Std : 12th Year : 2021-22

Subject : Computer Science II

Chapter :5 Networking Technology

Subtopic : Types , media types, connectivity devices

topologies, protocols
 Q.NO Number of Marks for Each
Questions Question
Q.1 A 4 MCQ type 1*4
B 2 short answer 2*3
Q.2 A 2 short answer 2*3
B 1 long answer 1*4
Q.3 A 2 short answer 2*3
B 1 long answer 1*4
Q.4 A 2 short answer 2*3
B 1 long answer 1*4
Q.5 A or B 2 Programs 2*5
 STD XII CHAPTERWISE DISTRIBUTION
COMPUTER SCIENCE (PAPER-2)

Chapter No. Topics Marks

1 Introduction to Microprocessors and organization of 8085 21

2 Instruction set and programming of 8085 23

3 Introduction to Intel X-86 family 4

4 Introduction to microcontroller 8

5 Networking Technology 18

TOTAL 50
 NETWORKING TECHNOLOGY

▪ What is network?

Network: The collection of interconnected computers is called a computer network. Two computers are said
to be interconnected if they are capable of sharing and exchanging information.
▪ The main goals of networking are
▪ Network provides resource sharing.

▪ It provides high reliability by using other machines if one machine fails in the network like military,
banking, air, and traffic control.
▪ Access to any file and data.

▪ Finally the system is saving money by network only.

▪ Explain WAN, MAN and LAN.
▪ Local Area Network (LAN):
▪ A network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office, or building. Current LANs are most likely to be based
on Ethernet technology.
▪ For example, a library will have a wired or a communications network is two or more computers connected to share
data and resources are “networked.”
▪ The simple idea behind computer networking is to allow users to access more information and give them access to
devices not directly attached to their “local” system, such as printers or storage devices.
▪
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):
▪ A Metropolitan Area Network is a network that connects two or more Local Area Networks or Campus Area Networks
together but does not extend beyond the boundaries of the immediate town, city, or metropolitan area. Multiple routers,
switches & hubs are connected to create a MAN.
▪
Wide Area Network (WAN):
▪ WAN is a data communications network that covers a relatively broad geographic area (i.e. one city to another and one
country to another country) and that often uses transmission facilities provided by common carriers, such as telephone
companies.
▪ WAN technologies generally function at the lower three layers of the OSI reference model: the physical layer, the data
link layer, and the network layer.
▪ Define topology. Explain Star, Ring and Bus Topology.
Network topology is the arrangement of the various elements (links , nodes etc.) of computer network.
▪ Two basic categories of network topologies exist, physical topologies and logical topologies. Physical topology
is the placement of the various components of a network, including devicelocation and cable installation, while
logical topology illustrates how data flows within a network, regardless of its physical design.
▪ An example is a local area network (LAN).

While selecting a network topology the following points must be considered.

▪ The cost of physical interconnections.
▪ The time delay during the communications.
▪ Reliability and possibilities offailure.
▪ Network controlling strategy orprotocols.

There are three important topologies commonly used while interconnecting computers in LAN
▪ Star NetworkTopology
▪ Ring NetworkTopology
▪ Bus NetworkTopology
▪ Star Topology
▪ It is a system containing one common node as control and many stations connected with the control node
in a network like figure of star as illustrated in fig.

▪ In star topology, when a communication is to be established between one node to other it has to
communicate through control node only.
▪ The main advantage of star topology is addition of few more nodes is possible and it does not affect the
time delay.
▪ But when the control node fails the whole network fails.
▪ Ring Topology

▪ The type of network topology in which each of the nodes of the network is connected totwo other nodes
in the network and with the first and last nodes being connected to each other, forming a ring – all data
that is transmitted between nodes in the network travels from one node to the next node in a circular
manner and the data generally flows in a single direction only.

The main advantage of ring topology is that each node has direct communication capacity and it is
independent on one oontrol node. But when one terminal fails the whole system fails.
▪ This topology is more efficient and reliable than the star and ring topology. This topology is also knows as a
multi –point or multi-drop topology because in this interconnection method a common bus is used for data
transmission with bi-directional communication provided by the bus for each node.

