MODULE - III

ES . I N
INTRODUCTION
U N O T TO
K T
SUSTAINABLE
ENGINEERING

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• Environmental management
standards, ISO 14000 series
• Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) – Scope and
Goal ES . I N
U N O T
K
• Biomimicking T
• Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) – Procedures of EIA in India

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS (EMS)
• Population explosion, rapid industrial growth –
depletion of natural resources- unsustainable.

• Environmental management came as a response

S . I N
to the increasing seriousness of the human
E
N O T
KTU
impact on our environment.

• Impacts – controlled – applying a systematic

approach.

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Contd…..
• EMS – “Tool that enables an organization to control impact
of its activities, products or services on the natural
environment.”
Advantages:
• Serves as a tool to provide a systematic way of managing
ES . I
an organization’s environmental affairs.N
N O T
KTU
• Focuses on continual improvement of the system.
• Restrict and regulate overexploitation of natural resources.
• Set targets to reduce the use of energy and water and
waste going to landfill.
• Set environment friendly purchasing procedures.

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 Basis EMS framework
PDCA Cycle

• Plan-Do-Check-Act
Plan . I N
Planning, identifying environmental aspects and
ES
O T
establishing goals in accordance with the
N
K TU
organizations environmental policy
Do Implement the planned processes which includes
training and operational controls
Check Checking (monitoring) and corrective actions
Act Reviewing, includes progress reviews and actions
to make needed changes which continually
improve performance of the environmental
management system

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 Environmental Management
Standards
• EMS cannot be implemented in a random
manner.

• Requires regular and robust

ES . I N
verification to
O T
TUN effectively.
ensure its operation
K
• A set of standards are required.

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 ISO 14000 series
• Series of internationally recognized standards for
structuring the EMS of an organization and managing the
environmental performance of the system to induce
environmental improvement and cost savings.

• ES . I N
Managed by the International Organization for
N O T
KTU
Standardization (ISO)

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 Elements of ISO 14000
EMS
• Formulate and design policy and objectives in this regard.

• Formulate a plan to implement the policy and objectives.

•
I N
Develop the capabilities and support system to achieve the
ES .
N O T
implementation of policy objectives.
KTU
• Monitor and evaluate the environmental performance.

• Review the EMS for continued improvement.

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 LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS
(LCA)
• Life Cycle Assessment/Cradle-to-grave analysis.

• Process to assess the environmental impacts associated

with all the stages of a product, process or activity from
cradle to grave by identifying the materials used and waste
generated. ES . I N
N O T
KTU

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 Product Life Cycle

M, E M, E M, E M, E M, E M, E

Ra w Material Ma terial Ma nufacture Use & Re tirement Treatment

Acquisition Processing & Assembly Service & Recovery Disposal

W W W

S . I NW W W

U N O TE reuse

K T rema nufacture

clo sed-loop recycle open-loop

re cycle

M, E = Material and Energy inputs to process and distribution

W = Waste (gas, liquid, or solid) output from product, process, or
distribution
  Material flow of product
component

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 Procedure for LCA
• Goal & Scope • Impact Assessment
Definition (LCIA)
What is the purpose of the LCA What are the environmental,
and who is the audience? social, and economic
• Inventory Analysis
ES . I N affects?
(LCI) U O T
N • Interpretation
K
1. What is the function &
T Ways to reduce
functional unit? environmental impacts.
2. Where are the boundaries?
3. What data do you need? What conclusions can you
4. What assumptions are you draw from the study?
making? What recommendations can
5. Are there any limitations? be made?

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 Goal and Scope
Wooden Pencil vs. Mechanical Pencil
Goal = Compare 2 writing utensils for classroom
use.
Scope: Wooden Pencil (T =
Transportation)
TProcessTFlow Diagram
T T T
ES . I N
N O T Retaile
Use
End of

T
KTU r Life

Rubber (Landfil
Sharpeni l)
Graphit T ng
e
T (Electricit
Packagi
y)
ng
T
Brass
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 Scope: Mechanical Pencil
PE = Polyethylene
PP = Polypropylene
Both materials are plastic
polymers (large molecules) used www.germes-online.com

to make many products.

