WELDED JOINTS & SYMBOLS

(WJS)

Learner Guide
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE FOR WELDERS PAGE 1

LEARNERS INSTRUCTIONS PAGE 2

PROGRAMME 1 - WJS-1
RESOURCE NOTES
PART 1 - TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS PAGE 4
PART 2 - BASIC JOINT CONFIGURATIONS (TYPES) PAGE 5
PART 3 - JOINT GEOMETRY / GROOVE PROFILES
(EDGE PREPARATIONS) PAGE 6
GROOVE PROFILE INFORMATION PAGE 7
SELF TEST NO. 1 PAGE 11

PROGRAMME 2 - WJS-2
RESOURCE NOTES
WELDING SYMBOLS PAGE 16
SUGGESTION FOR PRACTICAL EXCERCISE PAGE 18
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION PAGE 19
SELF TEST NO. 2 PAGE 22
TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS PAGE 24
MODEL ANSWERS SELF TEST NO. 1 PAGE 26
MODEL ANSWERS SELF TEST NO. 2 PAGE 30

CONTACT DETAILS:
https://techav.co.za
info@techav.co.za
 ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE FOR WELDERS

INTRODUCTION
This learning module consists of the following resource material:
1. This Learner Guide.
2. Video programmes.
3. 3 x Wall Charts.

OBJECTIVES (Purpose of this material)

The objective of this learning program is to equip you with essential job knowledge required
in a fabrication and welding environment.

PURPOSE STATEMENT (What you will learn)

During this series of programmes (modules) you will learn:
o To use correct terminology when describing welds.
o To identify the characteristics of the two weld types.
o To identify the 5 basic weld joint configurations (Types).
o To identify basic edge preparations.
o To interpret basic welding symbols in accordance to the American Welding Society
(AWS) specifications.

LEARNING ASSUMED TO BE IN PLACE (What you should already know)

o Knowledge of relevant Safety Health and Environmental legislative issues.
o Correct safe operational procedures with regard to power tools as well as for
welding and cutting processes.
o Identify ferrous and non-ferrous metals and alloys.
o Interpret engineering drawings.

LEARNING OUTCOMES (What you will be able to do after completing the learning
programme)
Identify, interpret and describe, using the correct terminology, the following items
associated primarily with Manual Metal Arc Welding Processes,
1. The 2 basic weld types.
2. The 5 common joint types.
3. The basic profiles used in edge preparation of members to be welded.
4. AWS welding symbols found on engineering / fabrication drawings.

Back to Table of Contents 1

LEARNERS INSTRUCTIONS (How to use this Learning aid)
Step 1 - Read the Resource Notes and follow any written instructions.
Step 2 - View the relevant video section (where applicable).
Step 3 - Complete any "Self-Test Exercise" (as applicable).
Step 4 - Have your Mentor/ Facilitator assess your work.

At the end of the learning section you will find supplementary information not necessarily
covered within the video presentations.

Back to Table of Contents 2

 WELDING TERMINOLOGY, JOINT TYPES AND WELD GEOMETRY
(VIDEO WJS -1)

PROGRAMME 1 - WJS-1
In this programme you will learn:
1. Important terms associated with conventional manual metal arc welding processes.
2. Basic joint configurations used for welding steel components with the Shielded
Metal Arc Welding process.
3. Joint Geometry / Groove profiles.

INSTRUCTIONS
1. Read the Resource note for this section which begin on the following page.
2. View the video for this section.
3. Complete the self -test exercise at the end of this programme.

YOU WILL NEED

1. This learner guide.
2. Tech AV video programme WJS-1.

Back to Table of Contents 3

 RESOURCE NOTES
VIDEO WJS-1
PART 1 - TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS

It is of paramount importance that you the Learner are conversant with proper terminology
and definitions before attempting to work with Welding Specifications and Procedures.

NOTE
Terminology and definitions discussed in this section are in accordance with the American
Welding Society (AWS).

Being a welder involves more than an ability to strike an arc and making a neat weld. A good
welder has a thorough understanding of how metals become "joined" together and the
ability to recognise critical features of a weld.

