GOLDEN GATE COLLEGES

Senior High School Department

MODULE 6 & 7
GENERAL MATHEMATICS

Introductory Message

For the Learner:

At the this subject you will demonstrates understanding and
appreciation of key concepts and principle of mathematics as applied, using
appropriate technology, in problem solving, communicating, reasoning,
making connections, representations, and decision in real life. And you will
be train to become critical and analytical thinkers and creative problem
solvers. Focuses on sufficient mastery of content through easy-to-follow
lesson presentation. Ensure college readiness and prepares for
entrepreneurship and promotes financial

Lesson Rational Functions

6&7

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 GOLDEN GATE COLLEGES
Senior High School Department

Introduction

At the end of this lesson the student will be able to :

 represent real-situations using rational functions;
 represent a rational function through its : (a)table of values,(b)graph,
(c) equations; and (c) equation ; and
 find the domain and range of rational function
 manifest the value of patience, and analytical and critical thinking
skills.


Development Observe and tell about me !
1
1. f ( x )=
x
1
2. . F ( x )=
x−2
x 2−4 x−5
3 .f x = 2
( )
x +2 x−8
1
4. F ( x )=
x−2

a. Describe the numerator of each function. Are they polynomials?

b. Describe the denominator of each rational function. Are they polynomials?
c. What restrictions must be observed in the denominator for the function to be defined?
d. What is rational function?
e. Give other examples of rational functions and state the rational functions and state the
restrictions in the denominator.

Engagement

What is rational Functions?

The ratio of one polynomial function to another polynomial function.

A number of real-life situations can be modeled by rational functions, rational

equations, or rational inequalities. Here are some situations that can be modeled by
rational functions, rational equations, or rational inequalities.
i. Bryan can create a full-length music video in four days. His youngest brother Bert can
be created the same length music video in three days. If they work together, the
rational equation.

d d
+ =1
4 3
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can be used to determine the number of days it would take for them to complete the full-
length music video.
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Senior High School Department

Definition of Rational Function

A rational function, r(x), is a function of the form
p (x)
r(x)= q(x)

where p(x) and q(x) are polynomial functions, and q(x)≠ 0. The domain of r(x)
is the set of real numbers such that q(x) is not zero.

x3 −1
i. r(x) = , ≠−1
x +1
1 √ 3i ± 1
ii.R(x)= 4 2 ≠±
3 x −2 x 3

3
1
o The defining expressions x −1 and or r(x) and R(x), respectively,
3 x −2 x2 −1
4
x +1
are rational expressi ons.
o A rational
The following are function
examples can
ofberational
represented by its equations, table of values, or
functions:
graph.

Example
Construct a table of values and sketch the graph of the following rational functions.

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GOLDEN GATE COLLEGES
Senior High School Department

1 1
a. f ( x )= b. F ( x )=
x x−2
1 2
c. g ( x )= d. G ( x ) =
x +1 ( x−2 )2
SOLUTION :
In dealing with a rational function, it is often helpful to find values for which the rational
function is undefined. Later, one will find that the graph of the rational function, approaches
lines that contain these values for which the rational function is undefined; hence the graph
does not cross these lines.
1
a. The function f ( x )= which can be represented by the equation
x
1
y= is not defined when x=0. The graph of the line x= 0 will not defined when x=. The
x
1
graph of function f ( x )= . The table of values for the function is constructed and shown
x
below.

x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y -0.20 -0.25 -0.33 -0.50 -1.00 undefined 1 0.50 0.33 0.25 0.20

 Using these values, the points ( -5,-0.20) , (-4, -0.25), (-3,-0.33) , (-2,-0.50), (-1, -1.00 )(1,1) ,
(2, 0.50 ), (3, 0.33 ), (4, 0.25 ) and (5, 0.20 ) can be determined and plotted in a Cartesian
plane.

1 1
b. The function F(x)= which can be represented by the equation y= is not
x−2 x−2
defined when x=2. The graph of the x=2 will not be crossed by the graph of F(x)=
1
. The table of values for the function is constructed and shown below.
x−2

x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y -0.14 -0.17 -0.20 -0.25 -0.33 -0.50 -1 undefined 1 0.50 0.33

 Using these values, the points ( -5,-0.14) , (-4, -0.17), (-3,-0.20) , (-2,-0.25), (-1, -0.33 )(0,-
0.50) ,(1,-1 ), (3, 1 ), (4, 0.50 ) and (5, 0.33 ) can be determined and plotted in a Cartesian
plane.
x 1
c. The function g(x)= which can be represented by the equation y= is not
x+1 x +1
defined when x=-1. The graph of the x=-1 will not be crossed by the graph of g(x)=
1
. The table of values for the function is constructed and shown below.
x+1

x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 1.25 1.33 1.50 2 undefined 0 0.50 0.67 0.75 0.80 0.83

 Using these values, the points ( -5,1.25) , (-4, 1.33), (-3,1.50) , (-2,2), (0,0) ,
(1,0.50 ), (2, 0.67 ), (3, 0.75 ) and (4, 0.80 )(5,0.83) can be determined and plotted in a
Cartesian plane.

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Senior High School Department

2 2
d. The function G(x)= 2 which can be represented by the equation
y= is
( x−2 ) ( x−2 )2
not defined when x=2. Also, note that y can never be negative, or y > 0. The graph of
2
the lines x=2 and y= 0 will not be crossed by the graph of G(x)= . The table of
( x−2 )2
values for the function is constructed and shown.
x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.13 0.22 0.50 2 undefined 2 0.50 0.22

 Using these values, the points ( -5,0.04) , (-4, 0.06), (-3,0.08) , (-2,0.13), (-1,0.22) ,
(0,0.50 ), (1, 2), (3, 2 ) and (4, 0.50 )(5,0.22) can be determined and plotted in a Cartesian
plane.

