ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

REPORT FOR CATTLE FATTENING PROJECT

LOCATION: OROMIA REGIONAL STATE EAST WOLLEGA

ZONE, EBANTU WOREDA, ZADI KEBELE WARSAMESA TIKA
LOCALITY

PROMOTER: TSIGEREDA, BASHE AND TESEMA MICRO AND

SMALL ENTERPRISE

MOBILE NUMBER: +251-0943-27-57-93/0922-08-08-10

SUBMITTED TO: EAST WOLLEGA ZONE, ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE

CHANGE Authority

PREPARED BY: ABISHE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANCY AND AUDITING SERVICES

Phone: +251-931664645/911896145; E-mail: Chandofufasabu@gmail.com

MARCH 2022
NEKEMTE, ETHIOPIA

Table of Contents
LIST OF TABLES..........................................................................................................................................IV

I
LIST OF ACRONYMS...................................................................................................................................IV
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..............................................................................................................................V
1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background..............................................................................................................................1
1.2. About the Assignment.............................................................................................................1
1.3. Purpose of the Study.............................................................................................................1
1.4. Objectives of the ESIA study..................................................................................................2
1.5. Scope of the ESIA....................................................................................................................2
1.6. Methodology of the Study.......................................................................................................2
1.6.1 Review of Relevant Literature, Policies and Legal Documents......................................2
1.6.2. Field Surveys and Data Collection....................................................................................2
1.6.3 Stakeholders and Public Consultations.............................................................................3
1.6.4. Environmental Impacts, Mitigation Measures and Development of Mitigation Plan.3
1.7. Organization of the ESIA Report...........................................................................................3
UNIT 2. SCOPING REPORT..........................................................................................................................4
2.1 Limit of the Study Area............................................................................................................4
2.2. Valued Ecosystem Component within the Study Area........................................................4
2.3. Gap during the Study..............................................................................................................4
3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK...............................5
3.1. Government Policy and Framework......................................................................................5
3.1.1. Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.......................................5
3.1.2 Environmental policy in Ethiopia......................................................................................5
3.1.3 Ethiopia water Resource management Policy..................................................................5
3.1.4. Mineral Resources..............................................................................................................6
3.1.5 Ethiopia Health Policy........................................................................................................7
3.1.6. Land Tenure, Expropriation and Compensation Policies..............................................7
3.1.7. National Biodiversity Policy and Strategies.....................................................................7
3.2. Environmental proclamations in Ethiopia............................................................................8
3.2.1 Environmental Pollution Control (Proclamation no. 300 / 2002)...................................8
3.2.2. Solid Waste Management Legislation (Proclamation No. 513/2007)............................8
3.2.3. Public Health Legislation (Proclamation No. 200/2000).................................................8
3.2.4. FDRE Environmental Impact Assessment (proclamation No. 299/2002).....................9
3.2.5. Regional Rural Land Administration and Use proclamation........................................9
3.2.6. Labor Proclamation in Ethiopia (Proc. No. 1156/2019)..............................................10
3.2.7. Investment Legislation (Proclamation No. 769/2012)...................................................10
3.2.8. Proclamation on Expropriation of Land Compensation (Proc. No. 1161/2019).......11
3.2.9. Oromia national regional state environmental pollution control proclamation no.
177/2012...........................................................................................................................11
3.2.10. Oromia National Regional State Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation
No. 176/2012..................................................................................................................12
4. PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION.............................................................................................................13
4.1. Location of the Project..........................................................................................................13
4.2. Physical Environment...........................................................................................................13
II
 4.2.1. Topography and landscape..............................................................................................13
4.2.2. Boundaries and project implication on the surrounding environment.....................14
4.2.3. Land Use and Land Cover................................................................................................14
4.2.4 Drainage, Climate and Rainfall........................................................................................14
4.2.5. Soils..................................................................................................................................15
4.3. Biological Environment.................................................................................................15
4.3.1 Terrestrial Vegetation and Wildlife.............................................................................15
4.4. The Socio- Economic Environment..............................................................................15
4.4.1. Population.......................................................................................................................15
4.4.2. Health facility...................................................................................................................16
4.4.3. Infrastructure...................................................................................................................16
4.4.4. Historical and Archaeological resources.........................................................................16
UNIT 5: IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION, EVALUATION & PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES....17
5.1. Impact identification, analysis..............................................................................................17
Table 5.1 Checklist of Project's Likely Impacts............................................................................17
5.2. Potential Positive Impacts of the Project/Benefits..............................................................18
5.2.1. Creation of Job Opportunity...........................................................................................18
5.2.2. Increase the demand of livestock Yields........................................................................18
5.2.3. Increasing Food Supply......................................................................................................18
5.2.4. Provide Market Opportunity..........................................................................................18
5.2.5. Revenue to Local and National Government.................................................................18
5.2.6. Job opportunity................................................................................................................18
5.2.7. Increase Land Values.........................................................................................................18
5.2.8. Transfer of Technology....................................................................................................18
5.3. Potential Negative Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures......................................18
5.3.1 Construction Phase Impacts and Mitigation Measures.......................................................19
.3.2. Operation Phase Impacts and Mitigation Measures...................................................19
UNIT 6: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN...........................................23
6.1 Environmental Management Plan........................................................................................23
6.2. Environmental Monitoring Plan..........................................................................................26
UNIT 7: PUBLIC CONSULTATION............................................................................................................28
7.1 Basic Principles for Stakeholder Consultation....................................................................28
7.2. Findings of Consultations.....................................................................................................28
UNIT 8: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION.............................................................................29
8.1. Conclusion..............................................................................................................................29
8.2. Recommendation...................................................................................................................29
REFERENCES...............................................................................................................................................30

III
LIST OF TABLES
Table 5:1 Checklist of Project's Likely Impacts …………………………….......................23
Table 6:1 Environmental Management Plan………………………………………………..32
Table 6:2 Environmental Monitoring Plan…………………………………………………36

LIST OF ACRONYMS

CH4 Methane
EC Electrical Conductivity
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EPA Environmental Protection Authority
ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan
FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
MoFECC Ministry of Forest, Environment and Climate Change
N2O Nitrous Oxide
NH3 Ammonium Nitrate
TDS Total Dissolved Solid
TSS Total Suspended Solid

IV
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Tsigereda, Bashe and Tesema Micro and Small Enterprise is aimed to promote Cattle Fattening
project on 4ha of land which is located in Oromia Regional State, East Wollega Zone Ebantu
Woreda Zadi Kebele specifically around Warsames Tika locality. The project is located in
predominantly rural communities. Since the project area is suitable for cattle production, the
promoter is attracted to take part in the development of this sector aiming to supply beef cattle both
in terms of quantity and quality to the domestic consumer of meet and to provide beef cattle that to
exported in live and meet. The cattle aimed for fattening will be obtained from local market.
The most serious cause of environmental degradation in the area are unsustainable farming
practices, overgrazing of pastures and uncontrolled/ free grazing system. To overcome
environmental degradation from livestock sector in the project area in his part, the promoter is
aimed to run the project by controlling the cattle and supplying them by what they eat through using
high quality feed such as grain by products sugar molasses, crop residue and grass so that the cattle
will gain faster weight and produce a quick result mostly within three months.
The integration of environment into development planning is the most important tool in achieving
sustainable development. EIA process is necessary in providing an anticipatory and preventive
mechanism for environmental management and protection in any development. Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) has been used as planning and management tool to ensure economic
developments are socially acceptable, economically viable and environmentally sustainable since
1970. It used to predict the environmental consequences or impacts of any development project
either positive or negative with a view of enhancing positive impacts and recommending
mitigation for negative impacts. EIA helps to anticipate potential adverse environmental impacts
associated to a proposed project and to arrange mitigation measures at an early stage in the project
planning and design to avoid/minimize the potential adverse consequences. The impact assessment
covers consequences related to the implementation of the proposed project on ecological, economic,
cultural, aesthetic, health and safety, social, air, water body and amenity impacts. In the interim,
EIA is a useful entry points to a closer integration of environmental, social and economic
considerations in evaluating a proposed actions exhibit many of the requirements for establishing an
integrated approach to implement sustainable development.
EIA certainly has a crucial role to play in addressing environmental issues surrounding project
development and especially cattle fattening projects. For this Cattle fattening project, environmental
impact assessment has become an integral part of project planning one, which continually improved
for posterity.
The implementation of this cattle-fattening project has many benefits and obviously, it will bring a
number of adverse impacts to the physical, biological and socio-cultural environment. The potential
positive and negative impacts as well as the environmental mitigation measures of the cattle
fattening project depend on:
(a) nature and types of the proposed fattening project
(b) ,(b) environmental baseline condition of the project area i.e. the physical, biological and socio-
cultural environment,
(c) (c)environmental health condition of the project area
(d) ,(d) the technological option adopted,
(e) (e) the legal, institutional and policy framework ,and

V
 (f) (f) the environmental condition of the downstream. Major positive and negative impacts of this
project during construction and operation phases as well as possible mitigation measures are
briefly included in this study. After assessing the environmental impact, the project is found to
be environmentally non-degradable, technically appropriate, economically viable and socially
acceptable.
Hence, this summary brings together the findings of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
of the project. The methodology used to undertake the study was in line with the requirements of
the country’s EIA guideline. Thus, collection of necessary data and review of relevant documents,
field survey, stakeholders and public consultation, impact analysis, choosing mitigation and
enhancement measures using different optimization tools, and developing environmental protection,
monitoring and management plans have been made. Laws, Policies and institutions were considered
for the dual purposes of identifying potential project constraints, and establishing background for
realistic, sensitive recommendations. With this respect, policy, legislative and institutional issues
that are most relevant animal production and dairy farm projects in general and cattle fattening
projects in particular have been reviewed.

