Assignment 11

Aim : Prepare Technological feasibility report of a chosen product/service.

Technological Feasibility of Electric Vehicles

Abstract
Pollution has been an area of concern in almost all major metropolitan cities. The increasing
usage of motor vehicles and the emissions from these has been one of the prime reasons for
deterioration in air quality in these cities. The local authorities have therefore been trying to
encourage people to reduce the usage of personal vehicles and increase the usage of public
transport. The city buses in this context play an important role as they are the lifeline of the
public transport system of the city. However, these buses are diesel buses that consume more
than 50 liters of diesel per day and emit toxic gases. It is therefore important to replace these
buses with a more environment friendly option such as Electric Vehicles (EV) India has been
progressive and the policy decisions have been in the right direction towards adoption and
implementation of the concept of EVs. The biggest challenge in making it operational is
providing better understanding of this new technology, its benefits and the policy around it to
policy implementers, such as State Road Transport Undertakings (SRTUs) and also creating
the infrastructure to manage the day to day operation and maintenance of the fleet.

INTRODUCTION
Pollution has been an area of concern in almost all major metropolitan cities. The increasing
usage of motor vehicles and the emissions from these has been one of the prime reasons for
deterioration in air quality in these cities. The local authorities have therefore been trying to
encourage people to reduce the usage of personal vehicles and increase the usage of public
transport. The city buses in this context play an important role as they are the lifeline of the
public transport system of the city. For the purposes of my study, I tried to deep-dive into the
existing system in two major cities of India – Bengaluru and Delhi.

General comparison of Delhi and Bengaluru

City Area Population Density of Modes of public Transport
(Km ) (2018
2
population
estimate) (Persons per
Km2)
Delhi 1484 28,980,000 12591 1)Buses by Delhi transport
Corporation(DTC)
2)Delhi Metro by Delhi Metro Rail
Corporation(DMRC)
3)Autos
4)Taxis
5)Circular city railways
6)E-Rickshaw
Bangalore 709 12,476,000 4381 1)Buses by Bangalore Metropolian
transport Corporation(BMTC)
2)Namma metro by Bengaluru Metro
Rail Corporation(BMRCL)
3)Autos
4)Taxis

Bengaluru currently has a fleet of 6000 city buses each of which runs on an average
for about 200km/day. All 6000 buses put together run for 12 lac km/day. These buses are
diesel buses and consume more than 50 liters of diesel per day (@ 3.2 Km/liter) and emit
toxic gases. The average life of a bus is 10 years and the average age of the buses in the
Bengaluru fleet is 7 years. Therefore, in the next couple of years these buses will have to be
replaced. Is there a possibility of using a more environment friendly option such as using
Electric Vehicles (EV)? Can the city be equipped to handle the logistics and maintenance if
the fleet is converted to EV? Can we address the safety and cost aspects associated with EV
technology with an effective Battery Management System (BMS) and thorough
implementation of standard operating procedures? The number of registered motor vehicles
in India has increased from 29.4 million in 1991 to 159.4 million in 2011, and this growth is
continuing at an increasing rate. It has been projected that in comparison to 2011 levels, the
passenger travel demand from urban areas will double by 2021 to 1,448 Billion Passenger
Kilometers (BPKM) and triple by 2031 to 2,315 BPKM. If the growth in the transport sector
continues at this rate and the share of private vehicles remains the same, the annual use of
crude oil is likely to double by 2021 and almost quadruple by 2031. The dependency on
diesel economy will increase CO2 and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions at similar rates and
increase the rates of illnesses. According to a study by World Bank (2013) India loses about
1.2% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) due to air pollution.

ELECTRIC VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY

For the purposes of study, the conventional IEVs(Intelligent Electric vehicles) have
been categorized into Diesel and CNG and EVs have been categorized into hybrid (HEVs)
and battery (BEVs). Although the external design features of the Battery Electric bus are
similar to those of an ICE(Intra city Electric) bus, the internal design is quite different among
ICEV(Internal combustion Engine vehicle), HEV(Hybrid Electric Vehicle) and BEV(Battery
Electric Vehicle) buses. The diesel and CNG buses have almost similar components; these
are very different from hybrid and battery buses. For example, the fuel tank is not present in
BE buses. The diesel and CNG buses operate on one energy source whereas the hybrid bus
has both fuel tank as well as battery pack with an electric motor. The BEVs can contribute
towards reducing overall Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions . The BEVs can be powered by
electricity from renewable sources. The fuel that is burnt in IEVs can be burnt more
efficiently in thermal plants to produce electricity. While BEVs are an energy efficient and
environment friendly alternative, their prices are very high as compared to IEVs. This is due
to battery costs, complex design, nascent technology and charging infrastructure. On the
other hand while diesel and CNG buses may cost less as compared to BEVs. Their
maintenance cost is high due to high number of moving parts. These parts may require
frequent oil changes, filter replacements, periodic tune ups etc. The maintenance requirement
for hybrid buses can be similar, or higher, than those of diesel and CNG buses.The Lithium-
Ion Batteries (LIBs) that are used in electric buses require minimal maintenance.Major costs
in the total cost of operations of BE buses are depreciation and financing costs (interest on
loan). Similarly, major costs in the total cost of operations of ICE buses are fuel costs.

