Nhập môn Kỹ thuật Truyền thông

Phần 2: Các kỹ thuật điều chế số

(Digital Modulations)
Bài 9: Không gian tín hiệu PAM
(tiếp bài trước)
PGS. Tạ Hải Tùng

1
Bipolar NRZ (Non Return to Zero)

Signal set M  {s1 (t )   APT (t ) , s2 (t )   APT (t ) }

s1 (t )

s2 (t )
A

0 T t 0 T t

1 A
Versor b1 (t )  PT (t )
T
Vector set M  {s1  ( ) , s2     }

(it coincides with a 2-PAM with rectangular pulse)

2
Bipolar NRZ
uT
Transmitted waveform

1 0 1 0
0 T 2T 3T 4T t

s (t )

s (t )   a[n] p (t  nT )
n

T 2T 3T 4T t
a[n]  { ,  }

3
Bipolar NRZ
2
Signal spectrum | P ( f ) |
Gs ( f )   a2  A2Tsinc 2 ( fT )
T

1.0

Gs ( f )
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 fT

4
Bipolar NRZ
2
Signal spectrum | P ( f ) |
Gs ( f )   a2  A2Tsinc 2 ( fT )
T
0

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35

-40

-45

-50

-55

-60
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

5
Bipolar RZ (Return to Zero)

Signal set M  {s1 (t )   APT / 2 (t ) , s2 (t )   APT / 2 (t ) }

s1 (t )

A1 s2 (t )

T /2 T
0 T /2 T t 0 t

2 A
1
Versor b1 (t )  PT / 2 (t )
T
Vector set M  {s1  ( ) , s2     }

6
Bipolar RZ
Transmitted waveform uT

1 0 1 0
0 T 2T 3T 4T t

s (t )

s (t )   a[n] p (t  nT )
n

T 2T 3T 4T t
a[n]  { ,  }

7
Bipolar RZ
| P ( f ) |2 A2T
2
Signal spectrum Gs ( f )   a  sinc 2 ( fT / 2)
T 4
1.0

0.8

0.6

Gs ( f )
0.4

0.2

0.0
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 fT

8
Bipolar RZ
2 2
Signal spectrum | P ( f ) | A T
Gs ( f )   a2  sinc 2 ( fT / 2)
T 4
0

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35

-40

-45

-50

-55

-60
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

9
Example: Bipolar triangular

Signal set M  {s1 (t )   AT (t ) , s2 (t )   AT (t ) }

s1 (t )
s 2 (t )
A

0 T t
0 T t

Versor
3 A
b1 (t )  T (t )
T
Vector set M  {s1  ( ) , s2     }

10
Example: Bipolar triangular
Transmitted waveform
uT

1 0 1 0
0 T 2T 3T 4T t

s (t )
s (t )   a[n] p (t  nT )
n

a[n]  { ,  } T 2T 3T 4T t

11
Example: Bipolar triangular
2 2
| P ( f ) | A T
Signal spectrum Gs ( f )   a2  sinc 4 ( fT / 2)
T 4
1.0

0.8

Gs ( f )
0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
fT

12
Example: Bipolar triangular
2 2
Signal spectrum
| P ( f ) | A T
Gs ( f )   a2  sinc 4 ( fT / 2)
T 4
0

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35

-40

-45

-50
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

13
Manchester (biphase)
Signal set M  {s1 (t )   Ax(t ) , s2 (t )   Ax(t ) }
x(t )    PT / 2 (t )  PT / 2 (t  T / 2) 
s1 (t ) s2 (t )

A A

T T t T t
T
2 2
A A

1
Versor b1 (t )    PT / 2 (t )  PT / 2 (t  T / 2)
T
Vector set M  {s1  ( ) , s2     }

14
Manchester (biphase)
Transmitted waveform uT

1 0 1 0
0 T 2T 3T 4T t

s (t )

s (t )   a[n] p (t  nT )
n

T 2T 3T 4T t
a[n]  { ,  }

15
Manchester (biphase)
| P( f ) |22
4
2 sin ( fT / 2)
Signal spectrum Gs ( f )   aAT
T ( fT / 2) 2
(maximum at f ≈ 0.74/T)
1.0

0.8

0.6
Gs ( f )

0.4

0.2

0.0 fT
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

16
Manchester (biphase)
2 4
Signal spectrum
| P ( f ) | sin ( fT / 2)
Gs ( f )   a2  A2T
T ( fT / 2) 2
(maximum at f ≈ 0.74/T)
0

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35

-40

-45

-50
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

17
Manchester (biphase)
1   T 
p(t )  b1 (t )   P
 T /2 (t )  PT /2 t  
T   2 
1  T  T  T T  T  3T  
P( f )  
 2 sinc  f  exp   j 2 f   sinc  f  exp   j 2 f  
T   2  4 2  2  4 
 T  T  T 
  sinc  f  exp   j 2 f   1  exp   j fT  
 2  2  4 
2 T 2 T 2
P( f )  sinc  f  1  cos   fT   j sin   fT  
4  2
T 2 T 2
 sinc  f  1  cos  fT   j sin  fT  
4  2
T  T
 sinc2  f  1  cos 2  fT   2 cos  fT   sin 2  fT     A 1  cos A
4  2 sin   
2 2
T  T  T  T
 sinc2  f  1  cos  fT    Tsinc 2  f  sin 2   f 
2  2  2  2