The commencement of the project has many positive impacts due its objectives, scope, details, the
site and other baseline conditions. To mention the most significant positive impacts: employment
opportunity for youths during construction and operation phases, increased opportunities for high
value meet supply for surrounding community , national and international level , increased
opportunities to produce market oriented or high value meet and enable transferring knowledge and
skills in utilizing best cattle fattening agriculture practices to the local community. On other hand
there have been some environmental impacts identified as potential adverse effects of this project.
These general adverse impacts of the project have been classified below in phases and need to be
mitigated.
Construction phase: There are also in this phase certain environmental effects that are strictly
concentrated with working area. Construction phase also results with emission of dust pollution, ,
injuries for workers ,and soil pollution. For Prevention of all this effects a set of measures has been
plantation of tree around cattle fattening farm, carryout protective equipment like Goggles, gloves,
respirators, dust masks, hats for workers and enforce their use

Operation phase: Operation phase is the one when more effects on the environment are to be
expected. Key aspect during the most sensitive phase of operation is climate change from
greenhouse gas emissions especially methane and nitrous oxide ,discharge of dairy waste water
from fattening farms, excess nutrient loading of receiving land for animal manure and pollution of
surface and ground water resources; the veracity of treatment and discharge of waste water from
fattening processing plants. Potential environmental impacts from cattle fattening parks and cattle
fattening plants could also include Odor, Insect pests, smoke, airborne particles and gaseous
discharges, transport and machinery noise.
To mitigate the impacts during operation phase of the project , the promoter is to be mainly
concerned with management of animal manure like quality and capacity of storage , composting,
treatment of manure to organic fertilizer and land applications; appropriate discharge of cattle
waste water from fattening farms and cattle fattening parks to agricultural land ; protection of

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surface and ground water resources; and the veracity of treatment and discharge of waste water
from fattening processing plants.
Based on the findings of the environmental assessment, it is reasonable to conclude that, the
implementation of the project will bring several beneficial impacts while the negative impacts can
be reduced to an acceptable level through a holistic planning and implementation of the
environmental management plan. Thus, the project benefits by-far outweighs its adverse socio-
economic and socio-ecological impacts as these impacts are can be mitigated by proper utilizations
of the suggested mitigation measures. Hence, it is safe to recommend approval of the findings since
the establishment of the project meets the provisions of sustainability principles in providing the
benefits of economic advantages

VII
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Large-scale livestock operations provide most of the meat and meat products consumed around the
world--consumption that is growing at a record pace and is projected to double by 2050, (Harold A ).
Population growth, urbanization, and income rise in developing countries are the main driver of the
increased demand for livestock products (UN, 2017). Ethiopia has about 61.5 million cattle (CSA,
2018/19). From these, the total number of privet livestock population is about 55.17 million heeds in
which the shares of cattle sheep and goats is about 29.83 million (54%) ,11.55 million (25%) and 9.6
million heads (17%) respectively. Out of the total number of livestock population in Ethiopia about
53.14% exist in Oromia region. Livestock is a base of life for majority of the rural community,
providing milk for consumption, improving the nutritional status, serving as source of income,
providing employment at farm level, food security, and Provide input for industry & export.
Particularly Cattle-fattening farms play an important role in terms of economic and social benefits
for both urban and rural communities. However the level of productivity of livestock production in
general and Cattle fattening in particular is very low, due to lack of proper and modern animal
husbandry systems specially related to Poor feeding management ,Poor health management, Poor
breeding management and Poor housing management.
However, there are tremendous environmental problems with these operations, from land
degradation and air and water pollution to loss of biodiversity. Developing world is especially
vulnerable to the effects of these operations. Agriculture in general, and livestock production, in
particular, contributes to global warming through emissions of methane and nitrous oxide. To meet
future needs of an expanding population, animal productivity will need to increase and greenhouse
gas emission intensity per unit of product will need to decrease. One of the principal ways to achieve
this environmental standard is to adopt effective mitigation strategies. To increase the effectiveness
of these strategies, complex interactions among the components of cattle fattening systems must be
taken into account to avoid environmental trade-offs. Mitigation practices should not be evaluated
individually, but as a component of the entire livestock production system. The majority of these
strategies aim to increase productivity (unit of product per animal), which in most cases cannot be
achieved without good standards of animal health and welfare. Optimizing animal productivity has a
powerful mitigating effect in both developed and developing countries; however, the size of the
effect will also depend on factors such as the genetic potential of the animal and adoption of
management technologies.

1.2. About the Assignment

Abishe Environmental Consultancy and Auditing Service firm has made an agreement with
Tsigereda, Bashe and Tesema Micro and Small Enterprise to carry out an Environmental and Social
Impact Assessment (ESIA) for Cattle Fattening project located in Oromia Regional State East
Wollega Zone, Ebantu Woreda Zadi Kebele Warsamesa Tika Locality.
1.3. Purpose of the Study
The objective of the overall assignment is to carry out an Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment (ESIA) and to prepare comprehensive Environmental and Social Impact statement for
the implementation of the proposed Cattle Fattening project. The study is intended to meet the
requirements of the federal and regional environmental impact assessment proclamations, guidelines
polices and laws.

1
1.4. Objectives of the ESIA study
The main objective of this ESIA study is to assess the positive and likely adverse impacts associated
with implementation of the proposed Cattle Fattening project and develop benefit enhancement and
impact mitigation measures as well as the environmental management and monitoring plans.
The specific objectives include:
 To present baseline condition of the environmental status of the proposed site
 Identify Key environmental impacts that may arise from the implementation of the proposed
Cattle fattening project
 Identify approaches how to avoid/minimize environmental damage and other impacts on
nearby community and the project site and its influence area; thus to make early changes
and avoid costly delays at a later stage;
 Prevent environmental pollution by implementation of feasible mitigation measures;
 Foster coordination among stakeholders and enhance their involvements project
sustainability;
 Integrate the proposed project into the existing environment.
1.5. Scope of the ESIA
The assignment of the Consultant is generally to address the following matters:
 Review of existing policies, legislations and institutional framework related to
environmental matters;
 Description of the baseline environmental condition of the project area including
environmental components that will be affected by or will affect the proposed project;
 Identification of the probable negative and positive environment and social impacts of the
project;
 Ensure public involvement in the EIA study process;
 Formulate mitigation measures for the identified negative impacts of the proposed project
on the environment, including detail costs and expected outcomes;
 Prepare environmental management and monitoring plans;

1.6. Methodology of the Study

The ESIA study was based on review of the legal requirements of the Federal and regional
government in relation to environmental management; the safeguard requirements of the World
Bank; review of pertinent literature; collection of relevant secondary data; field surveys at the project
site and collection of primary baseline data; and conducting informal consultations with project
area community and key stakeholders at Zadi kebele.

1.6.1 Review of Relevant Literature, Policies and Legal Documents

Policies, legislation and guidelines pertinent to environmental protection were gathered and
reviewed for assessing the relevant environmental policies, laws and regulations related to
environmental protection matters in general and the expected environmental impacts of the proposed
development in particular. Moreover, available documents related to the proposed project were
collected and reviewed in order to obtain important data/ information about the project.

1.6.2. Field Surveys and Data Collection

Field investigation and collection of detailed data on social and natural environment was carried out
at the project area. The aim of the survey was to collect baseline environmental data for the project
2
influence area, and to identify sensitive environmental components that are likely would have
significant effect due to the implementation and operation of the envisaged cattle fattening project.
Data collection was carried out using checklist. The checklist was filled at the site and used to
identify potential socio-environmental impacts and to categorized and determine the level of ESIA to
be conducted.

