Correction

PENOLOGY defined:

- The study of punishment for crime or of criminal offenders. It includes the study of control and
prevention of crime through punishment of criminal offenders.

- The term is derived from the Latin word “POENA” which means pain or suffering.

CORRECTION defined:

- A branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned with the custody, supervision and rehabilitation of
criminal offenders.

- It is that field of criminal justice administration which utilizes the body of knowledge and practices of
the government and the society in general involving the processes of handling individuals who have
been convicted of offenses for purposes of crime prevention and control.

GAOLS - (Jails) – pretrial detention facilities operated by English Sheriff.

Galleys – long, low, narrow, single decked ships propelled by sails, usually rowed by criminals. A type of
ship used for transportation of criminals in the 16th century.

Hulks – decrepit transport, former warships used to house prisoners in the 18th and 19th century. These
were abandoned warships converted into prisons as means of relieving congestion of prisoners. They
were also called “floating hells”.

Early Prisons:

Mamertine Prison – the only early Roman place of confinement which is built under the main sewer of
Rome in 64 B.C

Other places of confinement in the history of confinement include FORTRESSES, CASTLES, and TOWN
GATES that were strongly built purposely against roving bands of raiders.

The most popular workhouse was the BRIDEWELL WORKHOUSE (1557) in London which was built for
the employment and housing of English prisoners.
Wulnut Street Jail – originally constructed as a detention jail in Philadelphia. It was converted into a
state prison and became the first American Penitentiary.

Punishment:

- It is also the penalty imposed on an offender for a crime or wrongdoing.

Ancient Forms of Punishment:

1. Death Penalty – affected by burning, beheading, hanging, breaking at the wheels, pillory and other
forms of medieval executions.

2. Physical Torture – affected by maiming, mutilation, whipping and other inhumane or barbaric forms
of inflicting pain.

3. Social Degradation – putting the offender into shame or humiliation.

4. Banishment or Exile – the sending or putting away of an offender which was carried out either by
prohibition against coming into a specified territory such as an island to where the offender has been
removed.

5. Other similar forms of punishment like transportation and slavery.

Early Forms of Prison Discipline:

1. Hard Labor - productive works.

2. Deprivation – deprivation of everything except the bare essentials of existence

3. Monotony – giving the same food that is “off” diet, or requiring the prisoners to perform drab or
boring daily routine.

4. Uniformity – “ we treat the prisoners alike”. “ the fault of one is the fault of all”.

5. Mass Movement – mass living in cell blocks, mass eating, mass recreation, mass bathing.

6. Degradation – uttering insulting words or languages on the part of prison staff to the prisoners to
degrade or break the confidence of prisoners.

7. Corporal Punishment – imposing brutal punishment or employing physical force to intimidate a

delinquent inmate.

8. Isolation or Solitary Confinement – non-communication, limited news, “ the lone wolf”.

Contemporary Forms of Punishment:

1. Imprisonment – putting the offender in prison for the purpose of protecting the public against
criminal activities and at the same time rehabilitating the prisoners by requiring them to undergo
institutional treatment programs.

2. Parole - a conditional release of a prisoners after serving part of his/her sentence in prison for the
purpose of gradually re-introducing him/her to free life under the guidance and supervision of a parole
officer.

3. Probation – a disposition whereby a defendant after conviction of an offense, the penalty of which
does not exceed six years imprisonment, is released subject to the conditions imposed by the releasing
court and under the supervision of a probation officer.

4. Fine – an amount given as a compensation for a criminal act.

5. Destierro – the penalty of banishing a person from the place where he committed a crime, prohibiting
him to get near or enter the 25-kilometer perimeter.

PURPOSES/JUSTIFICATIONS OF PUNISHMENT

1. Retribution – the punishment should be provided by the state whose sanction is violated, to afford
the society or the individual the opportunity of imposing upon the offender suitable punishment as
might be enforced. Offenders should be punished because they deserve it.

2. Expiation or Atonement – it is punishment in the form of group vengeance where the purpose is to
appease the offended public or group.

3. Deterrence – punishment gives lesson to the offender by showing to others what would happen to
them if they violate the law. Punishment is imposed to warn potential offenders that they can not afford
to do what the offender has done.

4. Incapacitation and Protection – the public will be protected if the offender has being held in
conditions where he can not harm others especially the public. Punishment is effected by placing
offenders in prison so that society will be ensured from further criminal depredations of criminals.

5. Reformation or Rehabilitation – it is the establishment of the usefulness and responsibility of the

offender. Society’s interest can be better served by helping the prisoner to become law abiding citizen
and productive upon his return to the community by requiring him to undergo intensive program of
rehabilitation in prison.

Criminalistics
FORENSIC CHEMISTRY & TOXICOLOGY

FORENSIC CHEMISTRY

That branch of chemistry, which deals with the application of chemical principles in the solution of
problems that arise in connection with the administration of justice. It is chemistry applied in the
elucidation of legal problems. It is chemistry used in courts of law. Chemistry belonging to the court of
law.

PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

Are articles and materials which are found in connection with an investigation and which aid in
establishing the identity of the perpetrator of the circumstances under which the crime was committed
or which in general assist in the prosecution of the criminal.

ORDINARY WITNESS

State facts and may not express his opinions or conclusions. He may testify to impressions of common
experiments such as the speed of a vehicle, whether a voice was that of a man, woman or child. Beyond
this he is closely limited.

EXPERT WITNESS

One who posses a special skill, be it in art, trade or science or one who has special knowledge in waters
not generally known to men or ordinary education and experiments. A person skilled in some art, trade
or science to the extent that he possesses information not within the common knowledge of man.

EYE WITNESS

Person who saw the fatal act.

BLOOD

Has been called the circulating tissue of the body. It is refereed to as a highly complex mixture of cells,
enzymes, proteins, and inorganic substances. It is the red fluid of the blood vessels. Blood is opaque. On
the treatment with either, water or other reagents becomes transparent lake color. It is finally alkaline.
Normally pH is 7.35 – 7.45.
PLASMA

The yellowish fluid of blood in which numerous blood corpuscles are suspended. A straw-yellow liquid
formed when blood to which oxalate has been added to prevent clotting is allowed to strand.

SERUM

A straw – yellow liquid formed when clotted blood is allowed to stand for sometime and the clot
contracts.

BENZIDINE TEST

An extremely sensitive test that can be applied to minute stain. For many years the most commonly
used preliminary test for blood. The Benzidine test never fails to detect blood even when very old,
decomposed stain with all shorts of contamination is examined. The positive result is only indicative that
the blood maybe present.

PHENOLPHTHALEIN TEST

An alternative test to benzidine test. It can detect blood in a dilution of 1:80,000,000 parts. A positive
results with this test is highly indicative of blood. The negative result is, therefore, valuable and is
conclusive as to the absence of blood.

SEMEN AND SEMINAL FLUID

Is a viscid whitish fluid of the male reproductive track containing spermatozoa suspended in seerission
of accessory glands.

DIPHENYLAMINE-PARAFFIN TEST ( test to be determine the presence of nitrates, a test to determine

whether a person fired a gun or not.

1. Paraffin test ( Test performed to extract the nitrates embedded in the skin.

2. Diphenylamine Test or DPA Test ( test that determines the presence and location of nitrate chemical
needed diphenylamine reagent . procedure to be taken up in the laboratory V.S. blue specks if nitrates
are present.

Explosive

Is any substance that may cause an explosion by its sudden decomposition or combustion. A material
either a pure single substance or mixture of substances which is capable of producing an explosion by its
own energy.
Hair

Is a specialized epithelial outgrowth of the skin which occur everywhere on the human body except on
the palm of the hands and the sole of the feet. Hair is not completely round but maybe oval flattened.
Its width is not always the same along its length. It start out pointed and narrow and then strays more or
less the same.

DOCUMENT

An original or official written or printed paper furnishing information or used as proof of something else.

WATERMARKS – it is a distinctive mark or design placed in the paper at the time of its manufacture by a
roll usually a dandy roll.

WIREMARKS – marks produced on paper by the flexible wire soldered to the surface of the dandy roll
that carries the watermark.

GLASS

A supercooled liquid that possess high viscosity and rigidity. It is a non-crystalline inorganic substance.

METALLURGY – the art of extracting and working on metals by the application of chemical and physical
knowledge.

METALLOGRAPHY – branch of metallurgy that involves the study of the microstructures of metals and
alloys.

PETROGRAPHY – branch of geology that deals with the systematic classification and identification of
rocks, rock forming minerals and soil. Also includes study of dust, dirt, safe insulation, ceramics and
other such materials, both natural and artificial.

COUNTERFEIT COINS – coins made to imitate the real thing and used for gain.

PETROGRAPHY – branch of geology that deals with the systematic classification and identification of
rocks, rock forming minerals and soil. Also includes study of dust, dirt, safe insulation, ceramics and
other such materials,
both natural and artificial.

UNDER THE REVISED PENAL CODE -Arson is the destruction of property by fire and the extent of liability
depends on Kind and character of the building ,Its location, Extent of damage or value, Its state of being
inhabitant or not

1. Willfulness −− means intentional and implies that the act was done purposely and intentionally.

2. Intent −− is the purpose or design with which the act is done and involves the will. An essential
element of crime, movie, motive is not.

3. Motive −− is the moving cause which includes the commission of a crime. Something that leads or
influence a person to do something.

4. Malice −− denotes hatred or will or a desire for revenge. Is the intent to do injury to another.

PYROMANIA −− an uncontrollable impulse toward incendiarism. A tern used to describe a condition of

mind leading to an act of arson.

PYROMANIAC −− a type of person who has passion for fire that can be satisfied only by watching flames.
People who get pleasure in watching fireman put out fire.