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Chương 1 - Official - E
Chương 1 - Official - E
Percentag
Form Methods
e
Frequent 20%
Oral
assessment
Mid-term exam Writting 20%
Vacuum Discrete
Tubes Transistors
*Source: Gordon Moore’s Plenary address at the 2003 International Solid State
Circuits Conference.
5 Commendments
◼ Moore’s Law : The number of transistors on a
chip doubles annually
◼ Rock’s Law : The cost of semiconductor tools
doubles every four years
◼ Machrone’s Law: The PC you want to buy will
always be $5000
◼ Metcalfe’s Law : A network’s value grows
proportionately to the number of its users
squared
5 Commandments(cont.)
◼ Wirth’s Law : Software is slowing faster
than hardware is accelerating
◼ Further Reading: “5 Commandments”,
IEEE Spectrum December 2003, pp. 31-
35.
Moore’s law
◼ Moore predicted that the number of transistors
that can be integrated on a die would grow
exponentially with time.
◼ Amazingly visionary – million transistor/chip
barrier was crossed in the 1980’s.
◼ 16 M transistors (Ultra Sparc III)
◼ 140 M transistor (HP PA-8500)
◼ 1.7B transistor (Intel Montecito)
DEC PDP-11 CPU
HP PA7000 RISC
Motorola 68020
Motorola 68040
Toshiba MIPS
Intel 8088
Intel 80386
80386 (cont.)
Intel 80486
Intel Pentium
Intel Pentium 4 Prescott
Penryn and Nehalem
◼ Penryn : 45nm Core 2
Architecture : Core 2
Extreme QX9650
◼ Nehalem : Core i7
Intel CPU Evolution
Device Feature Size
◼ Feature size
reductions enabled by
process innovations.
◼ Smaller features lead
to more transistors
per unit area and
therefore higher
density.
Rapid Increase in Density of
Microelectronics
v1 g mv 1 i1 i 1
v1 A v1 i1 i 1
◼ Power (Thermal)
◼ Time Delay
Physical Componenets vs. Circuit
Elements
◼ Range of Operation
◼ Temperature Effect
◼ Parasitic effect
◼ Typical Element Size
Resistor: 1ohm to Mohms
Capacitor : femto Farad to micro Farad
Circuit Theory Review: Voltage Division
v1 = i sR1 and v 2 = i s R2
and
Circuit Theory Review: Current
Division (cont.)
Using the derived equations
with the indicated values,
3 k
i1 = 5 ma = 3.00 mA
2 k + 3 k
2 k
i 2 = 5 ma = 2.00 mA
2 k + 3 k
RF IF Audio
Mixer FM
Amplifier Amplifier Amplifier
and Filter and Filter Detector
Local
Oscillator
vs = sin2000t V
Av = -5
Note: negative
gain is equivalent
to 180 degress of
phase shift.
Amplifier Frequency Response
Amplifiers can be designed to selectively amplify specific
ranges of frequencies. Such an amplifier is known as a filter.
Several filter types are shown below:
◼ Worst-case analysis
Parameters are manipulated to produce the worst-case min and max
values of desired quantities.
This can lead to over design since the worst-case combination of
parameters is rare.
It may be less expensive to discard a rare failure than to design for
100% yield.
◼ Monte-Carlo analysis
Parameters are randomly varied to generate a set of statistics for
desired outputs.
The design can be optimized so that failures due to parameter variation
are less frequent than failures due to other mechanisms.
In this way, the design difficulty is better managed than a worst-case
approach.
Amplifiers in a familiar electronic
system
◼ The local oscillator, which tunes the radio
receiver to select the desired station.
◼ The mixer circuit actually changes the
frequency of the incoming signal and is
thus a nonlinear circuit.
Bài tập 1:
- Biên độ của sóng mang là 1 microvolt
- Tần số của song mang là 1MHz
- Biên độ của sóng điều biến là 0.5 microvolt
- Tần số của sóng điều biến là 40kHz
- Các pha ban đầu của sóng mang và sóng điều biến đều là 0
Hãy biểu diễn tín hiệu sóng dưới dạng công thức.
Bài tập 2:
- Biên độ của sóng mang là 1 microvolt
- Tần số của song mang là 1MHz
- Biên độ của sóng điều biến là 0.5 microvolt
- Thành phần 1 chiều của sóng điều biến là: 1 microvolt
- Tần số của sóng điều biến là 40kHz
- Các pha ban đầu của sóng mang và sóng điều biến đều là 0
Hãy biểu diễn tín hiệu sóng dưới dạng công thức.
Câu hỏi: Điều kiện gì của tần số lấy mẫu để có thể khôi phục lại được
tín hiệu ban đầu?
Symbol
NOT gate
◼ Simple principle
Symbol
AND gate
◼ AND gate has 2 inputs and 1 output
A B Y=A NAND B
0 0 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0
NOR gate
◼ NOR gate is also known as NOT-OR
◼ NOR is the inversion of the OR gate
A B Y=A NOR B
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 0
Question:
Draw schematic diagrams of circuits:
◼ NAND
◼ NOR
EX-OR and EX-NOR gates
◼ EX-OR => Exclusive OR gate.
A B A XOR B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
EXOR gate
XNOR gate
A B A XNOR B
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Question:
Implementing the XOR and XNOR gates
with 2 and 3 input using the NOT, AND,
OR . gates
Summary
Finished!