1.6.3 Stakeholders and Public Consultations

During the field survey, concerned authorities and experts in Ebant District were contacted and
consulted. Information related to the possible project adverse impacts; measures proposed for
managing the negative impacts; attitudes of the district administration towards the proposed project;
and level of participation and contribution for the implementation of the proposed cattle-fattening
project were assessed. These information and opinions considered in this environmental impact
analysis.
1.6.4. Environmental Impacts, Mitigation Measures and Development of Mitigation Plan
Following the evaluation of the baseline conditions and analysis of local community and
stockholder’s opinions, environmental impacts likely to result from the proposed cattle-fattening
project were identified. Subsequent to identification of potential impacts and evaluation of their
significance, appropriate mitigation measures that are capable of avoiding, reducing or offsetting the
negative impacts to acceptable levels were identified and recommended. Finally, an Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) that comprises the outline of significant environmental impacts and their
corresponding mitigation measures and the responsible bodies for implementation and monitoring
was prepared

1.7. Organization of the ESIA Report

The ESIA report of cattle fattening project is organized as follow: Chapter one deals with
introduction, objective and methodology of the study; chapter two includes scoping report; chapter
three reviewing pertinent environmental management and development policy documents; chapter
four encompasses project description and description of baseline environmental conditions of
proposed project; chapter five inferred impacts identification, evaluation & proposed mitigation
measures; chapter six describes environmental management & monitoring plan; Chapter seven deals
with public consultation; Finally conclusion and recommendation is summarized in chapter eight.

3
UNIT 2. SCOPING REPORT

2.1 Limit of the Study Area

In the aim of deciding upon the limits of the study area for the project and drawing the list of
activities and impacts to be studied during the assessment, the consulting firm carried out an initial
environmental examination and scoping. The scoping exercise has been carried out with the
following main objectives:
 To define the limits of the study area
 To define list of valued ecosystem components within the study area
 To define list of activities, type and magnitude of the proposed project
 To define list of Impacts to be studied.
In order to carry out the above tasks, the firm employed different tools and techniques relevant to the
proposed project. Use of environmental scoping checklists and informal consultation of different
stakeholders (including experts, local administrators, and people, etc) are considered to accomplish
the tasks.
The proposed project vicinity is accessible for all infrastructure and energy even though water
availability is somewhat difficult to get near the project area. Therefore, the proposed project will be
implemented without any difficulty within the project schedule. In addition, the project vicinity
already delineated for cattle fattening purpose and land acquisition compensation is not needed since
the land delineated is from the promoter’s farmland. Therefore, there was no visible limitation
observed in the project vicinity.

2.2. Valued Ecosystem Component within the Study Area

The project as indicated earlier is located in East Wollega Zone Ebantu Woreda and established at
the predominantly in rural area . There are no sensitive ecosystems in the vicinity the value of which
might be affected. The vicinity is already occupied with farming land and surrounded by farmlands
currently using for crop production purpose. Therefore, there is no significant natural ecosystem to
be impacted by the project.

2.3. Gap during the Study

As is known, we are not generally good in data organization and management at all levels.
Moreover, the available data and reports are largely subject to meddling due to a variety of other
hidden objectives. As a result, we are using socioeconomic data and information obtained from
different sources with caution. In addition to this, there is a data gap at project specific sites and its
environs. For example, a complete list of the type of vegetation and wild animals’ resource base
living in the wild at a project specific site is scanty. Particularly, the data gap for micro fauna and
flora is huge. The data collected (particularly secondary data’s) at kebele and Woreda levels will
have some degree of limitations or uncertainties due to high turnover of the personnel’s in the area.
To solve those constraints and limitations the study team tried to get reliable information by
conducting site visit and observations, interviewing concerned stakeholders and undertaking public
consultation forums. Nonetheless, we are still using the available data at Wereda and Zone level.
Attempts are also made to fill the gab using data from CSA, Research Centers and Universities
research out puts, Interviewing Experts and the like.

4
 3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
The policies, legislations and guidelines which govern the way in which environmental and social
assessments are conducted in Ethiopia, and the framework in which the environmental and social
management of the proposed Basalt Stone Mining and Crushing project would be undertaken and
reviewed during the ESIA process. These are briefly described in the following sections.

3.1. Government Policy and Framework

3.1.1. Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
The Constitution of Ethiopia, adopted in August 1995 through Proclamation No. 1/1995, contains a
number of articles, which are relevant to environmental matters in connection with development
projects, and forms the fundamental basis for the development of specific environmental legislative
instruments.
In the section, which deals with democratic rights, Article 43 gives the right to people to improved
living standards and to sustainable development. Article 92 of Chapter 10 (which sets out national
policy principles and objectives), includes the following significant environmental objectives:
• Government shall endeavor to ensure that all Ethiopians live in a clean and healthy
environment as stated in Article 44,
• Development projects shall not damage or destroy the environment,
• People have the right to full consultation and the expression of views in the planning and
implementation of environmental policies and projects that affect them directly, and
 Government and citizens shall have the duty to protect the environment.
A number of proclamations and supporting regulations contain provisions for the protection and
management of the environment and put into effect the principles of the Constitution and the
Environmental Policy.

3.1.2 Environmental policy in Ethiopia

The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia issued in April 1997. Its overall goal is to improve and
enhance the health and quality of life of citizens through sound management and use of natural,
human-made and cultural resources so as to meet the needs of the present generation without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It has both sectoral and
cross-sectoral components; recommending an integrated approach involving all stakeholders when
decision is made.
The policy document emphasizes that environmental and social costs (or benefits foregone or lost)
that may result through damage to resources or the environment as a result of degradation or
pollution shall be incorporated into development programs and projects, and decisions shall be based
on minimizing and covering these costs. The policy further revealed that all conservation,
development and management project are to be subject to the environment impact assessment
process.

3.1.3 Ethiopia water Resource management Policy

Policy formulated and intended to promote integrated (appropriate) water resources management and
optimal utilization of available water resources for sustainable socio-economic development.
As per the policy document, the lack of a comprehensive water resources management policy in
Ethiopia have so far caused undesirable impacts like inefficient utilization of water resources and un
sustainable water resources management strategy.
Hence, the basic objectives of this policy are:-
5
 Development of the water resources of the country for economic and social benefits of the
people, on equitable and sustainable basis.
 Allocation and apportionment of water based on comprehensive and integrated plans and
optimum allocation principles that incorporate efficiency of use, equity of access, and
sustainability of the resource.
 Managing and combating drought as well as other associated slow on-set disasters through,
interalia, efficient allocation, redistribution, transfer, storage and efficient use of water resources.
 Combating and regulating floods through sustainable mitigation, prevention, rehabilitation and
other practical measures.
 Conserving, protecting and enhancing water resources and the overall aquatic environment on
sustainable basis.
The country’s water resource management policy also highlights the following fundamental
principles:

a. Water is a natural endowment commonly owned by all the peoples of Ethiopia.

b. As far as conditions permit, every Ethiopian shall have access to sufficient water of acceptable
quality, to satisfy basic human needs.
c. In order to significantly contribute to development, water shall be recognized both as an economic
and a social good.
d. Integrated framework of water resources development as a rural-centered, decentralized
management and the participatory approach shall underpin.
e. Management of water resources shall ensure social equity, economic efficiency, system reliability
and sustainability norms.
f. Promotion of the participation of all stakeholders, particularly women and user communities in the
relevant aspects of water resources management.

3.1.4. Mineral Resources

The Policies are:
a. To adopt as mineral resources are depleted sooner or later, that the long-term usability of the land
be safeguarded from the outset so that with due care during and following the mining activities, it
can still be used for agriculture and/or other economic activities;
b. To encourage and support artisanal and small-scale miners to practice mining which is organized
and responsible so as to be consistent with environmental laws, rules and regulations to safeguard
the well-being of the land and its other natural resources;
c. To advise and train mining communities in methods of environmental protection and reclamation
of abandoned mining areas;
d. To strengthen the capacity of the state sector mining agencies to regulate and administer
environmental protection in view of the increased role of the private sector and of possible foreign
investment in large-scale mining;
e. To implement continuous programs of education for the public and industry, environmental
monitoring, and the provision of technical advice and assistance in environmental management
during mining operations;
f. To provide technical and material assistance to artisanal miners to improve environmental
protection and output efficiency;

6
 g. To use conditions of contract to ensure that licensed mining operations prepare pre-development
environmental impact studies, adopt sound environmental management practices during operations,
and undertake appropriate mitigation and reclamation measures both during and after operations;
h. To prepare and enact specific mining environmental protection legislation; and
i. To establish a guarantee system for enforcing measures that should be taken by the licensee for
the restoration of the land to its previous conditions or to the best improved level that the prevailing
ecological conditions allow.

3.1.5 Ethiopia Health Policy

The country has experienced severe manmade and natural calamities which have caused untold
suffering to its peoples. Hence, in order to tackle the health related problems of the people the
government of Ethiopia formulated a health policy in 1993.
Among the priorities of health concern, the policy has given emphasis to:-
 The control of communicable diseases, epidemics and diseases related to malnutrition and
poor living conditions,
 The promotion of occupational health and safety,
 The development of environmental health,
 The rehabilitation of the health infrastructure and
 The development of an appropriate health service management system.
Among the inter sectoral collaboration, the policy also has given attention particularly in developing
safe disposal of human, household, agricultural and industrial wastes encouragement of recycling
and developing facilities for workers‟ health and safety in production sectors.

