THERMAL RADIATION SURVEY AND RE-TESTING STEFA-BOLTZMANN'S LAW

Purpose: about knowledge: state the measurement method and steps to conduct the experiment to
verify Stefan-Boltzmann's law.
About skills: proficiently use measuring tools, conduct experiments in the correct order to obtain
accurate data.
About attitude: careful, persistent, accurate, honest, objective

1. Theoretical basis

1.1 Balanced thermal radiation and its characteristics

To characterize the level of output or strong absorption or weakness of the objects of heat in the
equilibrium state, people use physical quantities: emission yield and radiation absorption coefficient
1.1.1     Emission capacity
Calling w (v, t) is the radiation energy emitted from the outer area of the object in the t -
temperature, which is carried by the radiation with a frequency from v to v + dv in one unit :.......
In which the ratio of r (v, t) is called the sắc emission rate of the object at t temperature, with a temperature of
v - frequency, from 1 infer:
.....
Radiation capacity of a unit of surface area of an area in the temperature at t temperature shall be: ....
The r (t) quantity is called the total radiated capacity of the object at t and is measured by the w / m2 unit
1.1.2 Absorption coefficient
Suppose, per unit time, the energy that monochromatic radiations of frequency v to v+ dv
sends to the area dS of the object at temperature T is dW (v,T) , but absorbs only a fraction
 of the energy dW'(v,T). Then, the ratio: .....
is called the monochromatic absorption coefficient of the object at temperature T
corresponding to radiation with frequency v
1.2   Stefan boltzmann law about thermal radiation
Stefan boltzmann' s law is : “The total radiated capacity of a total black object is proportional to
the power of four of the absolute heat of the object ”.....
Constants ..... called the stefan boltzmann constant and the great t - temperature associated
with celcius temperature .....
Measuring tools and methods
2.1 Measuring instruments
DC voltage stabilized power source 0-12V/10A Voltmeter
electronic and amplifier
600mm optical rack and slide table
Tungsten filament bulb ... and lamp tail
Sensor thermoelectricity and shaded tube
Volt meter showing number
Ampere meter showing number Thermistor
...
A set of two-pinned circuit wires 60cm long
Experimental instruments are arranged as shown below:???????????????

2.2 Measurement method

With a fixed distance between the luminaire filament D and the thermoelectric sensor ND, the radiant
heat energy sent to the thermoelectric sensor in a unit will be proportional to the total emissivity
R( T) of the filament of an electric light bulb
....
On the other hand, the thermodynamic efficiency E of the thermoelectric sensor is proportional to.....
If the thermoelectric sensor is at a temperature of 0K (absolute zero)....
But because the thermoelectric sensor is at At laboratory temperature, the relation becomes...
In this experiment, .. can be ignored compared to .. so we can still apply the relation. Then..
The graph representing the... to.. relationship is a straight line with a slope of s=4

For the volt-frameter filament used in this experiment, its resistance is temperature dependent.
degree K according to the formula..
With Rt being R0 being the resistance of the lamp filament at the temperature ... the coefficients...
are called the coefficients of thermistivity of the volt fram
Solving equation 8.11 we get
Thus, we can determine the absolute temperature T of the lamp filament. The resistance R0 of the
lamp filament at 0C is determined by the formula....
3. EXPERIMENTAL SEQUENCE
3.1 Measure the Rp resistance of the filament at room temperature
a. The power plug of the voltage stabilizer DC power source E has not been plugged into the 220V
AC power source, and the electrical circuit is connected according to the diagram of Figure 8.3
b. Turn the knob of: -Voltmeter shows V to place it at 200mV position of DCV voltage scale
- Ampere meter shows number A to place it at 200mV position of DCA amperage scale
c. Plug the power plug of the voltage stabilizer DC power source E into the 220V AC source. Press the
key K1 on the face of the power supply E, the LED will light up, indicating that the power supply E is
ready to operate.
d. Slowly turn the knob N of the potentiometer on the face of power supply E so that the current
flowing through the filament D measured by ammeter A reaches 50mA and 100mA respectively. At
the same time, read and write to data sheet 1 the corresponding values of the voltage difference
between the two ends of the lamp filament D measured by the voltmeter V.
e. Turn potentiometer knob N on the face of power supply E to position 0. Press the lock K1 on the
face of power supply E to turn off the power
f. Read the room temperature tp on the thermometer and record in the data table 1
3.2 Measurement of thermodynamic efficiency E and resistance R1
a. Reconnect the circuit according to the diagram of figure 8.4 (remove resistor 47 from the circuit)
b.Put the voltmeter V at the 20V position of the DCV scale and place the ammeter A at the 10A or
20A position of the DCA scale
b. Check the connector of the thermoelectric sensor
c. Plug the power plug of the electronic voltmeter into the 220V AC source. Press the key K on the
face of the machine, the LED lights up, indicating that the electronic voltmeter is ready to operate
e. Turn its Rf rheostat to the leftmost position. Adjust the zero knob of the electronic voltmeter so
that the needle indicates the correct zero on its scale face
f. Plug in the power plug for the lamp D. Place the cylindrical axis of the lamp filament D
perpendicular to the axis of the optical stand G. Place the thermoelectric sensor ND in the cover tube
F at the same height as the filament D and about 10cm away from the lamp D
g. Press the key K1 on the face of the power supply E, the LED will light up, indicating that the power
supply E is ready to operate. Turn the knob N of the source E to a voltage U=6V
h, Place the cover tube F of the thermoelectric sensor ND close to the lamp, adjust the variable
resistor Rf on the electronic voltmeter so that the electromotive force E reaches the extreme value.
great
i. Record in the data table 2 voltage values on the voltmeter, the current I on the ammeter A flowing
through the lamp filament D and the maximum value E of the thermodynamic efficiency
corresponding to the voltage difference U. source = 6V.
j. Turn the knob N of the power supply E to gradually decrease the voltage. Read and record in data
sheet 2 the corresponding values in each measurement
k. When the experiment is done, turn the knob to adjust the source voltage to 0, press the K lock,
and turn off the power of the meters. Unplug the power supply E and electronic voltmeter from the
220V AC source. Neatly arrange laboratory instruments.
4. Results presentation
4.1 Table of data 1

Laboratory temperature:
I (mA) U (mV) R
50
100
Average value

4.2 Table of data 2

- Maximum scale of electronic mill Volt (mV) Um
- Accuracy class of electronic voltmeter kv
- The smallest division of the scale ...