n

DO .
The
system of linear equation Ax -

- O has
non trivial solutions
-

is not equivalent to others .

Q2I :
L u, ✓ y =
heavy * Lawn +
Usb

for every re -
( un , uz, uz ) ,
v = (Y , v2, vz )

consider ( MT dm -11,2 )
p =

q = UM ,
t )

( minimal value 't 2mttt2 min

p g),
attains ⇐ m

min ⇐ m= -2
 ( )
QI : 2 2 2 2

A- 2 4 4 4 and IAI = MIBI

84
3 6 7
ain
Thay otap Tao
9 10 10

LAI = -4

=/! § §)
A m 2 B. lBl= -2
( satisfied)
-

, →
. -

IAI = MIBI ④
( -4=2 . C- 2)

* ÷ : It : : :* ,
→ x -

{
QI : 2b b O
trays If
at + 2b ta - -

→
-

at b t 2b -

2 t b = O
,

⇐
{ E. Ii's ⑧