3.1.6. Land Tenure, Expropriation and Compensation Policies

The Constitution of the FDRE states that the right to ownership of rural and urban land, as well as all
natural resources is of public and state. Land is the property of the state/public and does not require
compensation. The Constitution gives every person the ownership right for the property he/she has
invested on the land, and in this regard article 40 (7) states that every Ethiopian shall have the full
right to the immovable property he builds and to the permanent improvements he brings about on the
land by his labor or capital. If the land that is owned by an individual is expropriated by the
Government for public use, the person is entitled for compensation. In this regard, article 44 (2) of
the Constitution states that all persons who have been displaced or whose livelihoods have been
adversely affected as a result of development program by state or private have the right to
commensurate monetary or alternative means of compensation, including relocation with adequate
state assistance.

3.1.7. National Biodiversity Policy and Strategies

The National Biodiversity Policy (NBP) was established in 1998 based on a holistic ecosystem
approach to conserve, develop and utilize the country's biodiversity resources. Integration of
biodiversity conservation and development in federal and regional sectoral development initiatives,
and mobilization of international cooperation and assistance, have been identified as the principal
strategies for implementation of the policy.
The policy provides for guidance towards effective conservation, rational development and
sustainable utilization of the country’s biodiversity, and contains comprehensive policy provisions
for the conservation and sustainable utilization of biodiversity. Protection of biodiversity-related
traditional indigenous knowledge and communities' benefit sharing arrangements are not yet
7
effective. Similarly, the potential of biodiversity-related opportunities has not yet been exploited to
enhance sustainable livelihood to the desired level. However, there is a general understanding with
respect to changing the management approach in order to bring about the desired benefits.

3.2. Environmental proclamations in Ethiopia

3.2.1 Environmental Pollution Control (Proclamation no. 300 / 2002)
Environmental Pollution Control (Proclamation no. 300 /2002) in Ethiopia is promulgated with a
view to avoid or, when not possible to mitigate pollution as an undesirable consequence of social
and economic development activities.
Article 3 in this proclamation states about Control of Pollution, in which:-
 No person shall pollute or cause any other person to pollute the environment by violating the
relevant environmental standard.
 The Authority or the relevant Regional environmental agency may take an administrative or
legal measure against a person who, in violation of law, releases any pollutant to the
environment.
 Any person engaged in any field of activity which is likely which is to cause pollution or any
other environmental hazard shall, when the Authority or the relevant regional environmental
agency so decides, install a sound technology that avoids or reduces, to the required minimum,
the generation of waste and, when feasible, apply methods for the recycling of waste.
 Any person who causes any pollution shall be required to clean up or pay the cost of cleaning up
the polluted environment in such a manner and within such a period as shall be determined by
the Authority or by the relevant regional environmental agency.
 When any activity poses a risk to human health or to the environment, the Authority or the
relevant regional environmental agency shall take any necessary measure up to the closure or
relocation of any enterprise in order to prevent harm.

3.2.2. Solid Waste Management Legislation (Proclamation No. 513/2007)

The main objective of solid waste management proclamation is to enhance all stakeholders’ capacity
to manage the possible adverse impacts while creating environmentally, economically and socially
beneficial resources out of solid waste.
In article 17(1), it is depicted that without obtaining authorization, a person who implements solid
waste management project that requires special permit before its implementation as determined in a
directive issued by the relevant environmental agency commits an offence and shall be liable
according to the relevant provision of the Criminal Code. And in article 17(3) states that any
manufacturer, importer or seller who violates the provision of this Proclamation commits an offence
and shall be liable according to the relevant provision of the Criminal Code.

3.2.3. Public Health Legislation (Proclamation No. 200/2000)

This proclamation prohibits discharging of untreated liquid waste generated from septic tanks,
seepage pits and industries into water bodies or water convergences. The proclamation deals with the
water quality control, occupational health control and use of machinery, waste handling and disposal
and availability of toilet facilities in service giving organization under article 10, 11,12 and 13
respectively. The proclamation empowered the health authority to assign inspector to enter and
inspect any premise which he has sufficient reason to believe that there exists a situation
endangering public health and authorized the inspector to take samples, measurements, photographs
and make recordings, request any information from any person necessary for investigation.
8
3.2.4. FDRE Environmental Impact Assessment (proclamation No. 299/2002)
Based on this proclamation (299/2002), without authorization from the Authority or from the
relevant regional environmental agency, no person shall commence implementation of any project
that requires environmental impact assessment. This proclamation aims primarily at making the EIA
mandatory for categories of projects specified under a directive issued by the EPA. The law specifies
projects and activities that will require an environmental impact assessment (EIA). The project
proponent must prepare an EIA report following the format specified in the legislation.
Procedures that need to be followed in the process of conducting environmental impact assessment
are described in the proclamation. Thus a project developer is expected to act as follows:
 Undertake a timely environmental impact assessment, identifying the likely adverse impacts,
incorporating means of their preventions, and submitting the report to the EPA or the
relevant regional environmental agency;
 Ensure that an environmental impact assessment is conducted and EIA report is prepared
 The cost of undertaking an environmental impact assessment and preparing an
environmental impact study report shall be borne by the proponent.
 When implementing his project, a proponent shall fulfill the terms and condition of
authorization.
On the other hand, the Authority or regional environmental agency after evaluating the EIA report
by taking into account any public comment and expert opinions approve the project without
conditions and issue authorization if it is convinced that the project may not cause negative impacts;
approve the project and issue authorization with conditions that must be fulfilled in order to reduce
adverse impacts to insignificance; or refuse implementation of the project if the negative impacts
cannot be satisfactorily avoided by setting the conditions of implementation.

3.2.5. Regional Rural Land Administration and Use proclamation

One of the main purposes of the Oromia Regional Rural Land Administration and Use (proclamation
No. 130/2006) is to determine and provide the rural land administration and use to maintain its
fertility status and to be able to transfer to the next generation by using it in a proper and careful
manner. Some of the following important articles are taken from this proclamation).

Article 20. Obligations of the land users

1. Any land user shall, pursuant to this proclamation, have obligations indicated below:
 To protect the land under his holding or land obtained in rent and conserve the surrounding;
 To plant trees around his land and properly protect them to grow;
 To follow the land holding system that decreases soil erosion and collect water concerning the
lands under 30 percent slope;
 To undertake trench terracing and favorable soil conservation activities to use the land forms
which are 31 to 60 percent slope for perennial plants.
 To take care of water sources not to go dry due to improper farming
 Not to violate delineations of lands and close roads thereto.
 To use land based on land use plan when asked by pertinent body in writing to use it same;
 To exercise proper care for wild lives and birds found around his holding;
 To cooperate with pertinent body when asked for measuring or undertaking surveying on his
land;
 To take and hold a certificate where he is a land holder and land holding certificate is issued;
9
 To return back to the pertinent body. The land holding certificate, when he is deprived of
holding.

2. Any land user shall have an obligation to plough his land far from river or gully where his land
is near to a bank of a river or gully.
3. Any private investor or organization, besides obligations provided under sub- Article 1 of this
Article, shall submit and cause approval of land use plan, and use the land in accordance with the
approved plan. The plan to be submitted shall consider the health of the society, the security of the
surrounding and the fertility of land.

3.2.6. Labor Proclamation in Ethiopia (Proc. No. 1156/2019)

As per the Constitution of the FDRE, Sub-Article 1 and 3 of Article 55, the Ethiopian Government
issued the Labor Proclamation (Proc. No. 1156/2019) on 05 September 2019 with the following
umbrella objectives. The main aim of the proclamation includes, among others:
 To ensure that worker-employer relations are governed by the basic principles of rights and
obligations with a view to enabling workers and employers to maintain industrial peace and
work in the spirit of harmony and cooperation towards the all-round development of the
country.
 To guarantee the right of workers and employers to form their respective associations and to
engage, through their lawfully elected representative, in collective bargaining as well as to
lay down the procedure for the expeditious settlement of labor disputes that may arise
between workers and employers.
 To strengthen and define by law the powers and duties of the organs charged with the
responsibility of inspecting, in accordance with the law, labor administration, particularly
labor conditions, occupational safety, health and work environment.
 To revise the existing labor law providing for the basic principles which govern worker-
employer relations and for labor condition taking in to the political, economic and social
policies of the government and in conformity with the international conventions and other
legal commitments to which Ethiopia is a party with a view to translating in to practice the
underlining objectives of the labor proclamation.
Therefore, the workers-employers’ relationship under the proposed basalt mining and crushing
project will be generally governed by the principles and details stated in this proclamation. As a
result, the workers-employers agreement made against this law will not be accepted in front of any
of the Ethiopian Courts.

3.2.7. Investment Legislation (Proclamation No. 769/2012)

This proclamation enacted on 17th of September 2012 and put forward its objective in part two,
article 5 that the investment objectives of the Federal Democratic republic of Ethiopia are designed
to improve the living standards of the peoples of Ethiopia through the realization of sustainable
economic and social development. It further ensures sustainable development as stipulated in article
38 that any investor shall have the obligation to observe the law of the country in carrying out his/her
investment activities. In particular, the same article urges that due regard shall be given to the
environmental protection by the investor.