DOMAIN OF RATIONAL
FUNCTION
 A rational function, which is a ratio of two polynomials function in many
cases, is not a polynomial function.
 Unlike a polynomial function which is defined foe every real number, a real
number, a rational function is defined only when its denominator is not equal
to zero.
 This implies that the domain of a rational function is the set of real numbers,
except those that make the denominator zero.

Example
Find the domain of rational equation.
x
a. r(x)=
x(x −3)
x
 The domain of r(x)= is the set of all real numbers, except those that
x(x −3)
make the denominator zero. These are x=0 and x-3=0 or x=3. These values of x
will make function undefined.
D={ x∨x ≠ 0∧x ≠ 3 }
In interval form, the domain is (-∞ , 0 ¿∪ (0,3)∪ (3 ,+∞) .
x2 −4 x−5
b. R(x)=
x 2 +2 x −8
x2 −4 x−5
 The domain of R(x)= is the set of all real numbers, except those
x 2 +2 x −8
values of x that make x 2+ 2 x−8 equal to 0. These values are determined by
solving x 2+ 2 x−8=0

x 2+ 2 x−8≠ 0

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Senior High School Department

(x+4) (x-2) ≠ 0
X+4≠ 0 or x-2 ≠ 0
x≠−4 or x ≠ 2
D={ x∨x ≠−4∧x ≠ 2 }
In interval form, the domain is (-∞ ,−4 ¿ ∪(−4,2)∪( 2,+ ∞) .

4 x−1
c. S(x)=
x +2 x 2−8 x
3

4 x−1
 The domain of S(x)= is the set of all real numbers, except those
x +2 x 2−8 x
3

values of x that make x 3+ 2 x 2−8 x equal to 0. These values are determined by

solving x 3+ 2 x 2−8 x ≠0 .
x 3+ 2 x 2−8 x ≠0
x( x 2+ 2 x−8≠ 0
x(x+4) (x-2) ≠ 0
x≠ 0 or x≠−4 or x ≠ 2
The domain is D={ x∨x ≠ 0 , x ≠−4∧x ≠2 }
In interval form, the domain is (-∞ ,−4 ¿ ∪(0,2) ∪(2 ,+∞) .

RANGE OF RATIONAL
FUNCTION
 The range of rational function can easily be determined through its graph.

Example
Determine the range
of each rational functions.
1 1
a. f ( x )= The graph of f ( x )= shows that its range is R={ f (x)∨f (x )≠ 0 }
x x
.

1 1
The graph of F ( x )= shows that its range is R=
b. F ( x )= x−2
x−2
{ F (x)∨F ( x )≠ 0 }.

x x
c. g ( x )= The graph of g ( x )= shows that its range is R=
x +1 x +1
{ g( x )∨g(x )≠ 1 }.

2 2
d. G ( x ) = The graph of G ( x ) = shows that its range is R=
( x−2 )2 ( x−2 )2
{ G(x )∨G ( x ) >0 }.

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ASSIMILation
A. Represent each of rational function by its equation and table of values.

1
1. f ( x )=
2x
3 x+ 1
1. F ( x ) =
1x −2 x2 + x
3
2. f ( x )=
3x
3 x 2+ x +12
2.F(x)= 3 1 2
3. f ( x )=x −5 x +4 x
x−1
1
4. f ( x )=
x +2
2
5. f ( x )=
x +1
2
6. f ( x )=
x−2
x
7. f ( x )=
x +1
x
8. f ( x )=
x−2

B. Determine the domain and range of each rational function.

2x
3. F ( x )= 4
ENRICHMENT x −5 x 2 +4
ACTIVITIES
2 x 2−1
4. F ( x )=
x 4−34 x2 +225
A. Represent
5
each
2
equation by its equation and table of values.
x −2 x +7
5. G(x)=
x −x2 −2 x +2
3

1
1. g(x)=
( x+2 )2
1
2. g(x)=
( x−1 )2
1
3. g(x)=
x2
x
4. g(x)=
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x2
1−x
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x+1
6. F(x)= 2x
1. F(x)= x −4
x+3
x 3−8
7. F(x)= 1 2
2. F(x)=4 x2 −9
x
1−x
8. F(x)= 2 x−5
3. F(x)= 25 x 2−4
x +4
x−1
2
9. F(x)= x
4. F(x)= 2 x +1
x−1

(For the writers: See Important Notes below)

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS OF MODULES:

Structure and Sequence
1. LR is easy to understand.
2. Lessons shall be arranged from simple to complex.
3. Visuals and graphic organizers shall be available to facilitate better understanding of the
lesson.
4. Size of the letters and sentences shall be appropriate to the target learners.
5. Presentation shall be engaging and interesting.

B. Content

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1. Module shall follow K to 12 MELCs /Teacher's Guide/ Teacher's Manual/Learner's

Material/ Textbook issued by the Department.

2. The learning competency shall be sub-tasked if it is necessary.

3. Content shall use pedagogical approaches that are suited to the new normal
4. Content shall be logically arranged from simple to complex.
5. It shall consider learner’s context, situations, individual needs and capabilities.
6. It shall provide activities that promote the development of higher cognitive skills
such as:
• Critical thinking
• Creative thinking
• Decision making
7. It shall be written in real-life context, interactive to arouse and sustain interest and
motivation of a learner.
8. It shall provide activities that develop:
• Basic Science processes
- Observing
- Asking questions
- Measuring
- Classifying
- Inferring
- Finding patterns
- Predicting
- Communicating

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