1ST Activity of March (Pass it on March 13)

 The Philippines under American & Japanese Rule

1. The American Government

 Research and make a learning module of this topic

2. The American Influences

 Research and make a learning module of this topic

3. The Commonwealth Government

 Make a semi detailed lesson plan of this topic

4. The Philippines under Japanese military

 Arrange all the important events and information of this topic with the
use of organizers

5. The battle against Oppressor

(the same with number 4)
 I. The American Government
The United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands was a military government in
the Philippines established by the United States on August 14, 1898, a day after the capture of
Manila, with General Wesley Merritt acting as military governor. During military rule (1898–
1902), the U.S. military commander governed the Philippines under the authority of the U.S.
president as Commander-in-Chief of the United States Armed Forces. After the appointment of
a civil Governor-General, the procedure developed that as parts of the country were pacified
and placed firmly under American control, responsibility for the area would be passed to the
civilian.
General Merritt was succeeded by General Elwell S. Otis as military governor, who in turn was
succeeded by General Arthur MacArthur. Major General Adna Chaffee was the final military
governor. The position of military governor was abolished in July 1902, after which the civil
Governor-General became the sole executive authority in the Philippines.
Under the military government, an American-style school system was introduced, initially with
soldiers as teachers; civil and criminal courts were reestablished, including a supreme
court; and local governments were established in towns and provinces. The first local election
was conducted by General Harold W. Lawton on May 7, 1899, in Baliuag, Bulacan.
 Capture of Manila
By June, U.S. and Filipino forces had taken control of most of the islands, except for the walled
city of Intramuros. Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were able to work out a bloodless
solution with acting Governor-General Fermín Jáudenes. The negotiating parties made a secret
agreement to stage a mock battle in which the Spanish forces would be defeated by the
American forces, but the Filipino forces would not be allowed to enter the city. This plan
minimized the risk of unnecessary casualties on all sides, while the Spanish would also avoid the
shame of possibly having to surrender Intramuros to the Filipino forces. On the eve of the mock
battle, General Anderson telegraphed Aguinaldo, "Do not let your troops enter Manila without
the permission of the American commander. On this side of the Pasig River you will be under
fire."
On August 13, with American commanders unaware that a ceasefire had already been signed
between Spain and the U.S. on the previous day, American forces captured the city of Manila
from the Spanish in the Battle of Manila. The battle started when Dewey's ships
bombarded Fort San Antonio Abad, a decrepit structure on the southern outskirts of Manila,
and the virtually impregnable walls of Intramuros. In accordance with the plan, the Spanish
forces withdrew while U.S. forces advanced. Once a sufficient show of battle had been made,
Dewey hoisted the signal "D.W.H.B." (meaning "Do you surrender?), whereupon the Spanish
hoisted a white flag and Manila was formally surrendered to U.S. forces.
This battle marked the end of Filipino-American collaboration, as the American action of
preventing Filipino forces from entering the captured city of Manila was deeply resented by the
Filipinos. This later led to the Philippine–American War (1899–1902), which would prove to be
more deadly and costly than the Spanish–American War (1898).
 Spanish–American War ends
Article V of the peace protocol signed on August 12 had mandated negotiations to conclude a
treaty of peace to begin in Paris not later than October 1, 1898. President McKinley sent a five-
man commission, initially instructed to demand no more than Luzon, Guam, and Puerto Rico;
which would have provided a limited U.S. empire of pinpoint colonies to support a global fleet
and provide communication links. In Paris, the commission was besieged with advice,
particularly from American generals and European diplomats, to demand the entire Philippine
archipelago. The unanimous recommendation was that "it would certainly be cheaper and
more humane to take the entire Philippines than to keep only part of it." On October 28, 1898,
McKinley wired the commission that "cessation of Luzon alone, leaving the rest of the islands
subject to Spanish rule, or to be the subject of future contention, cannot be justified on
political, commercial, or humanitarian grounds. The cessation must be the whole archipelago or
none. The latter is wholly inadmissible, and the former must therefore be required." The
Spanish negotiators were furious over the "immodest demands of a conqueror", but their
wounded pride was assuaged by an offer of twenty million dollars for "Spanish improvements"
to the islands. The Spaniards capitulated, and on December 10, 1898, the U.S. and Spain signed
the Treaty of Paris, formally ending the Spanish–American War. In Article III, Spain ceded the
Philippine archipelago to the United States, as follows: "Spain cedes to the United States the
archipelago known as the Philippine Islands, and comprehending the islands lying within the
following line: [... geographic description elided ...]. The United States will pay to Spain the sum
of twenty million dollars ($20,000,000) within three months after the exchange of the
ratifications of the present treaty."
In the U.S., there was a movement for Philippine independence; some said that the U.S. had no
right to a land where many of the people wanted self-government. In 1898 Andrew Carnegie,
an industrialist and steel magnate, offered to buy the Philippines for $20 million and give it to
the Filipinos so that they could be free of United States government.
On November 7, 1900, Spain and the U.S. signed the Treaty of Washington, clarifying that the
territories relinquished by Spain to the United States included any and all islands belonging to
the Philippine Archipelago, but lying outside the lines described in the Treaty of Paris. That
treaty explicitly named the islands of Cagayan Sulu and Sibutu and their dependencies as
among the relinquished territories.
 Philippine–American War (1899–1902)
The Spanish had yielded Iloilo to the insurgents in 1898 to trouble the Americans. On January 1,
1899, news had come to Washington, DC, from Manila that American forces, which had been
sent to Iloilo under the command of General Marcus Miller, had been confronted by 6,000
armed Filipinos, who refused them permission to land. A Filipino official styling himself
"Presidente Lopez of the Federal Government of the Visayas" informed Miller that "foreign
troops" would not land "without express orders from the central government of Luzon." On
December 21, 1898, McKinley issued a Proclamation of Benevolent Assimilation. General Otis
delayed its publication until January 4, 1899 and published a version that had been edited to
avoid conveying the meanings of the terms "sovereignty," "protection," and "right of
cessation," which occurred in the unedited version. Unknown to Otis, the US Department of
War had also sent an enciphered copy of the proclamation to General Marcus Miller in Iloilo for
informational purposes. Miller assumed that it was for distribution and, unaware that a
politically-expired version had been sent to Aguinaldo, published it in both Spanish and Tagalog
translations, which eventually made their way to Aguinaldo. Even before Aguinaldo received
the unaltered version and observed the changes in the copy that he had received from Otis,
Aguinaldo was already upset that Otis was referred to as "Military Governor of the Philippines"
in the unaltered version, which he had received from Otis (the unaltered version said "in the
Philippines."). Aguinaldo did not miss the significance of the alteration; which Otis had made
without authorization from Washington.
On January 5, Aguinaldo issued a counter proclamation that summarized what he saw as
American violations of the ethics of friendship, particularly regarding the events in Iloilo. The
proclamation concluded, "Such procedures, so foreign to the dictates of culture and the usages
observed by civilized nations, gave me the right to act without observing the usual rules of
intercourse. Nevertheless, in order to be correct to the end, I sent to General Otis
commissioners charged to solicit him to desist from his rash enterprise, but they were not
listened to. My government cannot remain indifferent in view of such a violent and aggressive
seizure of a portion of its territory by a nation which arrogated to itself the title champion of
oppressed nations. Thus it is that my government is disposed to open hostilities if the American
troops attempt to take forcible possession of the Visayan Islands. I denounce these acts before
the world, in order that the conscience of mankind may pronounce its infallible verdict as to
who are the true oppressors of nations and the tormentors of human kind.":356–7
After some copies of that proclamation had been distributed, Aguinaldo ordered the recall of
undistributed copies and issued another proclamation, which was published the same day in El
Heraldo de la Revolucion, the official newspaper of the Philippine Republic: "As in General Otis's
proclamation he alluded to some instructions edited by His Excellency the President of the
United States, referring to the administration of the matters in the Philippine Islands, I in the
name of God, the root and fountain of all justice, and that of all the right which has been visibly
granted to me to direct my dear brothers in the difficult work of our regeneration, protest most
solemnly against this intrusion of the United States Government on the sovereignty of these
islands.
I equally protest in the name of the Filipino people against the said intrusion, because as they
have granted their vote of confidence appointing me president of the nation, although I don't
consider that I deserve such, therefore I consider it my duty to defend to death its liberty and
independence.":357
Otis, taking both proclamations as a call to arms, strengthened American observation posts and
alerted his troops. In the tense atmosphere, some 40,000 Filipinos fled Manila within a period
of 15 days.
Meanwhile, Felipe Agoncillo, who had been commissioned by the Philippine Revolutionary
Government as Minister Plenipotentiary to negotiate treaties with foreign governments and
had attempted to be seated at the negotiations between the US and Spain in Paris, was now in
Washington. On January 6, he filed a request for an interview with the President to discuss
affairs in the Philippines. The next day, the government officials were surprised to learn that
messages to Otis to deal mildly with the rebels and not to force a conflict had become known to
Agoncillo and had been cabled by him to Aguinaldo. At the same time, Aguinaldo's protest
against General Otis signing himself "Military Governor of the Philippines" arrived. On January
8, Agoncillo stated, "In my opinion the Filipino people, whom I represent, will never consent to
become a colony dependency of the United States. The soldiers of the Filipino army have
pledged their lives that they will not lay down their arms until General Aguinaldo tells them to
do so, and they will keep that pledge, I feel confident."
The Filipino committees in London, Paris, and Madrid around that time telegraphed to
President McKinley: "We protest against the disembarkation of American troops at Iloilo. The
treaty of peace still unratified, the American claim to sovereignty is premature. Pray reconsider
the resolution regarding Iloilo. Filipinos wish for the friendship of America and abhor militarism
and deceit."
On January 8, Aguinaldo received the following message from Teodoro Sandiko to the President
of the Revolutionary Government, Malolos, from Sandico, Manila. January 8, 1899, 9.40 p.m.,
"In consequence of the order of General Rios to his officers, as soon as the Filipino attack begins
the Americans should be driven into the Intramuros district and the walled city should be set on
fire. Pipi."
The New York Times reported on January 8 that two Americans who had been guarding a water
boat in Iloilo had been attacked, one fatally, and that insurgents were threatening to destroy
the business section of the city by fire and that on January 10, a peaceful solution to the Iloilo
issues may result but that Aguinaldo had issued a proclamation threatening to drive the
Americans from the islands.
By January 10, insurgents were ready to assume the offensive but desired, if possible, to
provoke the Americans into firing the first shot. They made no secret of their desire for conflict
but increased their hostile demonstrations and pushed their lines forward into forbidden
territory. Their attitude was well illustrated by this extract from a telegram sent by Colonel
Cailles to Aguinaldo on January 10, 1899: "Most urgent. An American interpreter has come to
tell me to withdraw our forces in Maytubig fifty paces. I shall not draw back a step, and in place
of withdrawing, I shall advance a little farther. He brings a letter from his general, in which he
speaks to me as a friend. I said that from the day I knew that Maquinley (McKinley) opposed
our independence I did not want any dealings with any American. War, war, is what we want.
The Americans after this speech went off pale."
Aguinaldo approved the hostile attitude of Cailles since a reply in his handwriting stated, "I
approve and applaud what you have done with the Americans, and zeal and valour always, also
my beloved officers and soldiers there. I believe that they are playing us until the arrival of their
reinforcements, but I shall send an ultimatum and remain always on the alert.--E. A. Jan. 10,
1899." On January 31, 1899, the Minister of Interior of the revolutionary First Philippine
Republic, Teodoro Sandiko, signed a decree stating that President Aguinaldo had directed that
all idle lands be planted to provide food for the people in view of impending war with the
Americans.
 Outbreak of general hostilities
Other sources name the two specific US soldiers involved in the first exchange of fire as Privates
William Grayson and Orville Miller of the Nebraska Volunteers.
After the war had ended, and he had analyzed captured insurgent papers, Major Major J. R. M.
Taylor wrote, "An attack on the United States forces was planned which should annihilate the
little army in Manila, and delegations were appointed to secure the interference of foreign
powers. The protecting cloak of pretense of friendliness to the United States was to be kept up
until the last. While commissioners were appointed to negotiate with General Otis, secret
societies were organized in Manila pledged to obey orders of the most barbarous character to
kill and burn. The attack from without and the attack from within was to be on a set day and
hour. The strained situation could not last. The spark was applied, either inadvertently or by
design, on the 4th of February by an insurgent, willfully transgressing upon what, by their own
admission, was within the agreed limits of the holding of the American troops. Hostilities
resulted and the war was an accomplished fact."
 War
On February 4, Aguinaldo declared, "That peace and friendly relations with the Americans be
broken and that the latter be treated as enemies, within the limits prescribed by the laws of
war." On June 2, 1899, the Malolos Congress enacted and ratified a declaration of war on the
United States, which was publicly proclaimed on that same day by Pedro A. Paterno, the
President of the Assembly.
As when they had fought the Spanish, the Filipino rebels did not do well in the field. Aguinaldo
and his provisional government escaped after the capture of Malolos on March 31, 1899, and
they were driven into northern Luzon. Peace feelers from members of Aguinaldo's cabinet
failed in May when the American commander, General Ewell Otis, demanded an unconditional
surrender. In 1901, Aguinaldo was captured and swore allegiance to the United States, which
marked an end to the war.

