Signature

 Ali Kamal
 Bsc, Pet. Eng. Baghdad Univ. Iraq. Petroleum Dpt.
 Msc, Koya University, Kurdistan.
 Assist Lecturer
 Petroleum Engineering Dept.
 Faculty of Engineering
 Koya University.
 Tel: +964(0)770 1449721
 Email: ali.kamal@koyauniversity.org

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CORRECTION FOR HIGH-MOLECULAR WEIGHT GASES

• Note that the Standing and Katz Z factor chart (Figure 2-1)
was prepared from data on binary mixtures of methane
with propane, ethane, and butane, and on natural gases,
thus covering a wide range in composition of hydrocarbon
mixtures containing methane.

• No mixtures having molecular weights in excess of 40

were included in preparing this plot.

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• Sutton (1985) evaluated the accuracy of the Standing-Katz, Z factor
chart using laboratory-measured gas compositions and z factors
and found that the chart provides satisfactory accuracy for
engineering calculations.

• However, Kay’s mixing rules, i.e., Equations 2-13 and 2-14, result in
unsatisfactory z-factors for high molecular weight reservoir gases.

• The author observed that large deviations occur to gases with high
heptanes-plus concentrations.

• He pointed out that Kay’s mixing rules should not be used to

determine the Ppr and T pr for reservoir gases with specific gravities
greater than or about 0.75.
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• Sutton proposed that this deviation can be minimized by
utilizing the mixing rules developed by Stewart et al,
(1959), together with newly introduced empirical
adjustment factors (FJ, EJ, and Ek) that are related to the
presence of the heptane-plus fraction in the gas
mixture.

• The proposed approach is outlined in the following

steps:

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Suttons Steps

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Example 2-10

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Riazi and Daubert (1987) developed a simple two-parameter equation
for predicting the physical properties of pure compounds and
undefined hydrocarbon mixtures.

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Solution

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 DIRECT CALCULATION OF COMPRESSIBILITY FACTORS
• After four decades of existence, the Standing-Katz z-factor
chart is still widely used as a practical source of natural gas
compressibility factors.
• As a result, there has been an apparent need for a simple
mathematical description of that chart.
• Several empirical correlations for calculating z-factors have
been developed over the years.
• The following three empirical correlations are described
below:
• • Hall-Yarborough Details of these methods will
• • Dranchuk-Abu-Kassem not included for the exam
• • Dranchuk-Purvis-Robinson
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COMPRESSIBILITY OF NATURAL GASES
• Knowledge of the variability of fluid compressibility with pressure
and temperature is essential in performing many reservoir
engineering calculations.

• For a liquid phase, the compressibility is small and usually assumed

to be constant.

• For a gas phase, the compressibility is neither small nor constant.

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COMPRESSIBILITY OF NATURAL GASES

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Example 2-10
• A hydrocarbon gas mixture has a specific gravity of
0.72.
• Calculate the isothermal gas compressibility
coefficient at 2000 psia and 140°F by assuming:
• a. An ideal gas behavior
• b. A real gas behavior

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Solution

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 PV=ZnRT

4/3

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• Trube (1957) presented graphs from which the isothermal
compressibility of natural gases may be obtained.

• The graphs, as shown in Figures 2-3 and 2-4 give the

isothermal pseudo-reduced compressibility as a function
of pseudo-reduced pressure and temperature.

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Note

• Matter, Brar, and Aziz (1975) presented in page 62

not included

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GAS FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR

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• The reciprocal of the gas formation volume factor is
called the gas expansion

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Example 2-12

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