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE

An EV comprises of the following major parts:

1 Traction Battery : The electric vehicles are powered by lithium ion batteries. An EV’s
battery pack consists of groups of batter modules each of which are created by combining
many individual cells. A typical pack is in 300-400 volt range. These are extremely heavy
(more than 1,000 lbs.) and are often placed low, under the vehicle floor, to produce a low
center of gravity and improve handling performance. The size of a pack is determined by the
number of kilowatt-hours (kWh) of energy that it can hold. A typical EV pack may hold
around 60-150 kWh.
2 Battery Management System (BMS) : The individual cell temperatures and voltages in
the lithium ion pack are monitored through the Battery Management System (BMS). The
BMS ensures that during charging the cells have the same voltage level (usually within 0.01
volts). Without a BMS, a cell may get overcharged leading to a potential fire or explosion or
may underperform during discharge leading to quick drain out of other modules. The BMS
keeps your EV safe.
3 Controller : The EV controller is an electronic microprocessor which acts like a brain. It
takes pressing of accelerator or brake pedal as an input and turns them into signals that travel
along CAN/BUS communication line to the inverter which provides power to the motor.
4 Inverter : The more recent electric vehicles operate with brushless DC (BLDC) motors or
AC motors which operate on alternating current. The inverter in the EV takes direct current
from the battery and changes it into alternating current that is used to power the BLDC
motor. The speed of the motor is determined by the frequency of the AC current. The motor
has a position sensor which allows the inverter to time its current impulses and keep it
spinning. The controller gives command to the invertor which converts it into signals for the
motor. Therefore the efficiency and reliability of the EV depends on the robustness of the
motor.
5 Traction Motor : The brushless DC (BLDC) motor is more efficient and has a higher
speed than the traditional DC motors. It is therefore used in almost all modern EVs. A BLDC
motor includes a rotor that has four to eight permanent magnets and spins in the center of the
motor. The stator is surrounded by a series of electric coils which get energy from theinvertor
in such a way that they become electromagnets. Some EVs use a single motor which powers
either the front or the back wheels while some use two – one powering the front wheels and
the other the rear wheels. The motor temperatures are kept under check by air cooling or
liquid cooling.
6 Regenerative Braking : The EVs capture the energy which is normally lost to heat during
braking. When brakes are applied, the motor operates as a generator and simultaneously
produces electricity along with slowing down of the vehicle. The electrical energy thus
produced can be applied towards recharging of the battery. the battery, helping to recharge it
slightly. “Regenerative braking can add more than 20% to the vehicle range during stop and
go driving in the city”. (Tesla Motors Club)
7 Chargers and Charging : Recharging is most crucial part of entire EV eco system. Small
EV cars have on board charger which is compatible with home circuit. The EV buses need
higher level of charging with more powerful electric circuit. Ideally, the EV buses should be
charged in a system that enables atleast 50 KM of charging in one hour of charging.

CONCLUSION
Battery Operated Electric Vehicles (BEVs) emit minimal quantities of GHGs with the use of
clean renewable sources such as solar and wind energy. They have highest well-to wheel
efficiency and are less expensive as compared to Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs). Although
the battery limitations lead to a lower range in BEVs (distance covered in-between charges)
and the vehicle cannot be used for long-range transportation, their impact in the environment
outweigh these cons. The governments is promoting clean transportation as a policy and
incentivizing EV manufacture and purchase which has led to expansion of the EV market.
 Assignment 12
Aim : Prepare financial feasibility report of a chosen product/service.
Purpose of a Financial Feasibility Study
Financial feasibility focuses specifically on the financial aspects of the study. It
assesses the economical viability of a proposed venture by evaluating the startup costs,
operating expenses, cash flow and making a forecast of future performance.
The results from a financial feasibility study determine whether the proposed project
is financially possible and make a projection on the rate of return on invested capital.