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3.2.8. Proclamation on Expropriation of Land Compensation (Proc. No. 1161/2019)
The Federal legislation on Expropriation of Land for Public Purposes and Compensation
(Proclamation No. 1161/2019) in effect repealed the Proclamation No 455/2005that has been used to
regulate land acquisition and compensation for the purpose of public projects. This new legislation
established detail procedures setting the time limits within which land could be acquired after a
request is received from a proponent, principles for assessment of compensation for properties on the
land as well as for displacement compensation. It also empowered the Wereda Administration to
establish valuation committees to value private or communal properties.
Certified private institution or individual consultant valuators or Autonomous government
organization established for this purpose can also make asset evaluation. In the case of public-owned
infrastructures to be removed from the right-of-way areas, the owners of the structures would assess
the value of the properties to be removed. Additionally, the legislation provided for appeals on
valuation decisions. However, such action would not delay transfer of possession of land to the
proponent or contractor appointed by the proponent.

This Proclamation helps to undertake smoothly issues related to expropriation of land holdings and
compensation, which will be one of the main agenda during the construction, and implementation of
the proposed basalt mining and crushing project. As discussed earlier, the Constitution lays down the
basis for the property to be compensated in case of expropriation because of state programs or
projects in both rural and urban areas. Art. 44.2 clearly states that “All persons who have been
affected or whose livelihoods have been adversely affected as a result of state programs have the
right to a commensurate monetary or alternative means of compensation, including relocation with
adequate state assistance”.

In case of this proposed project Zonal and Woreda Land Use and Administration office have been
declared official the lined entitled for this project is not need any compensation. However, if there
is any persons who have lost their land as a result of acquisition of such land for the purpose of the
Tsigereda, Bashe and Tesema Micro and Small Enterprise Cattle Fattening project are entitled to be
compensated to a similar land plus the related costs arising from relocation; assets such as buildings,
crops or fruit trees that are part of the land etc.

Hence, Tsigereda, Bashe and Tesema Micro and Small Enterprise cattle fattening project plans must
include an “attractive” and sustainable resettlement strategy, offering adequate compensation and
incentives to the loss of livelihood of the project affected people (PAPs) at least as per the provisions
of the proclamations No. 1161/2019 if any.

3.2.9. Oromia national regional state environmental pollution control proclamation no.
177/2012
This proclamation states, the necessity to control and harmonize any social and economic
development activities so as not to impose an impact on sustainable development by polluting the
environmental resources. It underline the necessity to develop transparent and accountable pollution
control and monitoring system in order to minimize or eliminate the pollution effect on the
environment. It puts the right and obligations of those involve in development activities to give
emphasis and play their role in environmental protection. It is found necessary to make laws enacted
regarding environmental pollution control as a region compatible to the general context.

11
 3.2.10. Oromia National Regional State Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation
No. 176/2012
The proclamation explained EIA is used to identify predict and manage the environmental effect
which a proposed development activity or project as a result of its design at location, development. It
underlines assessment of possible impact on environment prior to the approval of a public instrument
provide an effective means of harmonizing an integrated environment with economic cultural and
social considerations into decision making process in a manner that promote sustainable
development. The implementation of environmental right rights, obligations and objectives
enshrined in the constitution of the regional state would be forester by the prediction and
management of likely adverse environmental impacts and the maximization of their socio-economic
benefits. The serve to bring strong regulatory procedures administrative transparency and
accountability as well as to involve the public particularly the affected community in the planning
and decision making on development which may affect them and their environment. The
implementation of proclamation No 176/2012 and proclamation No. 177/2012 are need to be forced
by regulation No.219/2021 and regulation no. 220/2021 respectively. The study is, also intended to
meet the requirements of the Environmental policy of Ethiopian and Oromia regional state.

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4. PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION
4.1. Location of the Project
Ebantu is the district found in east Wollega zone. It is located at about 145 kilometes northwest of
Nekemte town, zonal town, possessing a total area of 920.10 km 2. This district is contiguous with
Gidda Ayyana district in the east, Abay River in the north, Limmu district in the south and Haro
Limmu in the west. It is divided in to 19 farmers associations and one urban center having the capital
town named Hinde.
Tsigereda, Bashe and Tesema Micro and Small Enterprise Cattle Fattening project is located in
Oromia Regional State East Wollega Zone, Ebant Woreda, Zadi Kebele Warsamesa Tika Locality.
The Proposed Project Site is best bounded by the following Coordinates

Source: Ebant Woreda Land Use and Administration Office

4.2. Physical Environment

4.2.1. Topography and landscape
The project is located in East Wollega Zone, Ebantu woreda. The Woreda is situated at 475 km from
Finfinne towards the western. The site found at 81km away from Nekemte, zonal town. The specific
site is Warsamesa Xiqqa. The project demands 4 hectares of land including the site reserved for
construction and green area.

13
Ebantu is divided in to two distinct geographical areas with different proportion; namely, the
midland 65.50 percent and the lowland 34.50 percent.

4.2.2. Boundaries and project implication on the surrounding environment

The project area is bounded by Dereera in north and in south, Road from the East and Arga River
from the West. The topography of the site is almost flat in all direction. However, there are some
patches of hilly area within the project boundary. The soil is largely loam, and clay shares small
amount and the site is high agriculture potential.

4.2.3. Land Use and Land Cover

The term land use refers to the ways that people use land and the natural resources it provides. It is
the best allocation of land for its best alternative uses. Land use potential is necessary to select the
land characteristics needed for any production. Some of the major factors that determine the
potentiality of the land are temperature, length of growing period, moisture availability, flood
hazard, degradation hazard, toxicity, rooting condition and workability.
Out of the total land of the district the proximate areal coverage of land used for crop cultivation is
33,211 hectares of which 32,670 hectares of land is used for annual crop cultivation and 541 hectares
of land is used for perennial crop production.

Arable land is a land that is ideal and economical for the cultivation of crops. Arable land is an area
with more than 90 days of dependable growing period, soil depth of more than 25cm and surface
stoniness of less than 50 to 90 %. Arable is pertaining to tillable land that is suitable for tillage and
crop production. The area of arable land used in the district is estimated to be 18,860 hectares of the
total land coverage of the district. Out of the total land of the district an area of land 10,139 hectare
is pasture or grazing land.

The Natural forest of the district covers the total area of 928 hectares of land. Manmade type of
forest is planted to solve the problem of environmental problem such as soil erosion, desertification,
deforestation, and etc. With the aim of satisfying one of the millennium development goals of United
Nations the inhabitants of the district were participated on the planting and protecting the trees.
There is no area covered by manmade forest in Ebantu district.

The woodland of the district covers the total area of 5,573 hectare. Woodland is characterized by a
discontinuous canopy and smaller trees than the high forest area. The Shrub land of the district
covers the total area of 4,644.50 hectare. Shrubs are multi-stemmed woody plants in which most of
the stems appear at or very close to the ground. The Bush land of the district covers the total area of
4,644.50 hectare land. The Swamp/Marsh area of the district covers the total area of 1,857 hectare.
The Grass area of the district covers the total area of 13,933 hectare.

4.2.4 Drainage, Climate and Rainfall

In this district, there are few rivers that continuously drain through the year which are perennial with
length of 60 m and 3-5 m depth covering an area of 240 hectare, namely; Moger, Welmel and Boye
with high volume and consistent flows. In addition to the above rivers there are some streams which
area seasonal and perennial used for drinking and irrigation like Aleltu, Lobicha, Jebeka, Kormi,

14
Hama, Keremsa, Chancho, Ambiso, and others are flowing permanently to the major rivers of the
environment.
Climate, the long-term effect of the sun's radiation on the rotating earth's varied surface and
atmosphere. It can be understood most easily in terms of annual or seasonal averages of temperature
and precipitation. Most part of the land has an elevation above 1200 meters and characterized by
sub-tropical climatic condition with a mean annual temperature between 180c and 260c and mean
annual rainfall of 1300 mm to 900 mm.

4.2.5. Soils
Clay loam is the soil dominantly found in the district with spatial coverage of 9,289.10 hectares of
land, which has good potentiality (10.00%) for agriculture. Sandy soil covers 55,734.60 hectares of
land which is about 60.00% of the total land of the district. The other soil type exist in the district is
loam soil which covers 27,867.30 hectares of land.

4.3. Biological Environment

4.3.1 Terrestrial Vegetation and Wildlife
Major type of natural vegetation includes high forest covering 928.20 hectares, located in
U/Megersa, D/Muta, Safara and lalisa peasant association. The other type of natural vegetation
found wherever in the district is woodland with area of 5,573 hectare in Lalisa and Safara peasant
associations, Shrub and Bush land with 4,644.50 hectare found wherever in the district and Savanna
grassland covering an area of 13,933 hectare in Lalisa peasant association.
A number of wild animals are found in the district, among which lion, Tiger, Bambo, Swine,
Monkey, Pips, Ape & others are the major ones. There is no park & reserved areas or sanctuaries for
wild life conservation in the district.
4.4. The Socio- Economic Environment
4.4.1. Population
Population size, compositions, its spatial distribution and some other demographic and socio-
economic data are very important for planning, monitoring and evaluation of various development
programs. As shown in table below the counted population of Ebantu district based on population
and housing census conducted in 2007 G.C is 46,001 and 48,983 in 2001 E.C and 2002 E.C
respectively. By the year 2002 E.C from 48,983 total populations of the district 25,974 (53.03%)
were males where as about 23,009 (46.97%) were females. During this year about 93.87% of the
total populations were rural population, which are directly engaged their life with even the back bone
of the country called agriculture. The crude population density of the district in the year 2002 E.C
was 53.24 persons per. km2.