As you are aware a weld is a critical element in the joining of structures and that in many
instances there can be severe stresses and strains inherent within a weldment or adjacent
members. It follows therefore that, as earlier mentioned, there is more to welding than just
depositing a "good looking bead!" Your ability to identify desirable features and to follow
instructions given in welding procedure specifications (WPS) is of prime importance.

There are 2 basic weld types associated with (MMAW) Manual Metal Arc Welding processes
namely, groove welds and fillet welds.

The terminology and features associated with these welds are commonly used by design
engineers and inspection authorities when specifying quality and strength in a joint and
when determining and describing weld failure.

Back to Table of Contents 4

 PART 2 - BASIC JOINT CONFIGURATIONS( TYPES)

Whenever separate metal "members" are brought together or "fitted-up", a joint of a

certain form will be made. There are essentially 5 types of joints and each is illustrated in
the video.

1. BUTT JOINT
A joint between two members lying approximately in the same plane. A butt joint
may be closed (no root gap) or open (root gap present).

2. CORNER JOINT
A joint between two members located approximately at right angles to each other in
the form of a corner.

3. EDGE JOINT
A joint between the edges of two or more parallel or mainly parallel members.

4. LAP JOINT
A joint between two overlapping members.

5. TEE JOINT
A joint between two members located approximately at right angles to each other in
the form of a T.

Back to Table of Contents 5

 PART 3 - JOINT GEOMETRY / GROOVE PROFILES (EDGE PREPARATIONS)

The term "joint geometry" refers to the shape and dimensions of a joint, in cross section,
before it is welded.

The edges of metal members to be joined are always prepared to a particular shape before
welding takes place and when these members are brought together or "fitted up" the result
is the formation of a groove which, when viewed in cross section, clearly reveals the shape
or "profile" of the groove. Edge preparation facilitates "penetration" and maximum strength
of the weld.

Grooves may be prepared in a variety of standard "profiles" which are shown in the DVD.

GROOVE TYPE SELECTION CRITERIA

There is no "rule of thumb" with regard to the selection of any particular groove profile
preparation, however, the following considerations will influence any decision made by the
designer:
o Welding accessibility.
o Heat input and distribution (Material type, thickness etc.).
o Welding process to be used.
o Strength and stiffness requirements.
o Productivity and cost effectiveness.
o Welding position.
o Distortion control.
o Availability of equipment and resources.

GROOVE -PROFILE PREPARATION METHODS

The following equipment is commonly used in fabrication workshops for edge preparation;
o Manual oxy-fuel cutting apparatus (Cutting torch).
o Oxy-fuel straight line cutting machines.
o Profile cutting machines.
o Oxy-fuel and air arc gouging apparatus.
o Power saws.
o Shaping machines.
o Milling machines.

Generally any groove joint that incorporates a radius on the bevel face (e.g. "U" & "J"
preparations) needs to be machined, which result in higher production costs.

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 GROOVE PROFILE INFORMATION

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

1. SQUARE GROOVE (BUTT JOINT)
Advantages: Cost savings, due to very little edge preparation and the
deposition of a relatively small amount of weld metal.
Disadvantages: This type of joint has a limited load carrying capacity due to
incomplete penetration of the parent metal.
Application: Closed butt joints sometimes used for material with a
maximum thickness of 3 mm and the open configuration for
material with a thickness of up to 6 mm.

2. SINGLE V GROOVE
Advantages: The main advantage of the single-V preparation is that it is
relatively inexpensive and easy to prepare. The inclusive angle
of the bevel faces (α) must be adequate to enable the Welder
to reach the root of the weld joint. The root face allows for
sufficient heat dissipation from the root of the weld and
prevents misalignment of the plates caused by transverse
shrinking forces during the cooling of the weld metal.
Disadvantages: Distortion may pose a problem due to the fact that except for
the sealing run, all weld metal is deposited from one side of
the joint. On parent metal with a thickness exceeding 20 mm,
this type of preparation may be found uneconomical due to
the high volume of required weld filler metal. To prevent
excessive penetration or burn through of the root, it is
important to keep the size of the root gap (g) to a minimum
and the size of the root face (s) in accordance to drawing
specification. A fairly high level of skill is required from the
Welder to deposit sound root runs and caution should be taken
with the intermediate cleaning process to avoid defects such as
slag entrapment.
Application: This preparation method provides full penetration butt welds
on parent metal with a thickness (t) exceeding 4 mm. Back-
gouging of the root run and the deposition of a sealing run may
be necessary under certain circumstances.