 First Philippine Commission

McKinley had appointed a five-person group, headed by Dr. Jacob Gould Schurman, president
of Cornell University, on January 20, 1899, to investigate conditions in the islands and to make
recommendations. The three civilian members of the Philippine Commission arrived in Manila
on March 4, 1899, a month after the Battle of Manila, which had begun armed conflict between
US and revolutionary Filipino forces. The commission published a proclamation containing
assurances that the US was "anxious to establish in the Philippine Islands an enlightened system
of government under which the Philippine people may enjoy the largest measure of home rule
and the amplest liberty."
After meetings in April with revolutionary representatives, the commission requested
authorization from McKinley to offer a specific plan. He authorized an offer of a government,
consisting of "a Governor-General appointed by the President; cabinet appointed by the
Governor-General; [and] a general advisory council elected by the people. "The Revolutionary
Congress voted unanimously to cease fighting and to accept peace, and on May 8, the
revolutionary cabinet, headed by Apolinario Mabini, was replaced by a new "peace" cabinet,
headed by Pedro Paterno. General Antonio Luna then arrested Paterno and most of his cabinet
and returned Mabini and his cabinet to power. The commission then concluded, "The Filipinos
are wholly unprepared for independence... there being no Philippine nation, but only a
collection of different peoples."
In the report, which they issued to the president the next year, the commissioners
acknowledged Filipino aspirations for independence but declared that the Philippines was not
ready for it.
On November 2, 1899, the commission issued a preliminary report that stayted:183
 Second Philippine Commission
The Second Philippine Commission (the Taft Commission), appointed by McKinley on March 16,
1900 and headed by William Howard Taft, was granted legislative and limited executive
powers. On September 1, the Taft Commission began to exercise legislative functions. Between
September 1900 and August 1902, it issued 499 laws; established a judicial system, including a
supreme court; drew up a legal code; and organized a civil service. The 1901 municipal code
provided for popularly elected presidents, vice presidents, and councilors to serve on municipal
boards. Members of the municipal boards were responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining
municipal properties, undertaking necessary construction projects, and electing provincial
governors.
  Establishment of civil government
On March 3, 1901 the US Congress passed the Army Appropriation Act containing (along with
the Platt Amendment on Cuba) the Spooner Amendment, which provided the President with
the legislative authority to establish a civil government in the Philippines. Until then, the
President had been administering the Philippines by virtue of his war powers. On July 1, 1901,
civil government was inaugurated, with Taft as the Civil Governor. On February 3, 1903, the US
Congress changed the title of Civil Governor to Governor-General.
A highly-centralized public school system was installed in 1901, using English as the medium of
instruction. Since that created a heavy shortage of teachers, the Philippine Commission
authorized the Secretary of Public Instruction to bring to the Philippines 600 teachers from the
US, the so-called Thomasites. Free primary instruction to train the people for the duties of
citizenship and avocation was enforced by the Taft Commission, according to instructions by
McKinley. Also, the Catholic Church was disestablished, and a considerable amount of church
land was purchased and redistributed.
 Official end to war
The Philippine Organic Act of July 1902 approved, ratified, and confirmed McKinley's executive
order establishing the Philippine Commission and stipulated that a bicameral Philippine
Legislature would be established, composed of an elected lower house, the Philippine
Assembly, and an appointed upper house, the Philippine Commission. The act also provided for
extending the United States Bill of Rights to the Philippines.
On July 2, 1902, the Secretary of War telegraphed that the insurrection against the sovereign
authority of the US had come to an end, with provincial civil governments established, and so
the office of Military Governor was terminated. On July 4, Theodore Roosevelt, who had
succeeded to the presidency after the assassination of McKinley on September 5, 1901,
proclaimed a full and complete pardon and amnesty to all persons in the Philippine archipelago
who had participated in the conflict.
On April 9, 2002, Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo proclaimed that the Philippine–
American War had ended on April 16, 1902 with the surrender of General Miguel Malvar, and
she declared the centennial anniversary of that date as a national working holiday and as a
special non-working holiday in the Province of Batangas and in the Cities
of Batangas, Lipa and Tanaun.
 Later hostilities
Some sources have suggested that the war unofficially continued for nearly a decade since
bands of guerrillas, quasi-religious armed groups, and other resistance groups continued to
roam the countryside and to clash with US Army or Philippine Constabulary patrols. The US
Army and the Philippine Constabulary continued hostilities against those resistance groups until
1913. Some historians consider these unofficial extensions to be part of the war.
Blitz, Amy (2000), "Conquest and Coercion: Early U.S. Colonialism, 1899–1916", The
Contested State: American Foreign Policy and Regime Change in the Philippines, Rowman &
Littlefield, ISBN 0-8476-9935-8

Constantino, Renato (1975), The Philippines: A Past Revisited, ISBN 971-8958-00-2

 Preface

This module is designed a restructured for elementary level with thorough

research, reimagined to suit for the needs of the young learners for them to
be able to absorb the prior knowledge without facing difficulties in
understanding the words or the contexts of this module itself. To address
this, the topics are stripped from its original texts that will fit to the
description of the year level of experience of the students. With this, it is
further reconstructed for multi – grade level for multi-purposes functions.
The main source of this module is from the internet, archived and filtered to
ensure the authentic and factual publications are satisfied before
distributed to its respective owners.

What you are about to learn in this module is the times where the
Philippines gained independence to its long and successful colonizers – the
Spaniards. This module will bring you the information of the aftermaths
from the Philippine – Spanish revolution and the transition of the Philippine
– American war as well as its governance policy imposed to the Filipino
nation before it gains its final independence.
 What to know

 Crisis Phase (December 10, 1898-October 31,

1899): The U.S. government formally acquired the
Philippines from Spain with the signing of the Treaty
of Paris on December 10, 1898.  The U.S.
government declared military rule in the Philippines
on December 21, 1898.  Emilio Aguinaldo, a Filipino
nationalist, proclaimed the independence of the
Philippines on January 5, 1899.  Emilio Aguinaldo
established a rebel government in Malolos on
January 23, 1899, and Emilio Aguinaldo was named
president of the rebel government.  U.S. troops and
Filipinos clashed in Manila on February 4, 1899.  U.S.
troops took control of Jolo on the island of Sulu on Portrait of Emilio Aguinaldo
May 18, 1899.
 Conflict Phase
(November 1, 1899-April 13,
1902):  Emilio Aguinaldo led a

rebellion against the U.S.

General Licerio Geronimo General Henry Ware Lawton

military government in the Philippines beginning on November 1, 1899.  Some

200 Filipino rebels commanded by General Licerio Geronimo attacked U.S.
troops commanded by General Henry Ware Lawton near San Mateo on
December 19, 1899, resulting in the deaths of General Lawton and 13 other
U.S. soldiers. 