The economy of the study area is mainly based on agriculture (crop production and livestock
rearing). The farming system is mixed farming system with special emphasis on crop production.
However, in the study area, agriculture is characterized by subsistence farming where farmers
employ traditional technologies of farming over centuries initiatives including irrigation water used
in the production process. Now day’s few investments were started to introduce agricultural
technologies in the project area.

15
 4.4.2. Health facility
The national policy framework that guides programming in health sector development programs is
the main emphasis of the last five years with the clear focus on poverty related health condition
communicable diseases such as malaria, diarrhea, spread of HIV/AIDS and other problems that
affect mothers and children in especially in rural areas. Health facilities has been extended to reach
villages and households to accelerate the expansion of primary health care coverage which has
already been developed and endorsed by the government with the view to achieve universal primary
health care to the rural population. The communities around the project area were served at Health
extension which is located at 3 km from the project site.

4.4.3. Infrastructure
Roads are built to facilitate socio-economic development of the country. In other words, roads
support development of agriculture, industry, mining, tourism and service sectors such as education
and health. Planning of road development needs to take into account the needs of these sectors.
Thus, the project area is accessible to all weather roads.

4.4.4. Historical and Archaeological resources

With regard to historical and archaeological resources in the project area the team has observed with
the local community and stakeholders. Accordingly, there were no historical and archaeological
resources which will be affected directly or indirectly by the development of the project.

16
UNIT 5: IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION, EVALUATION & PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES
An impact is any change to the existing condition of the environment caused by human activity or an
external influence. Impacts may have direct or indirect, long-term or short-term, and extensive or
local effect. Environmental impacts could arise during construction and the operations phases of the
development project.

5.1. Impact identification, analysis

In order to assess the significance of the proposed project’s impacts, the impacts were first identified
from their source; from project’s activities/equipment/processes/materials and then the impact
receptor which are the baseline environmental and social conditions. This was carried out through
the use of the impact checklist Table 5:1 which only identifies an impact. This process was also
informed by the public participation exercise.

The impacts then classified as either positive or negative and then when they will occur will be
discussed individually. The impacts will be analyzed in terms of their characteristics on the
aforementioned baselines to define their significance by using a matrix and this was also informed
by the public participation exercise to identify the acceptable risks. Lastly through literature reviews,
professional knowledge, engagements with the proponent and engagements with stakeholders,
mitigation measures will be developed to the significance of impacts. This facilitated the
development of the Environmental and Social Management Plan in this report.
Existing Impacts: Relatively there are no significant negative environmental impacts on the site at
the moment.
Anticipated Impacts: Impacts can be positive or negative, direct or indirect. The magnitude of each
impact is described in terms of being significant, minor or negligible, temporary or permanent, long-
term or short term, specific/localized or widespread and reversible or irreversible.

Table 5.1 Checklist of Project's Likely Impacts

Environmental aspect Design Construction Operational Decommissioning
Phase Phase Phase Phase
Air
Pollution (Particulate   
emission)
Noise  
Water
Surface water pollution 
Soil
Soil acidity and salinity  
Other issues
Occupational Health 
Socio-economy
Employment  
Entrepreneurship 
Economy  

17
5.2. Potential Positive Impacts of the Project/Benefits
The major positive impacts that are expected as a result of the implementation of the proposed Cattle
fattening project are the following:

5.2.1. Creation of Job Opportunity

This Cattle Fattening project is a labor-intensive activity and therefore, employment opportunities
will be created on the project activities starting from construction phase to operation phase in which
80 and 50 workers will be employed in regular and seasonal employees respectively. In addition
during construction and operation phase, the project requires considerable working force from the
nearby area and it is expected that the prevailing unemployment will be reduced. The project will
employ workers directly at different phase of the project.

5.2.2. Increase the demand of livestock Yields

One of the most significant positive impacts of this project is to contribute the supply of beef cattle
both in terms of quantity and quality for meat. The proponent can able to produce beef cattle more
than four times in a year.
5.2.3. Increasing Food Supply
The cattle fattening project increases opportunities for high value meet supply for sounding
community , national and international levels thereby increasing food security .There will be
sustainable food supply all year round fulfilling basic local needs and improvement in quality of life.

5.2.4. Provide Market Opportunity

The project increases opportunities to produce market oriented high value meet. The project
increases opportunities to produce market oriented or high value meat.
5.2.5. Revenue to Local and National Government
The development will provide revenue both to the local and the national governments through
payment of relevant taxes, rates and other levies after revaluation and earning foreign exchange
through export of meat products.
5.2.6. Job opportunity
The establishment of the project will also have indirect positive impact by creating job opportunity
for local community.
5.2.7. Increase Land Values
The cattle fattening project will increase the land value as a result of application of green manure to
nearby agricultural land.
5.2.8. Transfer of Technology
There is possibility of transferring knowledge and skills in utilizing best cattle fattening practice.
Here, the cattle fattening project will introduces modern cattle fattening system to the local
community.

5.3. Potential Negative Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures

Though the planned cattle fattening project has various benefits and very crucial for the
transformation of socioeconomic, it will have potentially some adverse effects on biophysical and
socio economic environment if not properly managed. The different impacts are likely to arise at
different times during the project’s activity phases particularly during construction and operation
phases. These potential negative impacts of the project and possible mitigation measures are
described as follows:
18
5.3.1 Construction Phase Impacts and Mitigation Measures
5.3.1.1. Pollution; Dust and Air Quality Concerns
During Construction of cattle facilities and paddocks, there will be localized short term
construction related impacts on the Environment. This may include: Soil disturbance, dust and soil
erosion, limited excavation and grading and fauna disruption,

Mitigation Measures:
 The impact is minimal and very short and will be controlled by proper construction site
management practices.
5.3.1.2. Occupational health and safety
During the construction phase machinery will be used and may cause accidents among workers if
not handled properly. Construction materials may also pose accident risks to the public surrounding
at the project site.

Mitigation Measures:
 During construction, employees will be equipped with important equipment like;
Protective uniform clothes, shoes, Dust Masks, Helmets and, Eye goggles with a dark shade
so as to protect the workers from the bright sun shine and particulate emission

 The project workers should be regularly trained on the use of the equipment as well as on the
safety measures and procedures so as to limit the risk of accidents due to the ignorance in the
equipment use as well as the importance of the safety procedures.
5.3.1.2. Impact of Access/road Construction
During the construction process, road accessibility is very critical and temporary access will be
required to the site for allowing passing different vehicles for food transportation for cattle and
cattle transportation. At this time there will be crossing cultivated lands (which will result soil
compaction) and also causes dust emission, and traffic accidents.

Mitigation Measures
 Try to consider and use future permanent roads for site access
 The selected road access should be considering less socially and environmentally sensitive
areas (minimizing tree cutting).
 Local inhabitants should be informed about construction traffic hazards

5.3.2. Operation Phase Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Manure and Urine Accumulations.
From the cattle fattening project there is high generation of manure and urine that may harm the
environment. The impact of manure and urine generated from the project can be mitigated through
washing from the holding yard frequently to provide a health environment for the cattle. Washed
water will be collected and transferred to effluent pond through underground pipes. The collected
effluent will be diluted and utilized as natural fertilizers to provide nutrients for agricultural crops
and pasture grasses.

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 Pest insect (Flies) Intensifications/Generation
The cattle fattening project may generate pest insects (Flies) and affect the surrounding offsite area.
The generation of this new fly population at the fattening facilities will be mitigated by diligent
housekeeping to wash down active areas at the fattening parlor and holding pens to minimize waste
accumulation and fly populations. Best management practices and integrated pest management
measures will also minimize fly populations. Introduction of dung beetles to the pasture paddocks
will substantially hasten the breakdown of manure and minimize fly populations. With these
mitigation measures the cattle fattening project is not expected to increase the fly populations
affecting the surrounding offsite area.
Odor Generation
There will be odor impact generated from cattle fattening activates that may affect nearby
communities. This impact will be mitigated by diligent housekeeping to wash down active areas at
the fattening parlor and holding pens to minimize waste accumulation and subsequent odor
generations. Management of the effluent pond and effective operations of the irrigation system will
further reduces the potential for odor generation. Introduction of dung beetles to Crop land pasture
paddocks will increase manure break down and minimize odor generation. With these mitigation
measures the cattle fattening project is not expected to generate adverse odor which would affect the
surrounding offsite area.

