STANDARD, MONITORING,

MODELLING, ECO-AUDITING AND

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS

Prof. Dr. Ir. NASTITI SISWI INDRASTI

STANDARD

„ A standard
t d d may b
be d
defined
fi d as widely
id l accepted
t d or
approved example of something against which others
ma be meas
may measured
red
Standard play a crucial part in:

„ Monitoring
„ Modeling to understand the environment and establish
trends
„ Negotiation
„ E f
Enforcement t off rules
l
„ Environmental auditing
„ Maintaining environmental quality
The fields of activity which make use of
standards include:

„ Pollution control
„ Health and safety
„ Public hygiene and health (especially domestic water
supplies, sewage and waste disposal)
„ Consumer goods (food standards,
standards electrical safety
safety,
electromagnetic radiation safety)
„ Pharmaceutical products
„ Transport safety and quality
„ Disclosure of information to the public
MONITORING

„ Monitoring aims to establish a system of continued

observation, measurement and evaluation or defined
purposes.
Monitoring is therefore often undertaken for a
specific reason,
reason for the systematic measurement of
selected variables (Mitchell, 1997:261):
„ Improve understanding of environmental, social or economic
processes
„ Provide early warning
„ Help optimize use of the environment and resources
„ Assist in regulating environmental and resources usage (e
(e.g.
g it may
provide information for law courts)
„ Assess conditions
„ E t bli h b
Establish baseline
li ddata,
t ttrends,
d cumulative
l ti effects,
ff t etc.
t
„ Check that required standards are being met, or see whether
something of interest has changed
„ Document sinks, sources, etc
„ Test models, verify hypotheses or research
„ Determine the effectiveness of measures or regulation
„ Provide information for decision-making
„ Advise the public
SURVEILLANCE

Is repetitive measurement of selected variables over a

period of time, but with a less clearly defined purpose
than monitoring.
Surveillance, like monitoring, can focus on the
environment, people or an economy, and may:

„ Check whether statutory regulations are complied

with (without monitoring and surveillance the setting
of standards and rules is of little value)
„ Provide information for systems control or
management
„ Assess environmental quality to see whether it
remains satisfactory
„ Detect unexpected changes
MODELLING

„ A model is caricature or simplification of reality: often

a set of equations, used to predict the behavior of
variables.
ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING

„ Environmental auditing
g has been applied
pp to stock-taking,
g,
eco-review, eco-survey, eco-audit, eco-evaluation,
environmental assessment, the p production of ‘green
g
charters’ and the checking of impact assessment to
determine their effectiveness
ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING

„ State of the environment accounts and environmental

quality evaluation use knowledge of how the ecosystem
is structured and functions to collect data showing the
state of an area
ECO AUDITING
ECO-AUDITING

Environmental audit can be conducted at :

„ Company
„ Institution
„ State
St t
„ National or global levels
E i
Environmental
t l audit
dit may mean:

„ Review conditions and evaluate impacts of development

„ Avoiding or reducing environmental damage
„ Monitoring
g the q
quality
y of the environment
E i
Environmental
l assessment

„ Means a concise public document which should provide

enough evidence for decision to be made on whether or
not to proceed to full EIA
Environmental appraisal

„ Environmental
E i t l appraisal
i l iis a generic
i tterm used
d iin th
the UK
for the evaluation of the environmental implications of
proposals

„ an equivalent of environmental evaluation

ECO-AUDITING

„ a systematic multidisciplinary methodology used

periodically and objectively to assess the environmental
performance of a company
company, public authority or in some
instances.

„ Eco-audits can be done in house, by a government team

or by an independent,
independent accredited specialist or team
Eco-audits offer some or all of the
following benefits:
„ The generate valuable data for regional or national state
p
of the environments reports
„ Ensuring the continual improvement of environmental
management
„ Valuable way of monitoring
„ Establishing an effective environmental protection
scheme which may reduce insurance premiums
scheme,
„ Assisting effort for sustainable development
„ Involving the public in environmental management
„ Identifying cost recovery through recycling, opportunities
or sale of by-product,
by product, etc.
„ Reducing risks of being accused of negligence and
losing court cases
„ Reducing the need for government inspections
There mayy also be risks associated
with eco-audits:
„ They may spot a problem that is costly to cure, which
might
i ht otherwise
th i hhave bbeen overlooked
l k d without
ith t ttoo muchh
harm
„ They can be expensive
„ A body may fear trade secret will be exposed to
competitors
„ Smaller companies
p cannot do eco-auditingg in-house and
must use specialist from outside (costly, with a risk of
loss of trade secrets)
Types Of Eco-audit
„ Site or facility audit , a company or body audits to see
how it conforms
h f to
t safety
f t and d other
th regulations
l ti andd care
for the environment
„ Compliance audit to assess whether regulations are
being heeded and/or policy is being followed
„ Issues audit assessment of the impact of a company an
other body’s activities on a specific environmental or
social issue, e.g. rain forest loss
„ Minimization audit to see if it is possible to reduce:
waste; inputs, emission of pollutants (including noise),
energy consumption, etc
Types Of Eco-audit
„ Property transfers audits (pre-acquisition audit, merger audit,
disvestiture audit, transactional audit, liability audit-a
audit a company or
body audits prior to disvestiture, takeover, joint venture, alliance,
altering a lease, sale of assets. etc., to show if there are any
problems
bl such h as contaminated
t i t d lland d
„ Waste audits to see if regulations are met, whether cost can be
reduced by sale of by product
product, etc
etc. the motivation to audit may be to
comply with legislation or come from a desire to prevent problems
„ Life cycle
y assessment/analysis
y evaluation that can extend beyond y
the time horizon of single owner, company or government (it is
cradle-to-grave), e.g impacts of something from manufacture,
th
through h use tto di
disposal.
l
ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Hunt and Johnson (1995:89) argued that
Environmental Management System (EMS):

„ Help to develop a proactive environmental approach

„ Ensure
E a balanced
b l d view
i across allll ffunctions
ti
„ Enable effective, directed environmental goal-setting
„ Make the environmental auditing process effective
 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

PLANNING

MANAGEMENT REVIEW

IMPLEMENTATIONS AND OPERATIONS

MONITORING AND CORRECTION

Figure 1. Basic environmental management system approach

RECOMMENDED READING
„ Eco-management And Auditing
„ Environmental Accounting And Auditing Reporter
„ Environmental Assessment
„ Environmental
E i t lAAuditing
diti
„ Environmental Management
„ Environmental Monitoring And Assessment
„ Impact Assessment And Project Appraisal
„ Journal Of Environmental Planning And Management