3. DOUBLE V (BUTT JOINT)

Advantages: This joint preparation requires less weld metal than the single-
V method and, because the joint is welded from both sides,
distortion can be controlled by using a balanced welding
sequence.

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 Disadvantages: Joint needs to be accessible from both sides. The amount of
work required for this preparation method may have a
negative influence on economics.
Application: This preparation method is suitable for plate thickness in the
range of between 20 mm to 38 mm.

4. SINGLE -V BUTT JOINT WITH BACKING

Advantages: Full penetration can be attained, and distortion be controlled,

because the joint is accessible to the Welder from both sides. A
smaller amount of weld metal is required and this preparation
method is more economical than the double-V configuration.
Disadvantages: The unprepared side of the joint usually has greater heat
dissipation capacity than the prepared side and this may result
in lack of fusion. For high efficiency joints, back gouging of the
root and the deposition of a sealing run may be required. In
highly restrained corner joints on thick plates, lamella tearing
may occur in the unprepared section of the joint.
Application: Full penetration welds in T and corner joints, welded from both
sides.
Typical
Dimensions: Included angle of V preparation (groove angle)
(α) = 20˚ - 45˚
Root gap = 6 - 10 mm
Root face = 0 mm

5. SINGLE BEVEL
Advantages: In this joint configuration only one member (edge) is bevelled
to attain a groove into which the weld metal is deposited.
Significantly less weld metal is required to fill the prepared
groove, compared to the single-V preparation, and this has a
positive effect on productivity and cost effectiveness.
Disadvantages: The unprepared side of the joint usually has much greater heat
dissipation capacity than the prepared side and may result in a
lack of fusion. For high efficiency joints back gouging of the

Back to Table of Contents 8

 root and the deposition of a sealing run may be required. In
highly restrained corner joints on thick plates, lamella tearing
may occur in the unprepared section of the joint. The amount
of required filler metal becomes uneconomical on material
thicker than 20mm.
Application: This preparation method can be utilised to make full
penetration butt and corner joints. Welding difficulties caused
by gravitational forces can be overcome by using the single
bevel preparation method.

6. DOUBLE BEVEL
Advantages: Full penetration can be attained, and distortion be controlled,
because the joint is accessible to the Welder from both sides. A
smaller amount of weld metal is required and this preparation
method is more economical than the double-V configuration.
Disadvantages: The unprepared side of the joint usually has greater heat
dissipation capacity than the prepared side and this may result
in a lack of fusion. For high efficiency joints, back gouging of
the root and the deposition of a sealing run may be required.
In highly restrained corner joints on thick plates, lamella
tearing may occur in the unprepared section of the joint.
Application: Full penetration welds in T and corner joints, welded from both
sides.

7. SINGLE U
Advantages: The "U" preparation requires less weld metal than a single-V
groove preparation on similar thickness material, due to the
use of a reduced groove angle (α). The latter also alleviate
distortion because less weld metal means less heat is
introduced into the weld. The radius (r) offers better
accessibility for the Welder into the root of the joint compared
to a V preparation.
Disadvantages: For high efficiency joints, back-gouging of the root and the
deposition of a sealing run may be required. This preparation
method is not recommended for material with a thickness of
less than 20 mm and might be uneconomical in certain cases
because of expensive machining processes. The Welder must
take care to avoid problems such as incomplete side-wall
fusion due to the use of reduced groove angles.
Application: The "U" preparation is suitable for material with a thickness of
between 20 mm and 38 mm.

Back to Table of Contents 9

 8. DOUBLE U
Advantages: The same advantages apply as for the single -U preparation.
Distortion can be controlled with the use of a balanced welding
sequence.
Disadvantages: This preparation method is not suitable for material with a
thickness of less than 38 mm.
Application: The double -U preparation is suitable for material with a
thickness of 38 mm and above.