The preparation of a financial feasibility study has following parts:

 Determining the startup costs.
 Preparing a profit plan and making cash flow projections.
 Assessing the return on invested capital.
 Identify the Startup Costs
 The first step in the preparation of a financial feasibility analysis is to identify the costs
needed to start the project. Typical startup costs are as follows:
 Purchases for land and buildings.
 Acquisition of equipment.
 Licenses and permits.
 Deposits required for office space leases.
 Initial purchases for materials.
 Legal and accounting fees for incorporation.
 Office furniture and supplies.
 Marketing research.
 Employee wages.
 Advertising.
 Insurance premiums.
 Utilities.
Many of these costs are one-time expenses, but they'll need funding upfront before the
business
begins operations.
Financial Feasibility of Electric Vehicle Business
Financial Feasibility of Electric Vehicle Business
Sr.No Product/Services Cost
1 Land for Production Plant 2 – 5 Crore
2 Equipments/Machines 1 Crore
3 Advertising 50 Lakhs – 1 Crore

Conclusion
The Business is Feasible only with High amounts of Funding and/or Loans. The Risk Level is
High.
ASSIGNME
NT NO. 12
Name of
Assignment:-
Prepare a set of
short term,
medium
and long term
goals for starting
a chosen small
scale enterprise.
ASSIGNME
NT NO. 12
Name of
Assignment:-
Prepare a set of
short term,
medium
and long term
goals for starting
a chosen small
scale enterprise.
ASSIGNME
NT NO. 12
Name of
Assignment:-
Prepare a set of
short term,
medium
and long term
goals for starting
a chosen small
scale enterprise. EDE Assignment No: - 13

Assignment name:- Prepare a short , medium and long term goals for starting a choosen enterprises.

Short term goals for any entrepreneurs: Short-term planning in business generally focuses on a
three-to-six-month time frame, especially in reference to revenue and profitability. Short-term
objectives are geared towards short-term needs such as improving cash flow or launching a new
product. This short-term perspective is especially useful for satisfying investors who want to see
results or improving your company's bottom line so you can secure additional financing for longer-
term goals. Whatever your short-term goals, make sure they serve your longer-term vision. Your
new product launch should be consistent with your overall brand and with the line of products
you're building over time. Your strategies to improve cash flow should bring in additional revenue in
ways that don't compromise your values or distract you from your overall mission.

Medium term goals for any entrepreneurs: Medium-term planning is often overlooked in
discussions of strategic objectives, but it is important because it brings together the clarity of
shorter-term goals with the depth of longer-term planning. A short-term goal may be based on an
immediate need and a long-term goal may be so broad that it is difficult to create measurable
milestones. But a medium-term goal is close enough for you to project a specific targeted outcome,
while also being distant enough to be meaningful for your longer-term vision. Medium-term
planning generally covers a period of about three years. It may include plans to open a new store or
enter a new market. It is a long enough time frame for you to see if you're achieving real results, yet
it's a short enough period for you to pivot and change direction if your initial strategy isn't
successful.

Long Term goals for any entrepreneurs :Long-term planning is rooted in your company's identity
and purpose. It may have elements of specificity such as a goal to open a certain number of new
stores over the next ten years. However, it is impossible to predict market conditions and current
events over such an extended time frame. Because of this difficulty, even specific long-term plans
are mainly concrete ways to express a larger vision such as eventually supplying work shoes to your
entire region. Take your long-term planning very seriously, but adjust it over time as your medium-
term situation unfolds

The above short term, medium and long term goals change from one industry/business to other
industry/business. For example time span for short term, medium term and long term goals while
starting a hotel industry will be different that from starting a software industry. Also the objectives
for short term, medium term and long term will change from one industry/business to other
industry/business. Here we have considered short term, medium term and long term objectives
while starting a cancer hospital.

Example:-Short term, medium and long term goals while starting a Cancer hospital
Overall goal
-To improve the quality of life of cancer patients and their families
-To ensure that prioritized palliative care services are provided in an integrated, equitable and
sustainable way
Short-term process objectives (within 5 years)
-To ensure that standards for cancer palliative care including pain relief are progressively adopted in
the target area by all levels of care
-To provide care mainly through home-based services

Medium-term outcome objectives (5–10 years)

-To ensure that over 30-50% of terminal cancer patients in the target area get timely relief from pain
and other serious physical, psychosocial and spiritual problems

Long-term outcome objectives (10–15 years)

-To ensure that over 60-100% of terminal cancer patients in the target area get relief from pain and
other physical, psychosocial and spiritual problems
•
Conclusion: we can prepare a short, long medium term goals for a chosen enterprises

EDE Assignment No: - 14

Assignment name:- Prepare a marketing strategies for your chosen products.

