1.Explain in detail automatic washing machine as an example of Mechatronic system.

2. Give four examples of each of the following sensor/ transducer:

a) Active

LiDAR, radar, GPS, x-ray, sonar,

b) Passive

photodiode, and a piezoelectric sensor, photovoltic, thermocouple.

c) Primary d) Secondary

the two type of transduction occurs in the Bourdon’s tube. First, the pressure is converted into a
displacement and then it is converted into the voltage by the help of the L.V.D.T.

The Bourdon’s Tube is the primary transducer, and the L.V.D.T is called the secondary transducer.

e) Displacement

Cable extension transducers, lvdt, rvdt, potentiometer

f) Force

Load cells, pneumatic load cells, Capacitive Load cells, Strain gauge load cells, hydraulic load cells.

g) Pressure

Manometer Sensors.

Bourdon Tube Pressure Sensors.

Vacuum Pressure Sensors.

Sealed Pressure Sensors

h) Temperature

Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) Thermistors.

Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)

Thermocouples.

Semiconductor-Based Sensors.

i) Photo sensor

led, photo diode, photo transistor, retro refective photoelectric sensor

j) Optical sensor
Photodetector

Fiber Optics

Pyrometer.

Proximity Detector

k) Proximity sensor

Inductive Proximity Sensor.

Optical Proximity Sensor.

Capacitive Proximity Sensor.

Magnetic Proximity Sensor.

Ultrasonic proximity Sensor.

l) Electrical transducers

microphones, loudspeakers, thermometers, position and pressure sensors, and antenna

3.State and Explain Hall effect

The principle of Hall Effect states that when a current-carrying conductor or a semiconductor is
introduced to a perpendicular magnetic field, a voltage can be measured at the right angle to the current
path. This effect of obtaining a measurable voltage is known as the Hall Effect.

When a conductive plate is connected to a circuit with a battery, then a current starts flowing. The
charge carriers will follow a linear path from one end of the plate to the other end. The motion of charge
carriers results in the production of magnetic fields. When a magnet is placed near the plate, the
magnetic field of the charge carriers is distorted. This upsets the straight flow of the charge carriers. The
force which upsets the direction of flow of charge carriers is known as Lorentz force.

Due to the distortion in the magnetic field of the charge carriers, the negatively charged electrons will be
deflected to one side of the plate and positively charged holes to the other side. A potential difference,
known as the Hall voltage will be generated between both sides of the plate which can be measured
using a meter.

4. State and Explain Thomson effect

Thomson showed that if two points in a conductor are at different temperatures, the density of electrons
at these points will differ and as a result the potential difference is created between these points.
Thomson effect is also reversible.
If current is passed through a copper bar AB which is heated at the middle point C, the point C will be at
higher potential. This indicates that the heat is absorbed along AC and evolved along CB of the conductor
as shown in Figure 2.37(a). Thus heat is transferred due to the current flow in the direction of the
current. It is called positive Thomson effect. Similar effect is observed in metals like silver, zinc, and
cadmium.

When the copper bar is replaced by an iron bar, heat is evolved along CA and absorbed along BC. Thus
heat is transferred due to the current flow in the direction opposite to the direction of current. It is
called negative Thomson effect as shown in the Figure 2.37(b). Similar effect is observed in metals like
platinum, nickel, cobalt, and mercury.

5. State and Explain seeback effect

The phenomenon of generation of an electric current in a thermocouple by keeping its junctions at

different temperatures is called seebeck effect or thermoelectric effect. In order to understand seebeck
effect consider a closed circuit consisting of two different metals Cu and Fe. A sensitive galvanometer G is
introduced. When one of the junctions is kept hot and the other cold, a current begins to flow from Cu
to Fe, through the hot junction and from Fe to Cu through the cold junction. This current is called
thermolectric current. The existence of current implies that there is an emf in the circuit. This emf is
known as thermoelectric emf.

6. State and Explain peltier effect

Peltier effect, the cooling of one junction and the heating of the other when electric current is
maintained in a circuit of material consisting of two dissimilar conductors; the effect is even stronger in
circuits containing dissimilar semiconductors

When dissimilar metals are joined, electrons are interchanged between the metals. Since the number of
electrons per unit volume (electron density) of metal are different, the metal becomes oppositely
charged.

This gives rise to an electric field. Now when the external potential difference from a cell or battery is set
up as the two ends of the junctions, then work is done in moving a unit charge against or in the direction
of the electric field.

Hence Energy is absorbed when a charge moves in overcoming the rise of potential bringing about a fall
of temperature. On the other hand, heat is liberated at the junction when the charge moves along the
fall of potential.

7.What is the scope of Mechatronics in various field of technology?

Mechatronics, also called mechatronics engineering, is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering that

focuses on the integration of mechanical, electronic and electrical engineering systems, and also includes
a combination of robotics, electronics, computer science, telecommunications, systems, control, and
product engineering.

As technology advances over time, various subfields of engineering have succeeded in both adapting and
multiplying. The intention of mechatronics is to produce a design solution that unifies each of these
various subfields. Originally, the field of mechatronics was intended to be nothing more than a
combination of mechanics and electronics, hence the name being a portmanteau of mechanics and
electronics; however, as the complexity of technical systems continued to evolve, the definition had
been broadened to include more technical areas.