Emilio Aguinaldo was

captured by Filipino troops
loyal to the U.S. government
on March 23, 1901, and he
was replaced by General
Miguel Malvar as rebel
leader.  Emilio Aguinaldo
took an oath of allegiance to
the U.S. government on April
19, 1901. Moros attacked
U.S. troops in the town of
Balangiga on the island of
Samar on September 28,
1901, resulting in the deaths
of some 48 U.S. soldiers and 28 Moros.  The U.S. military established and
maintained concentration camps (reconcentrados) with some 298,000 Filipinos
in the province of Batangas from January to April 1902, resulting in the deaths
 of some 8,350 Filipinos.  U.S. and Filipino troops suppressed the rebellion with
the surrender of General Miguel Malvar on April 16, 1902. Some 200,000
Filipinos, 4,234 U.S. soldiers, and 20,000 Filipino soldiers were killed during the
conflict.

 Post-Crisis Phase (September 3, 1945-July 4,

1946):  Manuel Acuña Roxas of the liberal wing of
the Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista,- PN) was
elected president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
with 55 percent of the vote on April 23, 1946, and was
inaugurated as president on April 28, 1946.  Legislative
elections were held on April 23, 1946, and the liberal wing
of the Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista,- PN) won 49
out of 98 seats in the House of Representatives.  Manuel A. Roxas
The Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista,- PN) won 35
seats in the House of Representatives.  The Republic of the Philippines formally
achieved its independence from the U.S. on July 4, 1946.
Test Yourself
On the section of your module, you will be tested on how far you have learned
from this module by answering the following sets of activities below.

Simple Recall
1. Who is the Filipino nationalist who proclaimed the independence of
the Philippines?
2. When was the independence of the Philippines proclaimed?
3. How did the U.S. Government formally acquire the Philippines from
Spain?
4. When was the San Mateo battle?
5. Who are the opposing Generals during the battle of San Mateo?
6. When was Emilio Aguinaldo captured?
7. Who were the captors of Emilio Aguinaldo?

Fill in the blanks

Emilio Aguinaldo was replaced by (1) ________________ as

rebel leader.  Emilio Aguinaldo took an oath of allegiance to the
U.S. government on (2) _______________.

(3) ________________ of the liberal wing of the Nationalist

Party was elected president of the Commonwealth of the
Philippines with 55 percent of the vote on (4) _______________,
and was inaugurated as president on (5) ________________.
The Republic of the Philippines formally achieved its
independence from the U.S. on (6) _______________.
 Check your answers
Remember to apply it with honesty!

Simple Recall: Fill in the blanks

1. Emilio Aguinaldo 1. General Miguel Malvar

2. January 5, 1899 2. April 19, 1901
3. By signing the Treaty of Paris 3. Manuel Acuña Roxas
4. December 19, 1899 4. April 23, 1946
5. Gen. Licero Geronimo & Gen. Henry Ware Lawton 5. April 23, 1946
6. March 23, 1901 6. July 4, 1946
7. The Filipino troops who were loyal to the U.S. Government.
 II. The American Influences