T T T T T
ES . I N
N O T Retaile
Use
End of

T
KTU r Life

Rubber (Landfil
l)
Graphit T T=
e Transportation
T
Packagi
ng
T
Spring
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 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis(LCI)
Function & Functional Unit
Function Example
• Service provided by a
system
• What it does!
ES . I N
Wooden Pencil vs.
N O T Mechanical Pencil
KTU
Functional Unit
• Gives the function a • Function = “Writing”
number value • Functional Unit = “1
• Allows comparison meter of writing”
between products
• Reference point

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 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis
Inputs Outputs
What is needed to What comes out of
make the the system!
substance! 1. Products
. I N
O T E S
(electricity,
1. Energy
KT U N
materials, goods,
2. Materials
services)
3. Labor
2. Waste
3. Emissions
4. Co-products
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 Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Environmental Impact Categories

Global Warming
Potential Abiotic Depletion
• Gases in the • Consumption of
atmosphere that non-living
absorb and emit OTE S . I N
resources
radiation KTUN Human Toxicity
• Trap heat from the Potential
sun • Value that shows
• Water vapor, CO2 , harms to humans
CH4 , ozone, NO2 from chemicals

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Environmental Impact Categories
Continued . . . . .

Eutrophication Acidification
• Increase in chemical • caused by pollution
nutrients containing from fuels & acid
nitrogen or rain
phosphorus • E S
low . I
pH N
• land or waterKTU N O T
Smog (Winter or
• overgrowth of plants Summer)
• killing organisms at Energy Use
bottom of water Solid Waste
Water Use Oil
Mercury
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Interpretation
• What is the
purpose of all this
data??
• Industry &
• Scientists can . I N
make O T E S
Individuals can
K T U N take a closer look
recommendations
at how they can
of choices that are
make a difference
less impactful
• Scientists can
analyze a
particular impact
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and focus
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morea
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 LCA in Action: Think
About It!
Paper Plate vs. China (Plate
 What You Wash & Reuse)
are the
 What is the impacts to the
function? environment?
 What is the  Is there waste?
functional unit? . I Nwashing the
O T S
EDoes
 What materials
K TU N
& China produce
resources are waste?
used?  What types of
 What does it take data do you need?
to produce both?  How do you know
which is better?
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 Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA)
• “Systematic and well documented procedure to identify,
describe and assess the direct and indirect effects of a
development project on differerent
environmental/social/cultural/economic factors for

ES . N
environmentally compatible and sustainable development.”
I
N O T
Objectives: KTU
• Predict environmental impacts of projects.
• Find ways and means to reduce adverse impacts.
• Refine/shape the proposed project to suit the local
environment.
• Present the predictions and options before the decision
makers.

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• Under Environmental Protection Act 1986,- EIA notification
(1994)- environmental clearance mandatory.
• EIA notification – 3 schedules:
• Schedule I- list of projects requiring environmental clearance
from the Central Government.
• Schedule II – Application Form
ES . I N
N O T
KTU
• Schedule III – Composition of Expert Committee for giving
Environmental clearance
Various disciplines: Air Pollution, Risk Analysis, NGO’s, etc (15
regular members)
Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) amended
• Schedule IV – Procedure for public hearing
Representatives of SPCB, State Govt., District Collector, local
bodies, 3 senior citizens of the area

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 PROCEDURES OF EIA IN
INDIA
1. Project Description Description of all aspects of
the project
2. Screening Scrutinizing the application
whether the project requires
environmental clearance
3. Scoping and consideration of
E . I N
Identifies the key issues and
S
alternatives
N O T impacts for further investigation
4. Baseline studies KTU Describes the existing
environmental status of the
identified study area
5. Impact prediction, assessment Predicting the magnitude of
and mitigation measures impacts
Actions to reduce/avoid the
potential adverse environmental
consequences
6. Preparation of EIA report
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7. Public Hearing
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 ES . I N
N O T
KTU

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Biomimicry

• From
– bios, meaning “life” + mimesis, meaning
“to imitate” E S . I N
N O T
• KTU
Biomimicry = to imitate life

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Biomimicry Definition

• Viewing nature as role model/teacher– nature

has already solved many of the technological
and sustainability problems that we face
E S . I N
today - learning from
U N O Tnature, not about nature
K T
• Imitate nature’s processes, not products

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Airplane

Imitated not the bird (product)

but the air flow around the wings (process)

ES . I N
N O T
KTU

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Biomimicry Principles

Nature…..
1: Runs on sunlight
2: Uses only the energy it needs I N
T ES .
3: Fits form to function N O
KTU
4: Recycles everything
5: Rewards co-operation
6: Banks on diversity
7: Demands local expertise
8: Curbs excesses within
9: Taps the power of limits
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Kingfishers

ES . I N
N O T
KTU

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Termites (No air conditioning…)

ES . I N
N O T
KTU

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Mercedes-Benz’s bionic car and
Boxfish

ES . I N
N O T
KTU

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THANK
TUN O T EYOU
S . I N
K

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