▪ Advatages
▪ The bus system is much faster than othermethods.
▪ Direct communication between the two stations without any controlstation.
▪ The bus topology can be extended with sub branches to form another topology knows as treetopology.
▪ Break down of any failure node does not affect other node’scommunication.
▪ Bus topology widely used in wide LANnetwork.
PHYSICAL TRANSMISSION MEDIA CHARACTERISTICS
▪ Explain in brief the six important characteristics of TransmissionMedia.
▪ Transmission media are the physical lines or channels through which information is transmitted between
computers in a network.
Cost of Media
▪ The cost of the media must be considered first while designing a network. The cost- performance properties are
the two major factors. It is decided by the user as per application and standard of the resources.

ImplementationCost
▪ When a media is to be designed for communication purpose one has to estimate the cost of cable or media as
well as the cost of installation. For almost all media, the cost of installation exceeds than the cost of the cable
itself.

Channel Bandwidth
▪ It is defined as “the range of transmission frequencies that are carried effectively on a media”. For analog signal
communication like audio/TV signals bandwidth specifies the capacity of carrying varying signals without loss
of signal. The larger the bandwidth of a channel the higher is the capacity to carry information.
▪ The media can carry many signals at a time in that situation bandwidth will decide how many signals that it can
carry.
▪ These concepts of carrying signals are known as base band and broad band transmission.
PHYSICAL TRANSMISSION MEDIA CHARACTERISTICS

BandUsage
▪ The method of diving bandwidth into many small channels to transmit a number of signals independently is
known as multiplexing and such a bandwidth is known as broad band. On the other hand when it is for only one
channel signals like telephone on a twisted wire known as base band.

ElectromagneticInterference(EMI)
▪ It affect the signal which is transmitted through a media. EMI is caused by outside electromagnetic waves and
also unwaved noise signals produced by various electrical appliances. EMI is interfering the signals and makes
difficult for computers to decode the signal.

Attenuation
▪ Electromagnetic signals tend to weaken during transmission known as attenuation. As signals pass through the
medium part of the signal is absorbed and makes the signal weak.
▪ Explain co-axial cable.
Co-axial Cable:
It is a special hallow cable with a solid copper or stranded wire at the center of the cable surrounded by plastic foam
insulation. The foam is surrounded by wire mesh jacket or metallic foil. The wire mesh avoids EMI in other words it is
shielded cable.

fig. Co-axial Cable

Advantages:
▪
It is commony used in network because available in differentsizes.
▪ It’s shielding provides better resistance toEMI.
▪ Attenuation is less than twisted paircable.

Disadvantages:
▪
It is relatively expensive but less than fiber opticcable.
▪ Bandwidth capacity is comparatively less than fiber opticcable.
COMPARE CO-AXIAL.,TWISTED PAIR CABLE AND
FIBER OPTIC CABLE.
▪ Explain twisted pair cable in detail.
▪ Twisted pair cable consist of two wires of conducting material like copper,
▪ insulated from each other by plastic.
▪ It consist of two or more strands of copper wire twisted together.
▪ . A twisted pair cable comprises of two separate insulated copper wires, which are twisted
together and run in parallel. The copper wires are typically 1mm in diameter. One of the
wires is used to transmit data and the other is the ground reference.
▪ This twisting reduces the sensitivity of the cable to EMI and also reduces the tendency of the
cable to radiate radio frequency noise.
▪ This cable is commonly used in telephone line,DSL,LAN.
▪ There are two types of twisted pair cable:
▪ Shielded Twisted Pair Cable(STP)
▪ Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable (UTP)
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP):

▪ Shielded Twisted Pair Cable consisting of one or more twisted pair cables enclosed in a foil wrap and woven
copper shielding.
▪ The shield is connected to the ground portion of the electronic device to which cable is connected. Ground
portion is electrical reference.
▪ The properly grounded shield prevents signals from getting into or out of the cable.

Unshielded twisted paircable (UTP):

▪ The Unshielded twisted pair cable (UTP) does not have a brained shield into its structure. The characteristics
of UTP are similar to that of STP
▪ Telephone systems commonly use UTP cable.
▪ In some networks UTP cable is available in 5 grades or categories.

Advantages:
▪ This medium is inexpensive and easy to install.
▪ Since wires are twisted, it reduces EMI and also avoids RF radiations.