 The period of U.S. influence

The juxtaposition of U.S. democracy and imperial rule over a subject people was sufficiently
jarring to most Americans that, from the beginning, the training of Filipinos for self-government
and ultimate independence—the Malolos Republic was conveniently ignored—was an essential
rationalization for U.S. hegemony in the islands. Policy differences between the two main
political parties in the United States focused on the speed with which self-government should
be extended and the date on which independence should be granted.
In 1899 Pres. William McKinley sent to the Philippines a five-person fact-
finding commission headed by Cornell University president Jacob G. Schurman. Schurman
reported back that Filipinos wanted ultimate independence, but this had no immediate impact
on policy. McKinley sent out the Second Philippine Commission in 1900, under William Howard
Taft; by July 1901 it had established civil government.
In 1907 the Philippine Commission, which had been acting as both legislature and governor-
general’s cabinet, became the upper house of a bicameral body. The new 80-member
Philippine Assembly was directly elected by a somewhat restricted electorate from single-
member districts, making it the first elective legislative body in Southeast Asia. When Gov.-
Gen. Francis B. Harrison appointed a Filipino majority to the commission in 1913, the American
voice in the legislative process was further reduced.
Harrison was the only governor-general appointed by a Democratic president in the first 35
years of U.S. rule. He had been sent by Woodrow Wilson with specific instructions to prepare
the Philippines for ultimate independence, a goal that Wilson enthusiastically supported.
During Harrison’s term, a Democratic-controlled Congress in Washington, D.C., hastened to
fulfill long-standing campaign promises to the same end. The Jones Act, passed in 1916, would
have fixed a definite date for the granting of independence if the Senate had had its way, but
the House prevented such a move. In its final form the act merely stated that it was the
“purpose of the people of the United States” to recognize Philippine independence “as soon as
a stable government can be established therein.” Its greater importance was as a milestone in
the development of Philippine autonomy. Under Jones Act provisions, the commission was
abolished and was replaced by a 24-member Senate, almost wholly elected. The electorate was
expanded to include all literate males.
Some substantial restrictions on Philippine autonomy remained, however. Defense and foreign
affairs remained exclusive U.S. prerogatives. American direction of Philippine domestic affairs
was exercised primarily through the governor-general and the executive branch of insular
government. There was little more than one decade of thoroughly U.S. administration in the
islands, however—too short a time in which to establish lasting patterns. Whereas Americans
formed 51 percent of the civil service in 1903, they were only 29 percent in 1913 and 6 percent
in 1923. By 1916 Filipino dominance in both the legislative and judicial branches of government
also served to restrict the U.S. executive and administrative roles.
By 1925 the only American left in the governor-general’s cabinet was the secretary of public
instruction, who was also the lieutenant governor-general. This is one indication of the high
priority given to education in U.S. policy. In the initial years of U.S. rule, hundreds of
schoolteachers came from the United States. But Filipino teachers were trained so rapidly that
by 1927 they constituted nearly all of the 26,200 teachers in public schools. The school
population expanded fivefold in a generation; education consumed half of governmental
expenditures at all levels, and educational opportunity in the Philippines was greater than in
any other colony in Asia.
As a consequence of this pedagogical explosion, literacy doubled to nearly half in the 1930s,
and educated Filipinos acquired a common language and a linguistic key to Western civilization.
By 1939 some one-fourth of the population could speak English, a larger proportion than for
any of the native dialects. Perhaps more important was the new avenue of upward social
mobility that education offered. Educational policy was the only successful U.S. effort to
establish a sociocultural basis for political democracy.
American attempts to create equality of economic opportunity were more modest and less
successful. In a predominantly agricultural country the pattern of landownership is crucial. The
trend toward greater concentration of ownership, which began in the 19th century, continued
during the American period, despite some legal barriers. Vast American-owned plantations
were forestalled, but legal restrictions had little effect on those politically well-connected
Filipinos who were intent on amassing fortunes. The percentage of farmers under share
tenancy doubled between 1900 and 1935, and the frustration of the tenants erupted in three
small rebellions in central Luzon during the 1920s and ’30s.
Nor was U.S. trade policy conducive to the diffusion of economic power. From 1909 the Payne-
Aldrich Tariff Act allowed free entry of Philippine products into the U.S. market, at the same
time U.S. products, mostly manufactured, were exempted from tariff in the Philippines. The
free flow of U.S. imports was a powerful deterrent to Philippine industrial growth. Export
agriculture, especially sugar, prospered in the protected U.S. market. Owners of mills and large
plantations profited most, thus reinforcing the political dominance of the landed elite.
American preparation of the Philippines for democratic self-government suffered from an
inherent contradiction, perhaps not recognized at the time. Transferring governmental
responsibility to those capable of undertaking it was not consistent with building a social and
economic base for political democracy. Self-government meant, of necessity, assumption of
power by those Filipinos who were already in positions of leadership in society. But those men
came for the most part from the landed elite; preservation of their political and economic
position was incompatible with equalizing opportunity. Even the expansion of an educated
middle class did not necessarily result in a transformation of the pattern of power. Most
middle-class aspirants for political leadership adjusted to the values and the practices of the
existing power elite.
Filipino leaders quickly and skillfully utilized the opportunities for self-government that the
Americans opened to them. The Filipino political genius was best reflected in an extralegal
institution—the political party. The first party, the Federal Party, was U.S.-backed and stressed
cooperation with the overlords, even to the point of statehood for the Philippines. But when
openly nationalist appeals were allowed in the 1907 election, the Nacionalista Party, advocating
independence, won overwhelmingly. The Federalists survived with a new name, Progressives,
and a new platform, ultimate independence after social reform. But neither the Progressives
nor their successors in the 1920s, the Democrats, ever gained more than one-third of the seats
in the legislature. The Nacionalista Party under the leadership of Manuel Quezon and Sergio
Osmeña dominated Philippine politics from 1907 until independence.
More significant than the competition between the Nacionalistas and their opposition was the
continuing rivalry between Quezon and Osmeña. In fact, understanding this personality conflict
provides more insight into the realities of prewar Philippine politics than any examination of
policy or ideology.
In 1933 the U.S. Congress passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act, which set a date for Philippine
independence. The act was a fulfillment of the vague pledge in the Jones Act; it was also
responsive to the demands of a series of “independence missions” sent to Washington by the
Philippine legislature. But this unprecedented transfer of sovereignty was decided upon in the
dark days of the Great Depression of the 1930s—and with the help of some incongruous allies.
The Depression had caused American farm interests to look desperately for relief, and those
who suffered real or imaginary hurt from the competition of Philippine products sought to
exclude those products. They had already failed in a direct attempt to amend the tariff on
Philippine imports but found that the respectable cloak of the advocacy of independence
increased the effectiveness of their efforts. Tied to independence was the end of free entry into
American markets of Philippine sugar, coconut oil, rope, and other less important items. That
those economic interests were able to accomplish what they did is partly explainable by the
fact that their political clout was great compared with that of the small group of American
traders and investors in the Philippines.
The Philippine legislature rejected the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act, apparently as a result of the
Osmeña-Quezon feud, much to the displeasure of American officialdom. But, when Quezon
came to Washington the following year to work for a new bill, the same alliance of forces in the
U.S. Congress obliged by producing the almost identical Tydings-McDuffie Act. Endorsed by
Quezon and accepted with alacrity by the Manila legislature, it provided for a 10-year
commonwealth during which the U.S. would retain jurisdiction over defense and foreign affairs.
Filipinos were to draft their own constitution, subject to the approval of the U.S. president.
A constitutional convention was quickly elected and a constitution (which bore a strong
resemblance to its U.S. model) framed and approved by plebiscite and by Pres. Franklin D.
Roosevelt. The last governor-general, Frank Murphy, became the first high commissioner, with
more of a diplomatic than a governing role. The commonwealth was inaugurated on November