Climate Change (Greenhouse gases emission)

The most important greenhouse gases from animal agriculture are methane and nitrous oxide.
Methane, mainly produced by enteric fermentation and manure storage, is a gas which has an effect
on global warming 28 times higher than carbon dioxide. Nitrous oxide, arising from manure storage
and the use of organic/inorganic fertilizers, is a molecule with a global warming potential 265 times
higher than carbon dioxide.

In addition to greenhouse gases arising from enteric fermentation and manure storage, feed
production together with the related soil carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions is another
important hot spot for the livestock sector. Feed production and processing contribute about 45% of
the whole sector (3.2 Gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents). Feed production includes all the
greenhouse gas emission arising from 1) land use change, 2) manufacturing and use of fertilizers and
pesticides, 3) manure excreted and applied to fields, 4) agricultural operations, 5) feed processing,
and 6) feed transport.

Enteric fermentation
Enteric fermentation is a natural part of the digestive process of ruminants where bacteria, protozoa,
and fungi contained in the fore-stomach of the animal (rumen), ferment and break down the plant
biomass eaten by the animal. The gaseous waste products of enteric fermentation, carbon dioxide
and methane, are mainly removed from the rumen by eructation. The emission rate of enteric
methane varies according to feed intake and digestibility. Strategies for reducing this source of
emissions focus on improving the efficiency of rumen fermentation and increasing animal
productivity. The cattle fattening project have been proposed diet manipulation, vaccines, chemical
additives, and animal genetic selection as mitigation options with different efficiencies to reduce
enteric methane.

20
Forage quality and digestibility affect enteric methane production. Physical processing of forages,
such as chopping, grinding, and steam treatment, also improves forage digestibility and mitigates
enteric methane production in ruminants. Improving diet digestibility by increasing concentrate
feeding is another effective mitigation strategy, reducing by 15% methane emissions per unit of fat
protein corrected milk (Knapp et al., 2014). However, the ratio of forage to concentrate has to be
carefully taken into account when applying this strategy.

Addition of fats or fatty acids to the diets of ruminants can decrease enteric methane emissions by
both decreasing the proportion of energy supplied from fermentable carbohydrates and changes in
the microbial population of the rumen (Llonch et al., 2017). Although some byproducts (e.g.,
cottonseed, brewer’s grains, cold-pressed canola meal, etc.) are effective in reducing enteric
fermentation (Moate et al., 2011), the mitigation potential of high oil byproducts has not been well-
established and in some cases methane production may increase due to increased fiber intake
(Hristov et al., 2013). The inclusion of lipids higher than 10% can lead to impairment of ruminal
function due to changes to the microbial population which in turn decreases the ability to digest
fiber. Lipid diet supplementation between 5% and 8% of the dry matter intake is an effective
mitigation strategy (Grainger and Beauchemin, 2011) with a potential enteric methane reduction of
about 15% per unit of fat protein corrected milk (Knapp et al., 2014).

Feed additives (electron receptors, ionophoric antibiotics, chemical inhibitors, etc.) have also been
tested for their ability to decrease methane emissions (Beauchemin et al., 2009). However, the
unknown toxicity and the health risks associated with the use of some of these compounds may
severely constrain widespread adoption (Herrero et al., 2016).

Manure storage
Unless it is managed carefully to minimize odor, nutrient losses and emissions, manure becomes a
source of pollution and a threat to aquifers and surface waters. It can also be a direct threat to human
and livestock health. Livestock dung can be significantly contaminated with pathogens and cause

outbreaks of gastroenteritis related diseases to livestock. The incidence of these diseases may
affects the proponent through raising cost of treatment and reducing income that could be obtained
from cattle. Nutrient losses from livestock manure can also have detrimental effects on the
environment at local, national and global scale. Losses can be emissions to the air, like: - CH4, N2O
and NH3; or to water sources by leaching of e.g. NO3- and P2O5 through the soil and by run-off
(including intended discharge). NO3- and P2O5 may causing eutrophication of open waters (dense
growth of algae and death of fish from subsequent lack of oxygen).

Frequent removal of manure to an outside storage facility is an effective practice that can be
accomplished using grooved floors combined with regular scraping of manure, especially for cattle
Fattening systems. Manure storage is necessary to bridge the gap between the moment of excretion
and the optimal moment of application on crop land. Proper manure storage plays a key role in
preventing environmental pollution and other nuisances like bad odor and flies.
Solid-liquid separation is a processing technology that partially separates the solids from liquid
manure using gravity or mechanical systems such as centrifuges or filter presses. The greenhouse

21
gas mitigation potential of this technique has been reported to be higher than 30% compared with
untreated manure (Montes et al., 2013). Overall, feeding protein close to the animal’s requirement is
recommended as an effective mitigation strategy to reduce ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions
from manure (Montes et al., 2013).

Feed production
Emissions from feed production account for about 45% of the livestock sector.
The cattle fattening project promoter will propose diet manipulation to mitigate the impact. The
promoter of the project keep forage quality and implement physical processing of forages, such as
chopping, grinding, and steam treatment and improves forage digestibility to mitigates the
emission.
Animal management
There is a direct link between greenhouse gas emission intensities and animal efficiency. The more
productive the animal is, the lower the environmental impact will be (on a per unit of product basis).
Both management quality and expression of full genetic potential are necessary to increase
production efficiency. Fattening of more productive animals can lead to a reduction of the nutrient
requirements needed to reach the same level of production. This is valuable greenhouse gas
mitigation. Summary of main strategies to mitigate greenhouse gas emission is presented in table 5.2
bellow

Table 5.2. Summary of main strategies to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from cattle fattening project
Mitigation potential of various strategies
Strategies. Category. Potential mitigating effect
Methane. Nitrous Oxide.
Enteric fermentation Forage quality Low to medium †
Feed processing Low Low
Concentrate inclusion Low to medium †
Dietary lipids Medium †
Electrons receptors High †
Ionophores Low †
Methanogenic inhibitors Low †
Manure storage Solid-liquid separation High Low
Anaerobic digestion High High
Decreased storage time High High
Frequent manure removal High High
Phase feeding ‡ Low
Reduced dietary protein ‡ Medium
Nitrification inhibitors ‡ Medium to high
Increased productivity High High
Animal management Genetic selection High ‡
Animal health Low to medium Low to medium
Increase reproductive eff. Low to medium Low to medium
Reduced animal mortality Low to medium Low to medium
Housing systems Medium to high Medium to high
Methane. Nitrous Oxide .
22
†Inconsistent/variable results.
‡Uncertainty due to limited research or lack of data
UNIT 6: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN
6.1 Environmental Management Plan
On this section environmental management and monitoring plans for the significant negative impacts
identified on the previous sections has been proposed. Efforts have been made to associate the
impacts identified, mitigation measures proposed and associate costs including management and
monitoring. The principal stakeholders responsible for implementation of the mitigation measures
and monitoring are included in the activity schedule.

The purpose of the environmental management and monitoring plan is to identify actions to reduce
created adverse impacts to acceptable levels or where possible to avoid them altogether.
Environmental planning and management as a concept seeks to improve and protect environmental
quality for both the project site and the neighborhood through segregation of activities that are
environmentally incompatible. Environmental planning and management integrates land use
structure, social systems, regulatory law, environmental awareness and ethics.

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) links the identified impacts and mitigation measures
proposed in the ESMP report and institutional responsibilities for the implementation and monitoring
of the recommended measures. In addition, it provides running environmental cost estimates. The
main environmental management measures to be taken during construction and operation phase are
provided in Table 6.1 below. The Table provides summaries of the mitigation plan per
environmental issue, the implementing as well as monitoring bodies/organizations

23
 Table 6.1 Environmental management Plan
Expected negative Significance Mitigation Measures Responsible body Time frame Costs(Eth.
impacts Birr)
Construction Phase
Dust and Air Quality Concerns Minimal and  Proper construction site management Throughout
short term practices. Project construction period 10,000
Proponent
Occupational health and safety Moderate  Employees will be equipped with Project Throughout 10,000
important equipment like; Protective Proponent construction period
uniform clothes, shoes, dust masks,
helmets, eye goggles
 The project workers should be regularly
trained on the use of the equipment as
well as on the safety measures
Impact of access road Low  Try to consider and use more the Throughout 20,000
construction existing road accesses when possible or Project owner construction period
maximize use of future permanent roads
for site access
The selected road access should be
considering less socially and
environmentally sensitive areas
Local inhabitants should be informed about
construction traffic hazards

Expected negative Significance Mitigation Measures Responsible Time frame Costs(Eth.

impacts body Birr)
Operation Phase
Pollution of Moderate  Proper manure management Project Proponent Throughout 500,000.00
underground and  Collecting waste water and urine in operation period
surface water due collection pond and draining it to
to animal waste agricultural land
water leaching and
run off

24
Insect pest ( Flies) High  Using diligent housekeeping to wash Throughout
generation down active areas at the fattening parlor Project Proponent, operation 80,000.00
and holding pens to minimize waste Zonal and Woreda period
accumulation and fly populations. livestock and EFCCA
 Integrated pest management measures sectors
will also minimize fly populations.
 Introduction of dung beetles to the
pasture paddocks will substantially
hasten the breakdown of manure and
minimize fly populations.