9. SINGLE J
Advantages: The volume of weld metal required is less than for a single-U
configuration.
Disadvantages: Lack of fusion in the root due to the difference in heat
dissipation capacity on each side of the joint. Lack of side-wall
fusion may be encountered if the groove angle (α) is not large
enough to allow sufficient electrode accessibility.
Application: This preparation method is used for full penetration welds in T
and corner joint configurations.

10. DOUBLE J
Advantages: Full penetration can be attained and distortion be controlled
because the joint is accessible to the Welder from both sides.
Disadvantage: Similar to the single-J preparation
Application: Full penetration welds in T and corner joints, welded from both
sides.

In the next programme (WJS-2) you will see how the information contained in this
programme is transferred to a typical welding or fabrication drawing through the use of
"welding symbols".

NOW VIEW VIDEO NO. 1

AND THEN COMPLETE SELF-TEST EXERCISE WJS NO. 1.

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 SELF TEST - WJS NO. 1

INSTRUCTIONS
o Answer the questions below without reference to your notes or the video.
o Have your Facilitator / Mentor check your work.

QUESTION (Tick appropriate answer/s) YES NO

1. The terms given to the metal to be welded are:

a) Basic metal / Relative metal.
b) Base metal / Parent metal.
c) Raw metal / Refined metal.

2. What is the basic definition for the fusion of metals?

a) The adhesion of metals due to the addition of filler metal.
b) The melting and mixing together of metals resulting in
coalescence.
c) The strengthening of metals through the application of an
electric arc.

3. The two types of weld in MMAW are:

a) Groove or Butt weld and Fillet weld.
b) But weld and Groove weld.
c) Bead weld and Groove or Fillet weld.

Back to Table of Contents 11

4. Fill in the features of the Groove weld.

5. Fill in the features of the Fillet weld that differ from those of the
Groove weld.

6. A continuous weld can be described as one that:

a) Is unbroken along the length of the joint.
b) Continuous all around the joint.
c) Continuous for a short distance and then breaks.

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7. An intermittent weld is one that:
a) Jumps from side to side on the joint.
b) Is deposited at evenly spaced intervals.
c) Is deposited in irregular sections along the joint.

8. Weld pitch is best explained as being:

a) The distance between centres of sequential intermittent
welds.
b) The width of a weld segment.
c) The distance between the end of one weld and the start of
the next.

9. List the 5 basic types of joints

i) _______________________________________________
ii) _______________________________________________
iii) _______________________________________________
iv) _______________________________________________
v) _______________________________________________

10. The primary purpose of grooving metal edges, is to:

a) Facilitate full penetration of filler material and create joint
strength.
b) Offer more space for extra filler material.
c) Provide a smooth surface.

11. The method of edge preparation is normally specified by;

a) The Welding Specification Procedure.
b) The drawing instructions.
c) Provide a smooth surface.

Back to Table of Contents 13

12. Fill in the missing labels on the diagram:

13. What are the two dimensions shown in the diagram? Fill in the
labels.

HAVE YOUR FACILITATOR OR MENTOR CHECK YOUR RESPONSES BEFORE YOU MOVE ON TO
PROGRAMME WJS-2.

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 WELDING SYMBOLS
(VIDEO WJS-2)

PROGRAMME 2 - VIDEO WJS-2

In this programme you will learn:
1. How to read (decipher) welding symbols standardised by the American Welding
Society (AWS).

INSTRUCTIONS
1. Read the Resource note for this section beginning on the following page.
2. View the video for this section (WJS-2).
3. Attempt to complete the self-test exercise for this programme.

YOU WILL NEED

1. Tech AV video programme WJS -2.
2. Wall Chart WJS-WC-3.

BEGIN THIS SECTION BY READING THE NOTES THAT BEGIN ON THE FOLLOWING PAGE.

Back to Table of Contents 15

 RESOURCE NOTES
VIDEO WJS-2

1. THE BASIC WELDING SYMBOL

In programme No.1 you learnt how to identify physical welds and joints. In this
programme you will learn how to identify these features when they are
represented in a "fabrication drawing" in the form of "welding symbols".

To read a drawing, you must know how engineers use lines, dimensions, and
symbols to communicate their ideas on paper.