15, 1935. The Nacionalista Party patched up its internal quarrels and nominated Quezon for
president and Osmeña for vice president. They were elected overwhelmingly.
The commonwealth period was intended to be devoted to preparation for economic and
political independence and perfection of democratic institutions. But even before the tragic
events of World War II, the transition did not run smoothly.
 World War II
Japanese aggression in China prompted much attention to military preparedness. Nearly one-
fourth of the national budget was devoted to defense. Gen. Douglas MacArthur, retiring as
army chief of staff in Washington, was called by President Quezon to direct plans and
preparations. Meanwhile, agrarian unrest festered, and leftist political activity grew. Quezon
pushed significant reform legislation through the National Assembly, but implementation was
feeble, despite the rapid accumulation of power in his hands.
The Japanese attack of the Philippines on December 8, 1941, came at a time when the U.S.
military buildup had hardly begun. Their advance was rapid; before Christmas, Manila was
declared an “open city,” while Quezon and Osmeña were evacuated to MacArthur’s
headquarters on Corregidor Island. Despite a desire, at one point, to return to Manila in order
to surrender, Quezon was persuaded to leave the Philippines in March 1942 on a U.S.
submarine; he was never to return. Osmeña also went. Filipino and American forces, under
Gen. Jonathan M. Wainwright, surrendered in May. An Executive Commission made up of more
than 30 members of the old Filipino political elite had been cooperating with Japanese military
authorities in Manila since January.
The Executive Commission lasted until September 1943, when it was superseded by an
“independent Philippine Republic.” The president, chosen by the Japanese, was José Laurel,
former associate justice of the commonwealth Supreme Court and the only Filipino to hold an
honorary degree from Tokyo Imperial University. More than half of the commonwealth Senate
and more than one-third of the House served at one time in the Japanese-sponsored regime.
Yet collaboration with Japan was neither as willing nor as widespread as elsewhere in Southeast
Asia.
Even before the fall of Bataan Peninsula to the Japanese in April 1942, guerrilla units were
forming throughout the Philippines. Most were led by middle-class officers and were
enthusiastically pro-United States; in central Luzon, however, a major force was the
Hukbalahap, which, under communist leadership, capitalized on earlier agrarian unrest. Though
in a number of instances collaborators secretly assisted guerrillas, many guerrillas in the hills
were bitter against those who appeared to benefit from the occupation. The differences
between the two groups became an important factor in early postwar politics.
Soon after the U.S. landings on Leyte in October 1944, commanded by MacArthur, civil
government was returned to the commonwealth, at least in name. Sergio Osmeña, who had
become president in exile on the death of Quezon in August, had few resources to deal with the
problems at hand, however. Osmeña’s role was complicated by the fact that MacArthur chose
to lionize Manuel A. Roxas, a leading collaborator who had also been in contact with U.S.
military intelligence. As president of the Senate, Roxas became, in effect, MacArthur’s
candidate for president. Roxas was nominated in January 1946 in a separate convention of the
“liberal wing” of the Nacionalista Party, as it was first called. Thus was born the Philippines’
second major political party, the Liberals.
Osmeña, though he had the advantages of incumbency, was old and tired and did not fully use
the political tools he possessed. In April Roxas was elected by a narrow margin. The following
month he was inaugurated as the last chief executive of the commonwealth, and on July 4,
1946, when the Republic of the Philippines was proclaimed, he became its first president.
 The early republic
Roxas, as expected, extended amnesty to all major collaborators with Japan. In the campaign
for the election of 1949 there was an attempt to raise the collaboration issue against José
Laurel, the Nacionalista presidential candidate, but it was not effective. In the fluidity of
Philippine politics, “guerrillas” and “collaborators” were by that time to be found on both sides
of all political fences.
The Philippines had gained independence in the “ashes of victory.” Intense fighting, especially
around Manila in the last days of the Japanese retreat (February–March 1945), had nearly
destroyed the capital. The economy generally was in disarray. Rehabilitation aid was obviously
needed, and President Roxas was willing to accept some onerous conditions placed implicitly
and explicitly by the U.S. Congress. The Bell Act in the United States extended free trade with
the Philippines for 8 years, to be followed by 20 years of gradually increasing tariffs. The United
States demanded and received a 99-year lease on a number of Philippine military and naval
bases in which U.S. authorities had virtual territorial rights. And finally, as a specific
requirement for release of U.S. war-damage payments, the Philippines had to amend its
constitution to give U.S. citizens equal rights with Filipinos in the exploitation of natural
resources—the so-called Parity Amendment.
The changing character of Philippine–U.S. relations was a major theme in Philippine history for
the first several decades after the war. The trend was toward weakening of the link, achieved
partly by diversifying Philippine external ties and partly by more articulate anti-American
feeling. Economic nationalism, though first directed against the local Chinese community’s
dominance of retail trade, by the 1950s was focused on the special status of American business
firms.
At independence the military ties with the United States were as strong as the economic ones.
Filipino troops fought against communist forces in Korea, and noncombatant engineers
augmented U.S. forces in the Vietnam War. Crucial to U.S. military action in Vietnam were
bases in the Philippines. The Military Bases Agreement was the greatest single cause of friction
in relations between the United States and the Philippines. Beginning in 1965, however, a series
of agreements between the two countries reduced the size and number of the U.S. bases and
shortened base leases. In 1979 formal jurisdiction over the base areas passed to the Philippine
government; and the constitution of 1987 formalized the process by which the bases
agreement could be extended beyond the expiration in 1991 of base leases. Extension of the
agreement was ultimately rejected by the Philippine Senate, however, and U.S. forces were
pulled from the Philippine bases in 1992.
The nature and effectiveness of Filipino political institutions since independence has been a
special concern of the former colonial power that helped establish them. For Filipinos, those
institutions have determined the ability or inability to maintain domestic social order. Clumsy
repression of dissent and the fraudulent election of the country’s second president, Elpidio
Quirino, in 1949 set the stage for an intensification of the communist-led Hukbalahap (Huk)
Rebellion, which had begun in 1946. The rebellion also reflected a growing sense of social
injustice among tenant farmers, especially in central Luzon. Suppression of the rebellion five
years later, however, was attributable to American military aid as well as to the opening of the
political process to greater mass participation, particularly during the campaign of Ramon
Magsaysay, a uniquely charismatic figure in Filipino politics who was elected president in 1953.
Magsaysay’s attempts at social and economic reform failed largely because of the conservative
outlook of the legislature and the bureaucracy. When Magsaysay died in a plane crash in 1957,
leadership of the country fell to his vice president, Carlos P. Garcia. During Garcia’s presidential
term and that of his reform-minded successor, Diosdado Macapagal (1961–65), unrest was
usually channeled through the electoral process and peaceful protest.
 The Marcos and early post-Marcos era
In November 1965, Ferdinand E. Marcos was elected to the presidency. His administration
faced grave economic problems that were exacerbated by corruption, tax evasion, and
smuggling.
In 1969 Marcos became the first elected president of the Philippines to win reelection. His
campaign platform included the renegotiation of major treaties with the United States and
trade with communist countries. These promises reflected a change in the self-concept of the
country during the 1960s. The idea of the Philippines as an Asian outpost of Christianity was
increasingly supplanted by a desire to develop an Asian cultural identity. Artists, musicians, and
writers began to look to pre-Spanish themes for inspiration. More important was the trend
toward seeking cultural identity through the national language, Pilipino. English, however,
remained the language of business, of most government documents, and of the greater part of
higher education. Demands that the government meet the social and economic needs of its
citizenry continued.
A short-lived sign that the Filipino political system was again attempting to respond
constructively to those needs was the choosing in 1970 of a widely representative
Constitutional Convention in one of the most honest and peaceful elections in Philippine
history. Large student demonstrations urged the convention to undertake a fundamental
restructuring of political power.
Marcos, who was approaching the end of his constitutionally delimited eight years in office, had
narrower goals: he pressed for the adoption of a parliamentary style of government, which
would allow him to remain in power. He feared that the new constitution would not come into
force before he lost the advantages of incumbency. At the same time, foreign investors,
predominantly American, felt increased pressure from economic nationalists in the legislature.
 Preface