Amazon marketing strategies Amazon marketing strategy relies on the following four pillars:

1. Offering the widest range of products. The largest internet retailer in the world by revenue offers
hundreds of millions of products. The majority, 58% of products offered in Amazon platform are
from third-party sellers.
2. Using customer-friendly interface. The tech giant has an advanced interface that integrates
personalized recommendations and recent browsing history, among others.

3. Scaling easily from small to large. The e-commerce and cloud computing company has experience
and competence in scaling from small to large. This factor plays in instrumental role exploring new
business segments.

4. Exploiting affiliate products and resources. Up to date, the tech giant has taken a full advantage of
affiliate products and resources to contribute to the bottom line of the business.

Amazon marketing strategy integrates a number of targeted online marketing channels, such as
Associates program, sponsored search, social and online advertising, television advertising, and
other initiatives. Generally, Amazon marketing strategy is based on the following principles:

 Amazon 7ps(product, place, price, promotion, process, people and physical evidence) of marketing
mainly focuses on product and place elements of the marketing mix. Offering hundreds of millions of
products in the USA alone, Amazon product range is the widest among online and offline retailers.
Moreover, the company is able to offer its products for competitive prices due to massive cost
savings based on online nature of business operations.

 Amazon segmentation targeting and positioning practices are associated with targeting the widest
customer segment. The retail giant does this with the application of multi segment, adaptive and
anticipatory positioning techniques.

 Amazon’s unique selling proposition integrates the widest choice of products and services offered
at competitive prices, fast delivery and exceptional customer service. The e-commerce giant places
these unique selling propositions at the core of its marketing communication messages.

Conclusion: we can understood what are the marketing strategies behind the products.

EDE Assignment No: - 15

Assignment name:- Prepare business plan for your chosen small scale industry.

Business plan for an computer hardware engineer.

Executive Summary

PC Repair will provide computer and technical consulting (repairs, training, networking and upgrade
service) to local small businesses as well as home PC users. The company will focus on marketing,
responsiveness, quality, and creating and retaining customer relations.

PC Repair will at first be a home office start-up, utilizing one studio room in the owner's home and
serving customers in the local area. In the third month of our plan, we will move into a leased office
space and hire a second technician. As sales increase, we will hire additional personnel.

The Market

The very nature of the computing industry, with its extraordinary rate of technological development,
creates a constant need for businesses skilled in updating and advising customers on computer-
related issues. In town, the majority of potential customers are dissatisfied with existing options,
creating an attractive niche for an innovative start-up. Small business PC users will provide the
majority of our business revenue. Business Week expects the computing industry to grow at a rate of
12% and the processor speeds to continue to expand for years to come, providing a rich resource for
sales.

PC Repair has decided to focus mainly on the small business market, as these customers typically
don't have a full-time IT person, but have full-time IT needs. PC Repair will offer an affordable, on-
demand service for these customers. We can also offer maintenance agreements that generate
additional monthly income. For our residential customers, we will offer a very affordable and helpful
service with a very flexible schedule to meet their needs. Our target market will focus on Ramsford-
on-Bitstream and the surrounding areas. Market research indicates there is an abundance of
business for a small company such as PC Repair.

Start-up Funding and Financials

To get PC Repair started the owner is providing cash and assets. We are also seeking a short term
loan, to be secured with the owner's home equity, and repaid within three years. Our conservative
sales forecasts, based on industry research within the local area, project hefty sales in year one,
steadily increasing through year three. To reach these goals, we will use an aggressive advertising
campaign to exploit our competitors' weaknesses. With good cost control, we will see a modest, yet
comfortable, net profit the first year, even after moving into a leased space and hiring additional
technicians.

1.1 Objectives

1. To provide the best service available to the community at an affordable price.

2. To generate substantial market share so that PC Repair is a common name.

3. Constant growth in sales from start up through year three.

4. To generate customer satisfaction so that at least 40% of our customer base is repeat business.

1.2 Mission

Our goal is to set the standard for on-site computer solutions through fast, on-site service and
response. Our customers will always receive one-on-one personal attention at a very affordable
price. Our customers will receive the highest quality of customer service available. Our employees
will receive extensive training, a great place to work, fair pay and benefits, and incentives to use
their own good judgement to solve customers' problems.

1.3 Keys to Success

 Establishing a brand identity and generating brand recognition through marketing.

 Responsiveness: being an on-call computer paramedic with fast response time.

 Quality: getting the job done right the first time, offering 100% guarantee.

 Relationships: developing loyal repeat customers—retainers

Conclusion: we can prepare a business plan for a small scale industry