Welding symbols are used on a drawing to specify, amongst other things, where
welds are to be located, the type of joint to be used, as well as detail concerning
the filler metal to be deposited in the joint. The welding symbols that you will see in
this programme have been standardised by the American Welding Society (AWS).
You will come across these symbols whenever you do a welding job from a
professional fabrication drawing. You should have a working knowledge of the
basic weld symbols in order to produce the specified weld within any given joint.

In the illustration below you see how, according to the American Welding Society
(AWS), a welding symbol is constructed and where the various "elements" within
the symbol must be placed. These elements will be explained in the DVD.

AWS WELDING SYMBOL

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DRAWINGS

Figure 1 - Example of an Orthographic drawing

The majority of engineering drawings are produced in "orthographic projection"

(Example Fig.1 )." This type of Drawing offers views from each side or "plane", most
usually a front view, a right-side view and a top view. You should be familiar with this
method of drawing representation. Fabrication drawings are most commonly
represented in orthographic views.

Occasionally you may get "lucky" and be offered an "isometric view" or a "3
dimensional sketch" of the component that you must weld. (Example - Fig.2), You
now have a much clearer idea of the shape and proportion of the finished article.
Either way, when welding symbols are placed onto the drawings there are certain
"conventions" that must be observed.

Figure 2 - Example of an Isometric Drawing

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SUGGESTION FOR PRACTICAL EXERCISE
When you have viewed the DVD it is suggested that you ask your Facilitator / Mentor to
show you a typical fabrication drawing. Study the drawing and take particular note of any
welding symbols that appear. See if you are able to interpret the symbols. Don't forget that
a wall chart is available to assist you in deciphering symbols on the drawing.

NOW VIEW VIDEO NO. 2 (WSJ-2)

AND THEN CONTINUE READING THIS LEARNER GUIDE.

Back to Table of Contents 18

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
We include here extra data that you may find helpful in assisting you to decipher welding
symbols more precisely.

1. STANDARDS OTHER THAN AWS

It is a fact that the American Welding Society's standards are by far the most
usually encountered. It is also a fact that most other countries have based
their standards around the AWS system. There is however one notable break
from AWS conventions in the method of depicting the "side" of a reference
line, and this occurs with the European EN 22553 standard.

Solid Line = Arrow side

Dashed Line = Other side

EN 22553

With the EN standard information regarding the arrow side is placed upon the
solid line. Information regarding the other side is placed on the dashed line.
Note that the dashed line may appear above or below the solid reference line.

Regarding the "Field Weld Symbol" this too may differ. On drawings produced
outside of the USA you may see a solid circle placed at the arrow break point.
This is another method of depicting the "Field-Weld" or the "Weld on Site"
symbol (Instead of a flag).

Field-Weld Symbol (Not weld all round)

2. TAIL REFERENCES
It is mentioned in the video that information contained in a tail often refers to a
process or method. Offered below is a list of typical process related references
(letter designations) that may be used within a tail.

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The following suffixes may be used to indicate the application method of a welding
or a cutting process, including:

Back to Table of Contents 20

Other typical references sometimes contained within a tail include:

Back Gouge

This is a “process instruction”.

See Data – A

This directs you to read notes contained on a drawing or within an instruction sheet.

SELF-TEST EXERCISE WJS NO.2 - OVER PAGE.

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 SELF TEST NO. 2

INSTRUCTIONS
o Answer the questions below without reference to your notes or the video.
o Have your Facilitator / Mentor check your work.

QUESTION (Tick the appropriate answer/s) YES NO

1. The main purpose of a “Welding Symbol” is:

a) To show you where to place a weld.
b) To show you how to weld a joint.
c) To give full instruction regarding preparation and welding at a
given joint.

2. Data placed below the reference line indicates:

a) That you must attend to the joint at the back of the work.
b) That you must attend to the arrow side of the joint.
c) That you must attend to the other side of the joint.

3. A weld or a groove symbol always appears in what position on

the reference line?
a) At the centre.
b) At the left edge.
c) At the right edge.

4. A number appearing to the left of a weld / groove symbol

indicates what?
a) The size of the weld.
b) The length of the segment.
c) The pitch of segments.

5. The first number appearing to the right of a weld symbol

indicates what?
a) The size of the weld.
b) The length of the segment.
c) The pitch of segments.