This module is designed a restructured for elementary level with thorough

research, reimagined to suit for the needs of the young learners for them to
be able to absorb the prior knowledge without facing difficulties in
understanding the words or the contexts of this module itself. To address
this, the topics are stripped from its original texts that will fit to the
description of the year level of experience of the students. With this, it is
further reconstructed for multi – grade level for multi-purposes functions.
The main source of this module is from the internet, archived and filtered to
ensure the authentic and factual publications are satisfied before
distributed to its respective owners.

What you are going to learn from this module is about the American
influences that they brought here in the Philippines before and after world
war 2 and some other events that the Philippines encountered the
Americans.
What to know

In 1898, the United

States declared war on
Spain, ultimately resulting
in what is called
the Treaty of Paris, in
which the Spanish
agreed to give up the
islands of the Philippines
in exchange for The signing of Tydings/McDuffie Law
$20,000,000. The
Philippines had been
ruled by the Spanish for nearly 300 years.  During first years, there were
some conflicts between the U.S. and The Philippines. But during World
War I, they came together and the Filipinos fought alongside the
Americans. After WWI ended, the U.S. continued to rule over the
Philippines, and gradually their relationship became much more friendly. In
1934, the Tydings/McDuffie Law was passed, making the
Philippines commonwealth of the U.S. The United States agreed to give
the Philippines 10 years to prepare for their complete independence. But
because of WWII and the Japanese invasion of the Philippines, that
promise was not realized until 1946. On July 4, 1946, the United States
declared the Philippines an independent nation. Now, the relation between
Americans and Filipinos are very friendly and warm. Filipinos love America
and Americans. They often decorate their jeepneys with american flags or
“God Bless the USA.” They also enjoy American music and clothing, while
still retaining their own Filipino way of life.