18
Unipolar NRZ

Signal set M  {s1 (t )   APT (t ) , s2 (t )  0 }

s1 (t )

s2 (t )
A

0 T 0 T t
t

1
Versor b1 (t )  PT (t )
T
Vector set M  {s1  ( ) , s2   0  }

19
Unipolar NRZ
Transmitted waveform
uT

1 0 1 0
0 T 2T 3T 4T t

s (t )
s (t )   a[n] p (t  nT )
n

a[n]  { , 0} T 2T 3T 4T t

20
Unipolar NRZ
Signal spectrum
2 2 2

| P( f ) |  n  n
Gs ( f )   a2  a
2  P    f  
T T n  T   T

| P( f ) |2  x sinc 2 ( fT ) xR

A Dirac delta at zero frequency

A2 2 A2
Gs ( f )  Tsinc ( f )  f
4 4

21
Unipolar NRZ
Signal spectrum A2 A 2
Gs ( f )  Tsinc 2 ( f )  f
4 4

Gs ( f )

Gv(f)

fT
22
Unipolar RZ

Signal set M  {s1 (t )   APT / 2 (t ) , s2 (t )  0 }

s1 (t )

s2 (t )
A1

0 T /2 T t 0 T t

Versor
2
b1 (t )  PT / 2 (t )
T
Vector set M  {s1  ( ) , s2   0  }

23
Unipolar RZ
Transmitted waveform
uT

1 0 1 0
0 T 2T 3T 4T t

s (t )
s (t )   a[n] p (t  nT )
n

a[n]  { , 0} T 2T 3T 4T t

24
Unipolar RZ
2
Signal spectrum | P( f ) | 
2
2 2 
n  n
G( f )   a
T

T
a
2 
n 
P    f  
T   T

2
2  sin( fT / 2) 
P( f )  z    z R 
 ( fT / 2) 

Dirac deltas at zero frequency and at odd multiples of 1/T

A2 A 2 
2  (2i  1)   (2i  1) 
Gs ( f )  Tsinc 2 ( fT / 2)   sinc  
  f  
16 16 i   2   T 

25
Unipolar RZ
Signal spectrum A2 2 A2 
2  (2i  1)   (2i  1) 
Gs ( f ) 
16
Tsinc ( fT / 2) 
16

i 
sinc 
 2  

  f 
T 


1.0
Gs ( f )
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
fT
t/T

26
m-PAM constellation: characteristics

1. Base-band modulation
2. One-dimensional signal space
3. m signals, symmetrical with respect to the origin
4. Information associated to the impulse amplitude
PAM=Pulse Amplitude Modulation

27
m-PAM constellation: constellation

SIGNAL SET M  {si (t )   i p(t )}im1

Versor b1(t)=p(t) (d=1)

VECTOR SET

M  {s1  ((m  1) ) , s 2  ((m  3) ),..., s m 1  ((m  3) ) , s m  ((m  1) )}  R

Rb
k  log 2 (m) T  kTb R
k

28
m-PAM constellation: constellation
Example: 4-PAM constellation

M  {s1  (-3α ) , s 2  (-α ), s 3  (α) , s 4  (+3α)}  R

b1 (t )

s1   3  s 2     0 s 3     s 4   3 

29
m-PAM constellation: constellation
Example: 8-PAM constellation

M  {s1  (-7α ) , s 2  (-5α), s 3  (-3α) , s 4  (-α ), s 5  (α ) , s 6  (+3α), s 7  (+5α) , s8  (+7α)}  R

b1 (t )
s1   7  s 2   5  s 3   3  s 4     s 5     s 6   3  s 7   5  s8   7 
0

30
m-PAM constellation: binary labelling
e : Hk  M

It is always possible to build a Gray labeling

4-PAM:
00 / s1 01/ s 2 11/ s 3 10 / s 4
b1 (t )

 3     0     3 

8-PAM:
110 / s1 111/ s 2 101/ s 3 100 / s 4 000 / s 5 001/ s 6 011/ s 7 010 / s8
b1 (t )
 7   5   3         3   5   7 
0
31
 m-PAM constellation: transmitted waveform
1
Example: 4-PAM p (t )  PT (t )
uT T

1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb

sT (t )

3 T

 T

T 2T 3T 4T
 T

3 T 32
m-PAM constellation: transmitted waveform
Example: 4-PAM p (t )  RRC   0.5

33
 m-PAM constellation:
bandwidth and spectral efficiency

Case 1: p(t) = ideal low pass filter

Total bandwidth R Rb / k
Bid  
(ideal case) 2 2

Spectral efficiency Rb
(ideal case)
id   2k bps / Hz
Bid

34
 m-PAM constellation:
bandwidth and spectral efficiency

Case 2: p(t) = RRC filter roll off 

R Rb / k R (1   )
Total bandwidth B  (1   )  (1   )
2 2

Spectral efficiency Rb 2k
  bps / Hz
B (1   )