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6. The number appearing after a dash, to the right of a weld
symbol, indicates what?
a) The size of the weld.
b) The length of the segment.
c) The pitch of segments.

7. Label the diagram as per the numbers:

1) __________________________________________________
2) __________________________________________________
3) __________________________________________________
4) __________________________________________________
5) __________________________________________________
6) __________________________________________________
7) __________________________________________________
8) __________________________________________________
9) __________________________________________________
10) __________________________________________________
11) __________________________________________________
12) __________________________________________________
13) __________________________________________________
14) __________________________________________________
15) __________________________________________________
16) __________________________________________________

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 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS
(THAT A WELDER MUST BE FAMILIAR WITH)

Terminology Definition
Joint type A weld joint classification based on the five basic arrangements of the
component parts.
1. Butt Joint.
2. Corner Joint.
3. Tee Joint.
4. Lap Joint.
5. Edge Joint.

Joint The function of members or the edges of members, which are to be

joined or have been joined.
Joint penetration The depth a weld extends from its face into a joint, exclusive of
reinforcement.
Joint root That portion of a joint to be welded where the members approach
closest to each other.
Joint geometry The shape and dimensions of a joint in cross-section prior to welding.
Included angle A non-standard term for groove angle. (Combined angle of two bevel
(Groove angle) faces.)
Actual throat The shortest distance between the weld root and the face of a fillet
weld.
Theoretical throat The distance from the beginning of the joint root perpendicular to the
hypotenuse of the largest right triangle that can be inscribed within the
cross section of a fillet weld. This dimension is based on the assumption
that the root opening is equal to zero.
Back gouging The removal of weld metal and base metal from the other side of a
partially welded joint to facilitate complete fusion and complete joint
penetration upon subsequent welding from that side.
Backing

A material or device placed against the reverse side of the joint to

support and retain molten weld metal. The material may be either
metal or non-metal. The letter "R" within the symbol instructs you that
the backing is to be "removed" after welding.

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Bevel angle The angle formed between the prepared edge of a member and a plane
perpendicular to the surface of the member.
Back weld (Sealing A weld made at the back of a single groove weld.
run)
Base metal (parent The metal to be welded, brazed, soldered or cut. The use of this term
metal) implies that materials other than metals are also referred to.
Burn through A non-standard term for excessive melt through or a hole.
Butt joint A joint between two members aligned approximately in the same
plane.
Butt weld A non-standard term for a weld in a butt joint.
Chamfer A non-standard term for bevel.
Corner joint A joint between two members located approximately at right angles to
each other.
Deposited metal Filler metal that has been added during welding.
Fillet weld A weld of approximately triangular cross section joining two surfaces at
right angles to each other in a lap joint, T-joint or corner joint.
Fillet weld leg The distance from the joint root to the toe of the fillet weld.
Fusion The melting together of filler metal and base metal (substrate), or base
metal only, which results in coalescence.
Heat affected zone That portion of the base metal that has not been melted but whose
(HAZ) mechanical properties or microstructure have been altered by welding.

Residual stress Stress present in a member that is free from external forces or thermal
gradients.
Tack weld A weld made to hold parts of a weldment in proper alignment until the
final welds are made.
T-Joint A joint between two members located approximately at right angles to
each other in the form of a "T".
Weld A localized coalescence of metals or non-metals produced either by
heating the materials to the welding temperature, with or without the
application of pressure, or by the application of pressure only and with
or without use of filler metal.
Weld face The exposed surface of a weld on the side from which welding was
done.
Welding procedure A document providing in detail the required variables for specific
specification (WPS) application to assure repeatability by properly trained welders and
welding operators.
Weldment An assembly whose component parts are joined by welding.
Weld metal That portion of a weld that has been melted during welding.
Weld toe The junction of the weld face and the base metal.

THAT CONCLUDES THIS MODULE ON "ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE FOR WELDERS."

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 MODEL ANSWERS
SELF-TEST NO. 1

INSTRUCTIONS
o Answer the questions below without reference to your notes or the video.
o Have your Facilitator / Mentor check your work.
o Answers in bold.