Here are some cool things you may be interested to know were adopted
into the Filipino culture from America:

 Religious Freedom
When the United States took over the
Philippines, the people began to be free to
join whatever religion they wanted. (During
the Spanish rule, the Catholic church was
established as the national religion and
was strongly enforced). Because of this new found religious freedom, there
began to be many different churches besides Catholicism. Today, it’s
remarkable to see just how many different Christian churches there are in
the Philippines – this religious diversity has become a big part of the
culture.

 Free Education
Americans introduced the idea of free education to the Philippine islands.
The United States even sent teachers to help establish schools where the
Filipino children could have a free education. A large group of these
teachers were called “Thomasites,” named after the boat that they came
on, called Thomas.

 English
During this time, English began to be taught in the schools, and this is the
language that the teachers would use. Even today, most Filipinos can’t help
but mix in English words when they speak.  “Taglish” has literally become
part of the culture.   In fact, English is now the 2nd national language. Lots
of English words have made their way into the Tagalog language. Often
they are pronounced the same, but the dictionary spelling is Filipino-ized.
Here are a few fun examples:
Cake = Keyk
Cookie = Kukis
Biscuit = Biskwit
Ballpen= Bolpen
Interview = Interbyu
Computer = Kompyuter
X-ray = Eksrey

 Clothing
Here are a few types of clothing that America introduced to the Filipino
culture:
  Belts
 Suspenders
 Polo shirts
 Tennis shoes
 Short skirts/dresses
 Bonnets/hats
 High heels
 Pantyhose
 Make-up

 Food
Here is a list of some of the food that Americans introduced to the
Philippines that have been widely adopted into their lifestyle:
 Hamburgers
 Sandwiches
 Oatmeal
 Ketchup
 Chewing gum
 Apple pie
 Mayonnaise
 Hot dogs
 Steak
 Ice cream
 Corn flakes
Some American restaurants that have become very popular in the
Philippines are:
 McDonald’s
 KFC
 Dunkin Donuts

 Other American influences:

Jeepneys, Swing Dance, Democracy, etc.
Test Yourself
On the section of your module, you will be tested on how far you have learned
from this module by answering the following sets of activities below.

Simple Recall
1. How much did the U.S. paid the Spanish colonizers in order for them for
acquire Philippines?
2. How many years did the Spanish rules the Philippines?
3. What is the name of the law that made the Philippines as a Commonwealth
country in U.S.?
4. How many years the Philippines will have to prepare for its full
independence from the U.S.?
5. When did U.S. declared Philippines as an independent nation?

Enumeration
For items 1 – 6, list down all the American cultures that are adopted in the
Philippines.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
 Check your answers
Remember to apply it with honesty!

Simple Recall: Enumeration (Answers will not matter in its chronological order):

1. $20,000,000 1. Religious Freedom

2. 300 years 2. Free Education
3. Tydings/McDuffie Law 3. English
4. 10 years 4. Clothing
5. July 4, 1946 5. Food
6. Other American influences
III. The Commonwealth Government
Semi detailed lesson plan of The Commonwealth Government
I. Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to

A. Understand the background history of the Commonwealth Government
B. Value the alliance of the Filipino and the Americans

II. Subject matter

Founding history of the Commonwealth Government, its inclusive dates and
personnel involves.

III. Materials
Prezi slides presentation
Multimedia presentations
Flash cards
Markers
Sets of Cartolina in strips

IV. Procedure
A. Preparation
Greet the students and command them to sit properly
B. Motivation
Make the students imagine living in the American regime era in the Philippines,
ask them the differences by comparing the present time.
C. Lesson proper
The commonwealth government is defined as the law passed to the Philippines
from the U.S. to gain access to the Philippines by means of acquisition as a
property. Its territorial and adjudications are held by the Americans as of the
country has no independence. Lasted from 1943 to 1946, many support were
given by the U.S. as of that time including the military aid during the Japanese
occupation in the Philippines. Going back to the later colonizer, the Spanish was
successfully sent away gaining the Philippines free from them but not to the U.S.
legislative. Education is also catered by the Americans as they sent numerous
teachers called “Thomasites” – the name coined from the vessel they board into
by the arrival in the Philippines to give the Filipino people a free education.
 D. Activity
Group the students evenly according to their number, given the flash cards with
a word on it. Let them stick it into the chalkboard to where the strips of cartolina
is stick into provided they are written with the meaning of the word that the
student will match to their flash cards.

E. Generalization
It is imperative that the students will learn about the events held during the
Commonwealth Governance of the U.S. in the Philippines, as well as its inclusive
dates and persons involved.

F. Evaluation
Get one fourth sheet of paper and answer the following questions:

1. What are the teacher coming from U.S. called?

2. What are the parties of nations involved in Commonwealth Government in
the Philippines?
3. How much did the U.S. pays Spain to surrender Philippines to their hands?
4. What is the name of the Law that the United States imposed?
5. How long did the Commonwealth Government last in the Philippines?

V. Assignment
Due tomorrow, on a piece of short bond paper, you are to write at least 100 words
essay focusing on this questions: “What if the U.S. legislatives never grants
Philippines its full independence? What do you think will happen? What can your
mind picture and image of any scenario?”

IV. The Philippines under Japanese Military

 Japan had already been at war in Manchuria and China long before
the Second World War started in Europe
when Germany invaded Poland. By 1941,
1931 - 1937 Japanese military expansion in the Asia-
Pacific region had made confrontation and
war with the United States increasingly certain.

In preparation for war, General Douglas MacArthur brought the

12,000 strong Philippine Scouts under his
Jul. 26, 1941 command with the 16,000 American
soldiers stationed in the Philippines. Even
these combined forces were poorly trained
and equipped for an adequate defense of the islands against a
Japanese invasion.

The attack on the Philippines started ten hours after the attack on
Pearl Harbour in Hawaii. As at Pearl
Dec. 8, 1941 Harbour, the American aircraft were
entirely destroyed on the ground. Lacking
air cover, the American Asiatic Fleet in the
Philippines withdrew to Java on December 12, 1941.

Japanese troops landed at the Lingayen Gulf on December 22,

1941 and advanced across central Luzon
1941 - 1942 towards Manila. On the advice of President
Quezon, General MacArthur declared
Manila an open city on December 25, 1941
and removed the Commonwealth government to Corregidor. The
Japanese occupied Manila on January 2, 1942.
 MacArthur concentrated his troops on the Bataan peninsula to
await the relief of reinforcements from the United States that, after
the destruction at Pearl Harbour, could never come. The Japanese
succeeded in penetrating Bataan's first line of defense and, from
Corregidor, MacArthur had no alternative but to organize a slow
and desperate retreat down the peninsula. President Quezon and
Vice-President Osmena left Corregidor by submarine to form a
government in exile in the United States. General MacArthur
escaped Corregidor on the night of March 11, 1942 in PT-41 bound
for Australia; 4,000 km away through Japanese controlled waters.

