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A World of Regions
MODULE OVERVIEW

Globalization makes people connected and this interconnectedness is part of our daily life. This leads to
the so called global divide, the Global North and Global South. The terms “Global North” and “Global South”
divide the world in half both geographically. According to Karpilo (2018), the Global North contains all countries
north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere and the Global South holds all of the countries south of the
Equator in the Southern Hemisphere. Kwarteng and Botch way (2018) stated that “The North and South divide
in the practice and application of international laws have been previously perceived to be evident in
international environmental law where the Global developed North countries on the one hand advocate for a
collective action to protect the environment while the Global developing Southern countries, on the other hand,
argue for social and economic justice in practice.

MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

 define the term “Global South”.
 differentiate the Global South from the Third World.
 analyze how a new conception of global relations emerged from the experiences of Latin
American Countries.
• differentiate between regionalization and globalization.
• identify the factors leading to a greater integration of the Asian region.
• analyze how different Asian states confront the challenges of globalization and regionalization.

LEARNING CONTENTS (title of the subsection)

Global Divides
.
The world is divided in terms of development and wealth. Back in 1980s, the world was geographically
split into relatively richer and poorer nations. In order to show this phenomena, the Brandt Line was developed.
According to this model, the Northern Hemisphere is where richer countries situated, with the exception of
Australia and New Zealand, whereas, in the Southern Hemisphere is the place of poorer countries. This shows
the concept of a gap between the Global North and the Global South. This differentiation is based on the fact
that most of developed countries are in the north whereas, the most of developing or underdeveloped countries
are in the south. Nonetheless, not all countries in the Global North can be called “developed,” while some of the
countries in the Global South can be called developed because there are some countries in the Global North
that are developing countries such as Nepal, Kazakhstan, and other African countries.

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The gap between the ‘North’ and ‘South’

Despite very significant development gains globally which have raised many millions of
people out of absolute poverty, there is substantial evidence that inequality between the world’s
richest and poorest countries is widening. In 1820 Western Europe's per capita income was three times
bigger than Africa’s but by 2000 it was thirteen times as big. In addition, in 2013, Oxfam reported that
the richest 85 people in the world owned the same amount of wealth as the poorest half of the world’s
population.
Today the world is much more complex than the Brandt Line depicts as many poorer
countries have experienced significant economic and social development. However, inequality within
countries has also been growing and some commentators now talk of a ‘Global North’ and a ‘Global
South’ referring respectively to richer or poorer communities which are found both within and
between countries. For example, whilst India is still home to the largest concentration of poor people
in a single nation it also has a very sizable middle class and a very rich elite.
There are many causes for these inequalities including the availability of natural
resources; different levels of health and education; the nature of a country’s economy and its
industrial sectors; international trading policies and access to markets; how countries are
governed and international relationships between countries; conflict within and between
countries; and a country’s vulnerability to natural hazards and climate change. (Royal
Geographical
What Society)
is Global South?

Global South countries have been unable to evolve an indigenous technology appropriate to their own
resources and have been dependent on powerful Global North multinational corporations (MNCs) to transfer
technical know-how. This means that research and development expenditures are directed toward solutions of
the Global North’s problems, with technological advances seldom meeting the needs of the Global South.

*please refer in the Worktext in the Contemporary World

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LEARNING ACTIVITY 1

Name: _______________________________________ Score: _________________

Course: ______________________________________ Date: __________________

Political Cartooning

Direction: Form group with three members. Draw a political cartoon of what Global North and Global Divide
would look like.
– Make it unique and eye catching
– Creativity and humor help
– Using familiar figures also helps dramatically

Present in class and explain.

Then, the class will vote for the best cartoon

* please refer in the Worktext in the Contemporary World

LEARNING CONTENTS (title of the subsection)

. Asian Regionalism

“Regionalism is an approach to study the behaviour that emphasizes the geographical region as the unit of
analysis, stressing the relationship between man and his immediate physical environment. Economic social and
cultural organisations are analyzed in terms of their interrelationships and functions within the geographic
region”
-W.P. Scott.

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Regionalization and Globalization

Regionalism and globalization are two different concepts which are interrelated. Regionalism is the
process through which geographical regions become significant political and/or economic units serving as the
basis for cooperation and possibly identity whereas, Globalization is the interconnectedness and
interdependence of states, forming a process of international integration arising from the interchange of world
views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture.

