MA419 MATHEMATICAL ECOLOGY

TUTORIAL SHEET 1
(Session: SP/22)

1. Convert the following differential equations into system of first order differential equations:

i). y (4) + 3y” + 2y ′ + y = 0

ii). y” − 2z = 0; z” + 3y ′ = 0
iii). u” + 3u′ + sinu = 0

2. Solve the following system and determine fundamental matrix:

 
0 1 0
x̄′ = 2 0 2 x̄
0 1 0

3. Find the general solution of the following system of differential equations:

dy1 dy2
= 3y1 + 5y2 ; = −5y1 + 3y2
dt dt
Also, determine the solution when y1 = 1, y2 = 0 when t = 0.

4. Determine the solution X̄(t) of the following initial value problem:

 
−1 1 2
′ 
X̄ (t) = −1 1 1 X̄(t)
−2 1 3
 
1

with X(0) = 0.
1
5. Determine stability of all solutions of the following system:
dy
(a) dx
dt = 2x − 4y; dt = 2x − 4y
(b) dx
dt = −x + 2y + z; dy dz
dt = 2z; dt = 3z

6. Determine all the steady state solutions of the following non - linear system of differential
equations and investigate their stability behaviors:
dx dy
= x2 + y 2 − 1; = x2 − y 2
dt dt

7. Consider the following non - linear system:

x′ = ex+y − 1; y ′ = sin(x + y)

Verify whether origin is the equilibrium point of the system. Also, determine the stability of the
system around the origin.

8. Considering the Lyapunov function V (x) = 2x21 + 3x22 , determine the stability of zero solution
of the following system:
1 1
x′1 = −6x2 − x1 x22 ; x′2 = 4x1 − x2 ;
4 6

1
 9. A three dimensional non - linear mathematical model in (x, y, z) is given:

dx
= rx(1 − x) − αxy + βzx;
dt
dy
= sy(1 − y) + αxy;
dt
dz
= γy − δz
dt
where r, s, α, β, γ, δ are positive parameters. Investigate the stability of zero (0, 0, 0) equilibrium
state.

10. The following characteristic equation is obtained for a four - dimensional system:

λ4 + 2λ3 + 4λ2 + 7λ + 3 = 0

Determine the stability of zero solution of the system using Routh - Hurwitz criterion.