The 76,000 starving and sick American and Filipino defenders in

Bataan surrendered to the Japanese on April 9, 1942. The
Japanese led their captives on a cruel and criminal Death March on
which 7-10,000 died or were murdered before arriving at the
internment camps ten days later. The 13,000 survivors on
Corregidor surrendered on May 6, 1942.

General MacArthur discharged his promise

Oct. 20, 1944 to return to the Philippines. The landings on
the island of Leyte were accomplished
massively with an amphibious force of 700
vessels and 174,000 army and navy servicemen. Through
December 1944, the islands of Leyte and Mindoro were cleared of
Japanese.

The Americans landed unopposed at the Lingayen Gulf on Luzon

and closed on Manila. The Japanese
Jan. 9, 1945 fought desperately, street by street, to hold
the city. From February 3 to 23, its
liberation took almost a month. When at
last the fighting ended in the old Spanish citadel of Intramuros,
Manila was in ruins.
 Even after the capture of Manila, the Japanese fought on to the
bitter end. The Americans made landings to remove the Japanese
garrisons on Palawan, Mindanao, Panay
Sept. 2, 1945 and Cebu. The Japanese made their last
stand entrenched in northern Luzon.
General Yamashita, the Tiger of Malaya, did not surrender in
Baguio until September 2, 1945; the same day as General Umezu
surrendered formally for Japan on board the USS Missouri in Tokyo
Bay.

V. The Battle against Oppressor

Spain against Philippines

1500's

 1512: Megellan discovers the Philippines.

 March 1521: First Europeans visit.

 1542: The Philippines are named.

 1564: Conquest of the Philippines by Spain.

 May 8, 1565: Cebu becomes the capital of the Philippines.

 1565: Spain colonized the Philippines.

 1565: Begin of Spain's rule over the Philippines.

  1567: Dagami Revolt.

 1568: The Portuguese attack Cebu and blockade the port.

 1570: The Portuguese launch a second attack and fail.

 1574: Manila Revolt.

 1585: Pampangos Revolt.

 1587-1588: Conspiracy of the Maharlikas.

 1588: Another Revolt, attempting to expel Spaniards.

 1589: Revolts against the Tribute.

 1596: Magalat Revolt.

1600's

 1601: Igorot Revolt.

 1602: Chinese Revolt.

 1621-1622: Tamblot Revolt.

 1621-1622: Bancao Revolt.

 1625-1627: Isneg Revolt.

 1639: Cagayan  Revolt.

 1643: Ladia Revolt.
 1649: Most widespread rebellion against Spain.

 1649-1650: Sumuroy Revolt.

 1660: Maniago Revolt.

 1660-1661: Malong Revolt.

 January 1661: Almazan Revolt.

 1661: Ilocos Province Revolted.

 1662: Chinese Revolt.

 1663: Panay Revolt.

 1681-1683: Sambal Revolt.

1700's

 1719: Caragay Revolt.

 1744: Dagohoy Revolt.

 1762: The Provinces Rebelled.

 November 3, 1762: Rebel against Sain imposition on the tribute.

 1762-1765: Palaris Revolt.

 1774: Marked Revolution in Bohol.

 1787: Lagutao Revolt.

 1800's

 1807: Ambaristo Revolt.

 1829: Dagohoy Revolt ends.

 February 17, 1872: Three Filipino priests are executed.

 1872: Revolt in Cavite Province.

 July 7, 1892: Katipunan was formed/ established.

 1892: Jose Rizal founded Liga Filipinas.

 1895: Bonifacio organized the Katipunan.

 1895: Aguinaldo joins Katipunan.

 August 23, 1896: First phase of the Revolution of Spain.

 Fall of 1896: Revolt against Spain.

 1896: Armed struggle in Manila began.

 May 1897: Bonifacio is executed.

 November 18- December 15, 1897: Truce with Spain.

 January 1898: Philippine Republic declared.

 February 15, 1898: United States called war against Spain.

 April 23, 1898: Spain declares war against The United States.
 May 1, 1898: 5:41am- 12:30pm: Spanish fleet defeated in the Battle
of Manila Bay.

 June 6, 1898: United States controlls The Philippines.

 June 12, 1898: United States and The Philippines join sides and
declare independence from Spain.

 August 8, 1898: End of the fighting with Spain.

 December 10, 1898: United States signed the Treaty of Paris and
gave Cuba their independence.

 December 21, 1898: President McKinley issues Benevolent

Assimilation Proclamation.

 1898: First soldiers leave the Presidio.

 1898: Spanish- American War.

 1898: End of Spanish rule in the Philippines.

United States of America against Philippines

 February 4, 1899 - Emilio Aguinaldo officially declares war on US.

 February 5, 1899 - Battle of Manila, first and largest battle of the war.

 March 31, 1899 - American forces capture Malolos, the then capital.
 March 23, 1901 - Aguinaldo is captured by US forces, led by General
Frederick Funston

 April, 1901 - Aguinaldo makes peace with the US.

 June 16, 1902 - US military rule of the Philippines ends.

Empire of Japan against Philippines & U.S.A

 Dec. 7, 1941: Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

 Dec. 8, 1941: Japanese bomb the Philippines, destroying many

aircraft at Clark Field

 Dec. 22, 1941: About 43,000 Japanese troops begin the main
invasion of Luzon; American and Filipino troops begin to amass on
Bataan

 Dec. 24, 1941: Manila declared “open city”

 End of December 1941: Ground war in progress on Bataan

 Feb. 8, 1942: Japan decides to regroup after its forces are repelled

 March 1942: Having received reinforcements, Japanese strengthen

attacks

 March 12, 1942: Gen. Douglas MacArthur evacuated to Australia

from Corregidor
 April 9, 1942: Gen. Edward King surrenders Bataan; death march
begins

 March 1, 1942: Final Japanese assault on Corregidor begins

 May 6, 1942: Gen. Jonathan Wainwright asks to surrender

Corregidor

 October 1944: MacArthur returns, coming ashore at Leyte in the

southern Philippines

 Feb. 3, 1945: Battle of Manila begins

 March 4, 1945: Manila officially liberated, but the city is devastated

by bombing and the Manila Massacre, in which about 100,000 people
were killed.

 Aug. 6, 1945: U.S. drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan

 Aug. 9, 1945: U.S. drops atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan

 Aug. 15, 1945: Japanese Emperor Hirohito announces Japan’s

surrender

 Sept. 2, 1945: Japan officially surrenders aboard the Missouri

 December 1945: Japanese Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita sentenced to

death for the Manila Massacre and other war crimes.

 Feb. 23, 1946: Yamashita hanged in the Philippines

 April 3, 1946: Japanese Gen. Masaharu Homma, who directed the

battle for Bataan, is executed for his role in the death march and
atrocities committed in prison camps. American and Filipino forces
make up the firing squad.