Benefit of Regionalism
According to ADB report (2008), the following are benefits of Asia from regionalism, namely:
1. link the competitive strengths of its diverse economies in order to boost their productivity and sustain the
region’s exceptional growth;
2. connect the region’s capital markets to enhance financial stability, reduce the cost of capital, and improve
opportunities for sharing risks;
3. cooperate in setting exchange rate and macroeconomic policies in order to minimize the effects of global
and regional shocks and to facilitate the resolution of global imbalances;
4. pool the region’s foreign exchange reserves to make more resources available for investment and
development;
5. exercise leadership in global decision making to sustain the open global trade and financial systems that
have supported a half century of unparalleled economic development;
6. build connected infrastructure and collaborate on inclusive development to reduce inequalities within and
across economies and thus to strengthen support for pro-growth policies; and
7. create regional mechanisms to manage cross-border health, safety, and environmental issues better.

*please refer in the Worktext in the Contemporary World

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LEARNING ACTIVITY 2

Name: _______________________________________ Score: _________________

Course: ______________________________________ Date: __________________

Regional Organization Matrix

Directions: Fill in the table below to show how regional organization was formed

Name of Asian
Organization/
Association

Important
People
(Founder)

Membership

Functions

*please refer to the Worktext in the Contemporary World

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SUMMARY

The term `regionalism’ conveys the sense of intentional, top-down region-building—involving inter-
governmental collaboration. `Regionalization’, on the other hand, refers to the growing density of interaction and
co-operation between neighboring countries.
But for He and Inoguchi (2011), Regionalism is an inspirational and revolutionary involving the
reorganization of political, economic, cultural, and social lives along the lines of an imagined region rather than
according to the standard political unit of the nation-state.

Moreover, Marshall E. Dimock considers regionalism “as a clustering of environmental, economic,

social and governmental factors to such an extent that a distinct consciousness of separate identity within the
whole, a need for autonomous planning, a manifestation of cultural peculiarities and a desire for administrative
freedom, are theoretically recognized and actually put into effect. Regionalism is something which remains to be
realized and further developed, as well as a phenomenon which has already appeared and taken form. In one
sense, and perhaps the best one, regionalism is a way of life, it is a self-conscious process.”

On the other hand, Claudio (2014) stated that the global south is both a reality and a provisional in
progress. This because according to Sparke (2007) in Claudio (2014) said that Global South is everywhere, but
is also somewhere, located at the intersection of entangled political geographies of dispossession and
repossession, therefore Global South and Global North may exist in the same location such as in Manila or
anywhere else. Moreover, Grovogui (2011) in Claudio (2014) explained that: The Global South is not a
directional designation or a point due south from a fixed north. It is a symbolic designation meant to capture the
semblance of cohesion that emerged when former colonial entities engaged in political projects of
decolonization and moved toward the realization of a postcolonial international order.

On the other hand, Claudio (2014) stated that the global south is both a reality and a provisional in
progress. This because according to Sparke (2007) in Claudio (2014) said that Global South is everywhere, but
is also somewhere, located at the intersection of entangled political geographies of dispossession and
repossession, therefore Global South and Global North may exist in the same location such as in Manila or
anywhere else. Moreover, Grovogui (2011) in Claudio (2014) explained that: The Global South is not a
directional designation or a point due south from a fixed north. It is a symbolic designation meant to capture the
semblance of cohesion that emerged when former colonial entities engaged in political projects of
decolonization and moved toward the realization of a postcolonial international order.

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REFERENCES

Mendoza, Et.al, 2019. WORKTEXT IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD. Nieme Publishing House. Co.Ltd.
Emerging Asian Regionalism: A Partnership for Shared Prosperity. (2008). Asian Development Bank.
Mandaluyong City
He, B. & Inoguchi, T. (2011). Introduction to ideas of Asian Regionalism. Japanese Journal of
Political Science. Retrieved from https://www.research gate.net.
Manfred Steger, et.al. The SAGE Handbook of Globalization. Two volumes. Thousand Oaks: SAGE
Publications.
Wolvers, Andrea et.al. n.d. Concepts of the Global South. Global South Studies Center, University of Cologne,
Germany – http://gssc.uni-koeln.de/node/452

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