QUESTION (Tick appropriate answer/s) YES NO

1. The terms given to the metal to be welded are:

a) Basic metal / Relative metal.
b) Base metal / Parent metal.
c) Raw metal / Refined metal.

2. What is the basic definition for the fusion of metals?

a) The adhesion of metals due to the addition of filler metal.
b) The melting and mixing together of metals resulting in
coalescence.
c) The strengthening of metals through the application of an
electric arc.

3. The two types of weld in MMAW are:

a) Groove or Butt weld and Fillet weld.
b) But weld and Groove weld.
c) Bead weld and Groove or Fillet weld.

Back to Table of Contents 26

 4. Fill in the features of the Groove weld.

Weld Zone

Reinforcement
Face
Toe Toe

Heat Affected Zone Fusion Zone

(HAZ) (Filler penetration)

Root Reinforcement
Root

5. Fill in the features of the Fillet weld that differ from those of the
Groove weld.

Theoretical throat

Leg

Leg Actual throat

Back to Table of Contents 27

6. A continuous weld can be described as one that:
a) Is unbroken along the length of the joint.
b) Continuous all around the joint.
c) Continuous for a short distance and then breaks.

7. An intermittent weld is one that:

a) Jumps from side to side on the joint.
b) Is deposited at evenly spaced intervals.
c) Is deposited in irregular sections along the joint.

8. Weld pitch is best explained as being:

a) The distance between centres of sequential intermittent
welds.
b) The width of a weld segment.
c) The distance between the end of one weld and the start of
the next.

9. List the 5 basic types of joints

i) Butt.
ii) Tee (T).
iii) Lap.
iv) Edge.
v) Corner.

10. The primary purpose of grooving metal edges, is to:

a) Facilitate full penetration of filler material and create joint
strength.
b) Offer more space for extra filler material.
c) Provide a smooth surface.

11. The method of edge preparation is normally specified by;

a) The Welding Specification Procedure.
b) The drawing instructions.
c) Provide a smooth surface.

Back to Table of Contents 28

 12. Fill in the missing labels on the diagram

Included Angle / Groove Angle

Joint Root / Root gap or Root Root Face

opening

13. What are the two dimensions shown in the diagram? Fill in the
labels.

Root Penetration

Joint Penetration

HAVE YOUR FACILITATOR OR MENTOR CHECK YOUR RESPONSES BEFORE YOU MOVE ON TO
PROGRAMME WJS-2.

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 MODEL ANSWERS
SELF TEST NO. 2

INSTRUCTIONS
o Answer the questions below without reference to your notes or the video.
o Have your Facilitator / Mentor check your work.
o Answers in bold.

QUESTION (Tick the appropriate answer/s) YES NO

1. The main purpose of a “Welding Symbol” is:

a) To show you where to place a weld.
b) To show you how to weld a joint.
c) To give full instruction regarding preparation and welding at
a given joint.

2. Data placed below the reference line indicates:

a) That you must attend to the joint at the back of the work.
b) That you must attend to the arrow side of the joint.
c) That you must attend to the other side of the joint.

3. A weld or a groove symbol always appears in what position on

the reference line?
a) At the centre.
b) At the left edge.
c) At the right edge.

4. A number appearing to the left of a weld / groove symbol

indicates what?
a) The size of the weld.
b) The length of the segment.
c) The pitch of segments.

5. The first number appearing to the right of a weld symbol

indicates what?
a) The size of the weld.
b) The length of the segment.
c) The pitch of segments.

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6. The number appearing after a dash, to the right of a weld
symbol, indicates what?
a) The size of the weld.
b) The length of the segment.
c) The pitch of segments.

7. Label the diagram as per the numbers:

1) Groove Angle.
2) Root opening, Root gap.
3) Finishing symbol.
4) Contour symbol.
5) Field weld symbol.
6) Weld All Around Symbol.
7) Reference line.
8) Arrow Side weld or groove symbol.
9) Other Side weld or groove symbol.
10) Tail.
11) Specification, process or other reference.
12) Depth of bevel, Size or Strength for certain welds.
13) Length of weld segment.
14) Pitch of weld segments.
15) Number of Spot, Seam, Slot or Projection welds.
16) Groove – weld Size or Effective Throat (fillet weld).

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