GOLDEN GATE COLLEGES

Senior High School Department

Lesson
10 Test of Hypothesis

Introduction
At the end of this lesson the student will be able to:

 Illustrate:
a) Null Hypotheses
b) Alternative Hypothesis
c) Level of Significance
d) Types of errors in hypothesis testing.
 Identify the parameter to be tested given a real-life problem;

 Formulate the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses on the population mean.

DEVELOPMENT
INFORMATION FOR YOU !
 The first thing a researcher should do is to choose a topic for his research.
 Next is to formulate the statement of the problem.
 Then, he/she should enumerate the research questions and identify rhe target
population.
 Another important thing a researcher should do is to make assumptios about
the population.
 These assumptions which may or may not be true are so called statistical
hypothesis

ngagement
STATISCAL HYPOTHESIS
1. The null hypothesis , denoted by H0 is a statement saying that there is no significant difference
between population parameter and the value that is being claimed. It is the hypothesis to be tested.

2. The alternative hypothesis, denoted by Ha, is statement saying that there is no significant
difference between the population parameter and the value that is being calimed. This is a
statement that will be true once the null hypothesis is rejected.

EXAMPLE 1

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Senior High School Department

The Head of the P.E Department of a scertain high school claims that the mean height of Grade 7
students is 163 cm. The mean height of 45 randomly selected Grade 7 students is 161 cm. Using
0.01 significance level, can it be concluded that the men height of Grade 7 students is different
from 163 cm as claimed by the Head of P.E Department ? The following are the null nad
alternative hypothesis.
a. H0 : μ=163
b. Ha : μ ≠163

EXAMPLE 2

Last year ttthe mean number of ladie’s bags produced by GB Company was 2,500 each day. This
year, the manager claims that there is an increase in the number of bags produced. A researcher who
wants to find out whether this is true counted the number of bags produced each day for a period of
one month.His computation resulted to a mean of 2,515 ladie’s bags. At 0.5 significance level, is
there enough evidence to conclude that the mean number of ladie’s bags produced by GB Company
is greater than 2500? The following are the null and the alternative hypotheses.
a. H0 : μ=2500
b. Ha : μ>2,500

In each of the given example, the null hypothesis is assumed to be true.For instance ,
in Example number 1, the null hypothesis is assumed to be true, that is the mean
heighr of Grade 7 students is 163 cm. If the researcher can gather enough evidence
that can result to rejection of the null hypothesis then he/she can conclude that the
mean height of Grade 7 students is not equal to 163 cm.

REJECTION REGION, CRITICAL VALUE and LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

The researcher should follow some steps and rules as basis to decide whether or not to reject the null
hypothesis.For instance, in Example 1, the researcher should not compute for sample mean which in
the problem is the best point estimate for the population mean of 163 cm.
 Is it enough to compare the sample mean with population mean of 163 cm and make a
decision ?
 Is there a difference between the mean and the population mean ?
 If there is, how significant is the difference between the mean nad the population mean?

These are some of the questions that the researcher should consider before making a
decision.
The researcher need to convert the sample mean to a value called test statistic, which is the basis to
make a decision and draw a conclusion. A rejection region should be established.\

Seperating the two regions is a point called critical value, which is derived from level of
significance. If the test statistic or computed value falls in the rejectiuon region, that is, it falls
beyond the critical point, then the null hypothesis is rejected. The level of significance , alpha (1-α ¿

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Senior High School Department

corresponds to the area of the curve occupied by non-rejection region.

The level of significance is the probability that the test statistic would fall in the rejection
region when in fact the null hypothesis is actually true.

TYPES OF ERRORS

Type I error
 A type I error is commited when the researcher rejects a null hypothesis when in fact it is
true.
 The probability of commiting Type I error is also called the level of significance For 90%
confidence level, the level of significance or the value of alpha os 0.1.
 This means that there is 10 % probability that the researcher will reject a true null hypothesis.
 For 99% confidence level, the level of significance is 0.01. This means that there is 1%
probability that the researcher will reject the null hypothesis that is true. But if the researcher
rejects null hypothesis that is false, then he has a reached a correct decision. Alpha is used to
represent the probability of a Type I error.

Type I I error
 A type II error is commited when the researcher fails to reject a null hypothesis that is
false.But if the researcher fails to reject a true hypotheis, then, there is no error committed .
Beta is used to represent the probability of Type II error.

Decision True State of Nature

The null hypotheis is true. The null hypotheis is false.
Reject the null hypothesis Ho Type I error Correct decision
Do not reject the null Correct decision Type II error
hypothesis Ho

 Hypothesis testing is aprocedure used by a statisticiams to determine whetehr or no to reject a

statement about a population.

Formulating the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses on the population mean

The leader of the association of jeepney drivers claims that the average daily take home pay of all
jeepney drivers in Pasay City is ₱400.00. A random sample of 100 jeepney drivers in Pasay City
EXAMPLE 1
was interviewed and the average daily take home pay of these driver’s is found to be ₱425.00. Use
the

0.05 significance level to find out if the average daily take home pay of all jeepney drivers in Pasay
City is different from ₱400.00. Assume that the population variance is ₱92.00.

SOLUTION:

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GOLDEN GATE COLLEGES
Senior High School Department

State the null and alternative hypotheses.

a. H0 : μ=400
b. Ha : μ ≠ 400

EXAMPLE 2

According to a study done last year, the average monthly expenses for cell phone loads of high
school students in Manila was ₱350.00. A statistics student believes that this amount has an
increased since january of this year. Is there a reason to believe that this amount has really
increased if a random sample of 60 students has an average monthly expenses for cell phone loads
of ₱380.00?
Used a 0.05 level of significance. Assume that the population standard deviation is ₱77.00.

SOLUTION:

State the null and alternative hypotheses.

a. H0 : μ=350
b. Ha : μ>350

Engagement

Formulate the appropriate null and alternative hypothesis.

1. The Head of Math Department announced that the mean score of Grade 9 students in the first
periodic examination in Mathematics was 89 and the standard deviation was 12. One students
2. A company which produces batteries claims that the life expectancy of their batteries is 90
who believed that the mean score was less than this, randomly selected 34 students and
hours. In order to test the claim, a consumer interest group tested a random sample of 40
computed their men score. She obtained a mena score of 85. At 0.01 level of significance, test the
batteries. The test resulted to a mean lif expectancy of 87 hours. Usoing a 0.05 level of
student’s belief.
significance, can it concluded that the life expectancy of their batteries is less than 90 hours?
Assume that the population standard deviation is known to be 10 hours.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

Assessment

Express the null hypothesis H0 and the alternative hypothesis Ha in notation form in the
following scenarios:

1. The principal of the school claims that the mean age of the teachers is 45 years. The mean age of the
randomly selected 35 teachers is 42 years, which is not equal to what is claimed by the principal.

2. The mathematics teacher claims that the mean IQ of statistics students is 110. The mean IQ of 32
randomly selected Statistics students is 112 which is more than what the mathematics teacher claims.

3. The mean annual income of workers who are college graduate is greater than ₱ 100, 000 a year.
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4. The percentage of women who watches sports on TV is not 40% as claimed by the researcher.