Disadvantage:
▪ They can be used only for short distances communication.
▪ The typical speed of computer data is 1200 bits / seconds. (bps)
▪ Write a short note on fiber optic cable.
▪ The light wave can be efficiently conducted through transparent glass fiber known as optic fiber cables.

▪ The center conductor of this cable is a fiber that consist of highly refined glass or plastic.

▪ is designed to transmit light signals with little loss.

▪ The fiber is coated with cladding or gel that reflects the signals back into the fiber from the damage.
▪ The fiber optic cable is as shown in the following fig.

▪ This cable can carry much information at a time.

▪ The fiber optic cable is used in optical transmission systems.

▪ This cable have extremely high bandwidth. It has zero sensitivity to EMI and runs over several kilometers
Fiber optic cable is actually composed of two layers of glass:
The core, which carries the actual light signal, and the cladding, which is a layer of glass
surrounding the core.
The cladding has a lower refractive index than the core.
This causes Total Internal Reflection within the core.
Most fibers operate in duplex pairs: one fiber is used to transmit and the other is used
to receive. But it is possible to send both signals over a single strand.
▪ A fiber optic cable consists of one or more strands of glass, each only slightly thicker than a
human hair. The center of each strand is called the core, which provides the pathway for light
to travel. The core is surrounded by a layer of glass called cladding that reflects light inward to
avoid loss of signal and allow the light to pass through bends in the cable.
▪ The two primary types of optical fiber cables are single mode and multi-mode. Single-mode
fiber uses extremely thin glass strands and a laser to generate light, while multi-mode optical
fiber cables use LEDs.
▪ The characteristics of fiber optic cable are given below:
▪ Cost: - The cost of fiber optic cable is higher than that of coaxial cable and twisted pair cable.

▪ Installation: Fiber optic cable requires skilled installation. Every cable has minimum bend radius. They
may get damaged if bent sharply fiber optic cable cannot be stretched.
▪ Capacity: Fiber optic cable supports high data rates (upto 2,000,000 MBPS) even with the long run
cables. Fiber optic cable can transmit 100MBPS for several kilometers.
▪ Attenuation: - Attenuation for fiber optic cable is much lower than coaxial cable and twisted pair cable. It
can be run to larger distances.
▪ EMI: - Fiber optic cable does not use electrical signals to transmit data, therefore they are free
from EMI. The data between transfer in fiber optic cable have high security, asit cannot be detected by
electronic wave dropping equipments.
▪ RADIO WAVES:
▪ Radio waves are easy to generate. They can travel long distance and can easily penetrate building
easily. Hence, waves are widely used for both indoor and outdoor purposes.
▪ Radiowaves are omnidirectional i. e. the waves travel in all directions, in the free space so that there
is no need to place the receiver or transmitter along a direct line of sight.
▪ Radio wave communication have variety of frequency ranges that are utilized for various
communication applications.
▪ As radio waves covers large distance, interface between uses is a problem. For this reason government
license is necessary to transmit radiowanes.
▪ Radio communication having major drawback that it may be disturbed by rains, bounce back from
obstacles. It offers low bandwidth for data communication.

▪ Microwave:
▪ Microwaves travels in straight lines therefore narrowly focused, concentrating all the energy into the
beam.
▪ Since microwaves travels in straight lines, for longer distances periodic repeator are necessary.
▪ Unlike radiowave, at lower frequency microwave cannot penetrate building.
▪ Infrared and millimeter waves:
▪ Unguided infrared and millimeter waves are widely used for short range communication.
▪ The remote controls used on television, V.C.R. s etc. all used infrared communication.
▪ They are relatively directional, cheap and easy to generate.
▪ Major drawback of these wave that they can not pass through solid object.
▪ As infrared waves cannot pass through solid objects, it means that an infrared systems. operating in
one room will not interface with other infrared system operating in adjacent room or any other room.
For this reason no government license is necessary to operate infrared system.
Packet radio
▪ is a digital radio communications mode used to send packets of data. Packet radio uses packet
switching to transmit datagrams.
▪ This is very similar to how packets of data are transferred between nodes on the Internet.
▪ Packet radio can be used to transmit data long distances
What is Hub? Explain its types.
▪ Hub
▪ A hub, also called a network hub, is a common connection point for devices in a network.

▪ Hubs are devices commonly used to connect segments of a LAN.