35
Exercize

Given a baseband channel with bandwidth B up to 4000 Hz, compute the

maximum bit rate Rb we can transmit over it with a 256-PAM
constellation in the two cases:

• Ideal low pass filter

• RRC filter with =0.25

36
m-PAM constellation: modulator

p (t )

e( )

u T  ( v T [ n ]) 
 ( a [ n ]) 


s (t )  
n  
a [ n ] p ( t  nT )

Equal to 2-PAM, but we have m possible levels:

a[n] {(m  1) ,  (m  3) ,...,  (m  3) ,  (m  1) }

37
m-PAM constellation: demodulator

q (t )
r (t ) y (t ) 1[ n ] ML s R [n] v R [n]
e( )
CRITERION

t0  n T
Symbol
synchronization
R  1/T

Equal to 2-PAM, but we have m possible levels:

a[n] {(m  1) ,  (m  3) ,...,  (m  3) ,  (m  1) }

38
m-PAM constellation: eye diagram
4-PAM, p(t) = RRC with =0.5

39
m-PAM constellation: eye diagram
8-PAM, p(t) = RRC with =0.5

40
 m-PAM constellation: error probability

By applying the asymptotic approximation we can obtain

m 1  3k Eb 
Pb (e)  erfc  
mk  m2  1 N
 0 

41
 m-PAM constellation: error probability
Comparison: 2-PAM vs. 4-PAM

1  Eb 
2  PAM: Pb (e)  erfc  

2  N0 

3  2 Eb 
4  PAM: Pb (e)  erfc  

8  5 N0 

The 2-PAM constellation has better performance

The constellation gain is in the order of 10 log(5/2) = 4 dB

42
m-PAM constellation: error probability
Comparison: 2-PAM vs. 4-PAM
2-PAM
1 4-PAM
0.1

0.01

1E-3

1E-4

1E-5

1E-6
BER

1E-7

1E-8

1E-9

1E-10

1E-11

1E-12
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25
Eb/N0 [dB]
43
m-PAM constellation: error probability
2-PAM
1 4-PAM
0.1
8-PAM
16-PAM
0.01 32-PAM
1E-3 64-PAM
128-PAM
1E-4 256-PAM
1E-5

1E-6
BER

1E-7

1E-8
The performance decrease
1E-9
for increasing m
1E-10

1E-11

1E-12
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Eb/N0 [dB]

44
 m-PAM constellation:
performance/spectral efficiency trade-off
Given a baseband channel with bandwidth B and an m-PAM constellation,
by increasing the number of signals m=2k we increase the spectral efficiency

id  Rb / B  2k bps / Hz

then we can transmit a higher bit rate Rb.

Unfortunately, the performance decrease:

fixed a BER value, the signal-to-noise ratio Eb/N0 necessary to achieve it
increases with m.

45
 Example

Suppose B=4kHz.

With a (ideal) 2-PAM we transmit Rb = 8 kbps

With a (ideal) 256-PAM we transmit Rb = 64 kbps

However, fixed a target BER (e.g. BER=1e-10), a 256-PAM requires a larger

ratio Eb/N0 (34 dB of difference!).

As an example, at the parity of transmitted power, the link distance is very

lower (by a factor of 50!)

46
Linear modulation
An m-PAM constellation is a base-band modulation characterized by a low
pass TX filter p(t).

Let us suppose to change this TX filter from p(t) to p(t)cos (2 f0 t)

 The constellation stays unchanged 

the BER performance are the same

 The signal spectrum changes

47
Linear modulation

2
2 P( f )
s (t )   a[n] p (t  nT ) G( f )   a
n
T

s '(t )   a[n] p '(t  nT )

n 1
G '( f )  [G ( f  f 0 )  G ( f  f 0 )]
4
p '(t )  p(t ) cos(2 f 0t )

The signal spectrum is translated around frequency f0

48
Linear modulation

A linear modulation simply translates the spectrum around frequency f0

(carrier frequency or Intermediate Frequency IF )

The modulation formats obtained by applying a linear modulation to

m-PAM modulations are called m-ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying).

The only one really important is 2-ASK, which is always called 2-PSK
(Phase Shift Keying).

49
m-ASK constellation: characteristics

1. One-dimensional constellation identical to m-PAM

2. Versor b1 (t )  p '(t )  p(t ) cos(2 f 0t )

3. Signal spectrum centred around f0  bandpass modulations

4. ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)

50
m-ASK constellation: signal spectrum

2 2
Gs ( f )  x  P( f  f 0 )  P( f  f 0 )  xR
 

Example: p(t) = ideal low pass filter

Rb
Bid  R 
k

Rb
id   k bps / Hz
 f0 f0 Bid

R R

51
m-ASK constellation: properties

Properties

 Spectral efficiency halved with respect to m-PAM

 BER performance identical to m-PAM

 No practical applications
(only exception 2-ASK which is always called 2-PSK)

52