Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Theorem
For a noiseless channel, Nyquist theorem gives the relationship
between the channel bandwidth and maximum data rate that can
be transmitted over this channel.
Nyquist Theorem
C 2 B log 2 m
1
Shannon’s Bound for noisy channels
C S
B max log 2 (1 )
B N
C: channel capacity (maximum data-rate) (bps)
B or W : RF bandwidth
S/N: signal-to-noise ratio (no unit)
2
Shannon limit …
Shannon theorem puts a limit on transmission
data rate, not on error probability:
3
Shannon limit …
Unattainable
region
C/B [bits/s/Hz]
Practical region
SNR [dB] 4
Shannon limit …
S
C B log 2 1
N C Eb C
log 2 1
S EbC B
N0 B
N N0 B
C
As B or 0, we get :
B
Shannon limit
Eb 1
0.693 1.6 [dB]
N0 log 2 e
Unattainable
region
M=64
M=256
R=C
M=16
M=8
R/B [bits/s/Hz]
M=4
Bandwidth limited
M=2
M=16
Eb / N 0 [dB]
7
Power and bandwidth limited systems
Power-limited systems:
save power at the expense of bandwidth
Bandwidth-limited systems:
save bandwidth at the expense of power
9
Limitations in designing a
system
10