▪ There are three types of hub:
▪
Passive hubs: Passive hubs or concentrators do not amplify or regenerate incoming signals
before rebroadcasting them to the network.
It simply combines the signals of Network wires.
Active hub: Active hubs amplify the incoming electrical signals that contain data packets.
This hub contains electronic circuits.
▪ Intelligent hub: In addition to signal amplification and regeneration this hub performs
intelligent work like Network management and intelligent path selection.
Explain Modem in detail
Modem:
A combined device for modulation and demodulation.
When digital information is to be transmitted over long distances by using a telephone line it
▪ becomes necessary to convert digital data into analog signal (within voice frequency range) before
transmission on a telephone line by using modulator. At the receiving end it is necessaryto convert
information from analog to digital by means ofdemodulation.

MODEM Process
Digital communication between the two computers A and B is carried out in the following steps:
• The user at computer ‘A’ sends data in digital form. The computer ‘A’ is modulating digital data into analog
form; the modulation technique may be FSK(FrequencyShift Keying)type.
• Modulated signal is within telephone frequency range it is transmitted over telephoneline by selecting a
proper dialcode.
• The computer ‘B’ terminal is selected by its dialcode.
• The modem of computer ‘B’ is converting analog modulated signal into originaldigital data by the process
ofdemodulation.
• The demodulated digital information is processed and displayed on the screen ofterminal B.
▪ Explain Repeater. Ans. Repeater
▪ In telecommunications, a repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it.

▪ Repeaters are used to extend transmissions so that the signal can cover longer distances.

▪ A repeater reshape and amplifies the signal from one Ethernet segment to another.

▪ No two Ethernet workstations can have more than two repeater between them if they have to
communicate reliably.
▪ The main disadvantage of repeater is tHat they repeat noise In the system.
▪ A separate power supply is needed for repeater.
▪ Explain Router.

▪ Router:This is the inter connectivity device used to inter-connect two or more independent networks.
▪ A router connects devices within a network by forwarding data packets between them.

▪ They are used to connect topologically similar or dissimilar LANs.i..e LAN can be different Ethernet or token ring

▪ Router is a combination of hardware and software.

▪ A router maintains a table of available routers

▪ Routers are intelligent.They can use algorithm to determine best path to send packet to any
given network.
▪ Routers are used to divide Large ,busy LANs into smaller segment.
▪ Routers are used to connect LAN to WAN.
▪ Routers are of two types
1. Static
2. Dynamic
▪ Static routers can not determine path whereas dynamic router can determine paths(routes).
▪ What is protocol? Explain the concept of TCP/IP protocol.

▪ Protocol-it is an agreement between two communication Parties on how to communication proceed.

▪ TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, which is a set of networking protocols
that allows two or more computers to communicate.
▪ TCP/IP Protocol uses three types of address for network addressing .

▪
Hardware or physical address, it is used by the data link and physical layers. It is hard coded into the network
cards at eachdevice.
▪ Internet protocol address provides logical node identification. This address is unique address assigned by an
administrator according to certain guidelines. It is expressed in four parts dotted- notation.
▪ e.g. 123.144.131.12

▪ Logical nodes names, which an administrator can assign, are easier to remember than an IP address.

▪ e.g. BARNEY.COM
▪ When more than one node try to use transmission media it results in collision.

▪ To minimize or avoid collision there are certain methods called as access methods.

▪ Contention:

▪ Contention means to struggle; nodes are struggling for accessing media. This is more useful in LANS.

▪ In contention-based network each node is observing media before transmitting.

▪ There are two methods, known as carrier sensing and carrier detecting. In carrier sensing method, each node
listens or sensing the media if media is busy it is waiting till it becomes free and then starts transmitting.
▪ On the other hand in carrier detecting method, nodes are continued to listen media and if another carrier is
detectedthen it stops and waits for random amount of time.
▪
▪ Polling:
▪ In polling based method the network traffic is controlled by a device called controller., which polls the node
that is ready.
▪ It is continuously checking that which node is ready to transmit or receive and polls down to media.
 ▪ Token passing:

▪ As explained in token ring architecture it is forming a ring and circulating token known as frame to each
node.
▪ If node is ready at the moment when it has token it occupiesmedia to transmit or receive.

▪ After finishing its work, it passes token to the next node in the ring.