Oder Generation  Using diligent housekeeping to wash Project Proponent, Throughout

High down active areas at the fattening parlor operation 100,000.00
and holding pens to minimize waste Zonal and Woreda period
accumulation and subsequent odor livestock and EFCCA
generations. sectors
 Management of the effluent pond and
effective operations of the irrigation
system
 Introduction of dung beetles to Crop
land and pasture paddocks
Greenhouse gases High  Improving efficiency of animal Project Proponent Throughout
emissions fermentation and increasing animal operation 500,000.00
productivity. Zonal and Woreda period
livestock and EFCCA
 Proposing diet manipulation, vaccines, sectors
chemical additives, and animal genetic
selection
 Frequent removal of manure to an
outside storage facility
 Solid-liquid separation
 Animal management

25
6.2. Environmental Monitoring Plan
Supervision and monitoring are fundamental to the successful implementation of an EMP. The
number of mitigation measures which are recommended above, when implemented will
eliminate or reduce to acceptable levels of the negative environmental impacts of the project. In
order to assess their effectiveness, or to identify further corrective action and to detect any
impacts in the construction as well as operation phase of the project, it is essential that an
environmental monitoring plan is put in place and implemented. Internal environmental
monitoring programs during the operation phases of the project should be majorly the
responsibility of the proponent. He will be responsible for environmental management and
implementation of mitigation measures as well as responding to any adverse impacts because of
the project. Besides, external monitoring in the area will be basically conducted by regulatory
body of District environmental protection, land administration and use office.

Environmental monitoring time depends on the nature of environmental parameter. It can be

done regularly or intermittently. Monitoring is often divided into two basic category, compliance
and effects. Compliance monitoring refers to whether agreed measures are being implemented on
time and to adequate standards. Effects monitoring is to assess the impacts of the project on the
receiving social and physical environment, and vice versa: information on these subjects assists
project management to change or improve how things are being done. Methods such as
observation, inspection, discussion, interview counting and or measurement could be used for
monitoring purpose. The monitoring will be site specific or the whole project area, depending
upon the nature and coverage of fore-mentioned parameters.

Besides, since it is not possible to monitor all recommended mitigation measures, monitoring
should be made to those indicators that are most relevant to evaluation of environmental
mitigation measures. So that the following monitoring plans are outlined in order to follow up
the selected impacts and enforce implementation of the environmental management plans.

As part of environmental management plan, reports should be also produced at regular time
interval. Hence, the internal monitoring activity reports should be produced at a regular time
intervals throughout the project life. During construction period at least bi annual reports and
annual reports for the operation phase should be prepared and submitted to the competent
authority.

26
 Table 6.2. Environmental Monitoring Plan
Environmental/ Indicators/Parameters to be Location/Project Frequency Responsible body Cost
Social issues Measured/ Monitored Component Estimate
in Birr
Construction Phase
Dust and Air PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2 At the project site Once in a Woreda and 2000
Quality month Zonal allowance
Environment, for expert
Forest and
Climate Change
Authority
Occupational General Health At the project site Continuous Environmental 1,000
Health aspects of workers database health expert allowance
and Safety management from Woreda for expert
of causalities

Environmental/ Indicators/Parameters to be Location/Project Frequency Responsible body Cost Estimate

Social issues Measured/ Component in Birr
Operation Phase
River water Eutrophication of water, Below and above the Twice in Woreda and Zonal 10, 000
Quality Turbidity, pH, WT, EC, DO, intake point of the river a month Environment, Forest Allowance and
BOD, COD, NO3- and Climate Change laboratory
Authority analysis
Prevalence of insects Illness case reports At the project site Twice in a Environmental health 5000
pests (Flies) and odor month expert from woreda health Allowance
and livestock office
Climate change Green House gas emission Over all Every Woreda and Zonal 80,000
increased measured as month Environment, Forest Allowance and
Gigatonnes of carbon dioxide and Climate Change laboratory
equivalents Authority analysis

27
UNIT 7: PUBLIC CONSULTATION
7.1 Basic Principles for Stakeholder Consultation
The main objective of public consultation during the ESIA process is to share project
information particularly with project affected and interested people. The consultation process
helps to obtain baseline information of the project. The process contributes to identify potential
impacts of the project. Accordingly, prioritize the remedial measures for the identified impacts
and ensure project acceptance and sustainability.

Success and sustainability of a particular development project easily ensured if the project is tied
with strong participations of local communities starting from planning, implementation and
evaluation steps of project life cycle. The need of public consultation in connection with
development project legally attributed to proclamation No. 1/1995 of FRDE constitution which
recognizes the environmental right and obligation in line with project development. Under the
constitution, there are articles 43, 44 and 92, out of which articles 92 expresses that "People have
the right to full consultation and expression of views in the planning and implementation of
environmental policies and projects that affect them directly."
Besides that of the declaration, community consultations are also bases and the main part of
ESIA such as for monitoring/ auditing, for impact identification and development of its
mitigation measure.

To meet the requirements of both the national and regional regulatory authorities and seek the
views and concerns on the proposed cattle fattening project, formal as well as informal
consultations were conducted with local communities, concerned officials and experts at
different administrative levels, and with representatives of the local community at the vicinity
and interested groups
Formal public hearing and consultations with participants from different society groups was held
at kebele level on March, 2022 (see photo on Figure). In addition, discussions were conducted
with semi structured interviews with relevant individuals and institutions at, wereda and kebele
levels to solicit their views, concerns and comments to maximize the social and environmental
outcomes of the project, obtaining key information from indigenous and current experiences and
knowledge, impact identification , scoping, examination of alternatives , planning of potential
mitigation measures , and identify deliverables that can be provided by different stakeholders.

7.2. Findings of Consultations

The major issues and concerns raised during the Consultations are: socio-economic benefits
relate to job opportunities and technology transfer, the value of surrounding properties such as
about water use and environmental pollutions. The local communities also raised about the
generation of Odor, Insect pests (Flies) that may affect nearby communities and Greenhouse gas
emissions that may cause Climate Change. Participants were not convinced that priorities for
project benefits such as job and other opportunities would be given to the local residence because
most of investors are working only for their own selves. They underlined that strong monitoring
should be implemented during the design, construction and specially during operation of the
project to avoid mistakes and social and environmental problems

28
UNIT 8: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
8.1. Conclusion
As revealed in this ESIA study, the implementation of the envisaged cattle fattening project is
expected to bring a number of positive social impacts. The Cattle fattening project is expected to
create job opportunity to the youth and women, enhancing livestock yields or production,
increased opportunities to produce market oriented or high value meat and also increase in
revenue among others has outlined in the report.
On the contrary, implementation of the proposed cattle fattening project is expected to cause
some environmental negative impacts that will require some mitigation and monitoring measures
to ensure environmental sustainability of the project. The potential negative environmental
impacts that will require appropriate mitigation measures include water pollution due to waste
water runoff, dust pollution, odor and insect/ flies generations, intensification of vector bone
diseases, greenhouse gas emissions and etc. In general, if all of the negative environmental
impact of the project mentioned are mitigated to acceptable levels through environmental
management activities the project can be implemented in environmentally sustainable and
socially acceptable manner.

8.2. Recommendation
The proponent of the proposed project shall be committed to putting in place several measures to
mitigate the negative environmental, safety, health and social impacts associated with the
development cycle of the proposed cattle fattening project. It is recommended that in addition to
this commitment, the proponent shall focus on implementing the measures outlined in the ESMP
as well as adhering to all relevant national and international environmental, health and safety
standards, policies and regulations that govern establishment and operation of such projects.
It is also recommended that the positive impacts that emanate from such activities shall be
maximized as much as possible. It is expected that these measures will go a long way in ensuring
the best possible environmental compliance and performance standards.

Most of the recommended measures demand efforts of stakeholders. Thus collaboration of

stakeholders is an outmost task that helps to realize the project implementation and achieve its
planned objectives.

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REFERENCES
EPA – ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORITY – State of Environment Report for
Ethiopia – Addis Ababa - 2003

FDRE – THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA– June, 1997 – Country

Environmental Profile

FDRE - THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA - August 24, 1995 -

Proclamation N° 9: “Environmental Protection Authority Establishment Proclamation”

FDRE - THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA – October 31, 2002 -

Proclamation N° 295: “Environmental Organs Establishment Proclamation”

FDRE - THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA – December 3, 2002 -

Proclamation N° 299: “Environmental Impacts Assessment Proclamation”

FDRE - THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA – December 3, 2002 -

Proclamation N° 300: “Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation”

FDRE - THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA – February 7, 2007 -

Proclamation N° 513: “Solid Waste Management Proclamation”

ONRS – THE OROMIA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE- November 30, 2012- Proclamation
N° 176: “Environmental Impacts Assessment Proclamation”

Oromia National Regional State, Land and Environmental Protection Bureau, General
Environmental impact Assessment Guide line (Finfinne, 2011

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