This one is the most complicated War in our history.

- So many Battles

The American Occupation of the Philippines; Is the dissolution of

the First Philippine Republic.
- Date of Philippine American War is on Feb. 4, 1899 – July 2,
1902 (3 years to 4 months and 4 weeks)= 344.
- The conflict arose when the First Philippine Republic
objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris under which
the United States took possession of the Philippines from
Spain, ending the Spanish–American War.
- Fighting erupted between forces of the United States and
those of the Philippine Republic on February 4, 1899, in
what became known as the 1899 Battle of Manila. On June
2, 1899, the First Philippine Republic officially declared war
against the United States.
- The Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo was captured on
March 23, 1901, and the war was officially declared ended
by the American government on July 2, 1902, with a victory
for the United States. However, some Philippine groups—
some led by veterans of the Katipunan, a Philippine
revolutionary society which had launched the revolution
against Spain—continued to battle the American forces for
several more years. Among those leaders was Macario
Sakay, a veteran Katipunan member who established (or re-
established) the Tagalog Republic in 1902 along Katipunan
lines in contrast to Aguinaldo's Republic, with himself as
president.
- By late 1897, after a succession of defeats for the
revolutionary forces, the Spanish had regained control over
most of the Philippine territory the rebels had taken.
Aguinaldo and Spanish Governor-General Fernando Primo
de Rivera entered into armistice negotiations while Spanish
forces surrounded Aguinaldo's hideout and base in Biak-na-
Bato in Bulacan province, and Aguinaldo reorganized his
"Republic of the Philippines" in the meantime. On
December 14, 1897, an agreement was reached in which
the Spanish colonial government would pay Aguinaldo
$MXN800,000 in Manila—in three installments if Aguinaldo
would go into exile outside of the Philippines.
- Upon receiving the first of the installments, Aguinaldo and
25 of his closest associates left their headquarters at Biak-
na-Bato and made their way to Hong Kong, according to the
terms of the agreement. Before his departure, Aguinaldo
denounced the Philippine Revolution, exhorted Filipino
rebel combatants to disarm, and declared those who
continued hostilities and waging war to be bandits.
- Despite Aguinaldo's denunciation, some of the
revolutionaries continued their armed revolt against the
Spanish colonial government. According to Aguinaldo, the
Spanish never paid the second and third installments of the
agreed-upon sum.
- In the Battle of Manila Bay; On July 9, General Anderson
informed Major General Henry Clark Corbin, the Adjutant
General of the U.S. Army, that Aguinaldo "has declared
himself Dictator and President, and is trying to take Manila
without our assistance", opining that that would not be
probable but, if done, would allow him to antagonize any
U.S. attempt to establish a provisional government.[58] On
 July 15, Aguinaldo issued three organic decrees assuming
civil authority of the Philippines.
- Elections were held by the Revolutionary Government
between June and September 10, resulting in the seating of
a legislature known as the Malolos Congress. In a session
between September 15 and November 13, 1898, the
Malolos Constitution was adopted. It was promulgated on
January 21, 1899, creating the First Philippine Republic with
Emilio Aguinaldo as president.
Benevolent Assimilation
On December 21, 1898, President William McKinley issued a
proclamation of "benevolent assimilation, substituting the mild
sway of justice and right for arbitrary rule" for "the greatest good
of the governed."[84] Referring to the Treaty of Paris, it said that
"as a result of the victories of American arms, the future control,
disposition, and government of the Philippine Islands are ceded
to the United States."
It enjoined the military commander (General Otis) to make
known to the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands that "in
succeeding to the sovereignty of Spain" the authority of the
United States "is to be exerted for the securing of the persons
and property of the people of the islands and for the
confirmation of all their private rights and relations." The
proclamation specified that "it will be the duty of the
commander of the forces of occupation to announce and
proclaim in the most public manner that we come, not as
invaders or conquerors, but as friends, to protect the natives in
their homes, in their employments, and in their personal and
religious rights".[85]
Major General Elwell Stephen Otis—who was appointed Military
Governor of the Philippines at that time—delayed its publication.
On January 4, 1899, General Otis published an amended version
edited so as not to convey the meanings of the terms
sovereignty, protection, and right of cessation, which were
present in the original version.[86] On January 6, 1899, General
Otis was quoted in The New York Times as expressing himself as
convinced that the U.S. government intends to seek the
establishment of a liberal government, in which the people will
be as fully represented as the maintenance of law and order will
permit, susceptible of development, on lines of increased
representation, and the bestowal of increased powers, into a
government as free and independent as is enjoyed by the most
favored provinces in the world.[87]
- Unknown to Otis, the War Department had also sent an
enciphered copy of the Benevolent Assimilation
proclamation to General Marcus P. Miller in Iloilo City for
informational purposes. Miller assumed that it was for
distribution and, unaware that a politically bowdlerized
version had been sent to Aguinaldo, published it in both
Spanish and Tagalog translations which eventually made
their way to Aguinaldo.[88] Even before Aguinaldo received
the unaltered version and observed the changes in the copy
he had received from Otis, he was upset that Otis had
altered his own title to "Military Governor of the
Philippines" from "... in the Philippines". Aguinaldo did not
miss the significance of the alteration, which Otis had made
without authorization from Washington.[89]
- The original proclamation was given by supporters to
Aguinaldo who, on January 5, issued a counter-
proclamation:[90]
-
- Such procedures, so foreign to the dictates of culture and
the usages observed by civilized nations, gave me the right
to act without observing the usual rules of intercourse.
Nevertheless, in order to be correct to the end, I sent to
General Otis commissioners charged to solicit him to desist
from his rash enterprise, but they were not listened to. My
government can not remain indifferent in view of such a
violent and aggressive seizure of a portion of its territory by
a nation which arrogated to itself the title champion of
oppressed nations. Thus it is that my government is
disposed to open hostilities if the American troops attempt
to take forcible possession of the Visayan Islands. I
denounce these acts before the world, in order that the
conscience of mankind may pronounce its infallable verdict
as to who are the true oppressors of nations and the
tormentors of human kind.[91][92]
-
- After some copies of that proclamation had been
distributed, Aguinaldo ordered the recall of undistributed
copies and issued another proclamation, which was
published the same day in El Heraldo de la Revolucion, the
official newspaper of the Philippine Republic. There, he said
partly,
-
- As in General Otis's proclamation he alluded to some
instructions edited by His Excellency the President of the
United States, referring to the administration of the matters
 in the Philippine Islands, I in the name of God, the root and
fountain of all justice, and that of all the right which has
been visibly granted to me to direct my dear brothers in the
difficult work of our regeneration, protest most solemnly
against this intrusion of the United States Government on
the sovereignty of these islands. I equally protest in the
name of the Filipino people against the said intrusion,
because as they have granted their vote of confidence
appointing me president of the nation, although I don't
consider that I deserve such, therefore I consider it my duty
to defend to death its liberty and independence.
Slide No. 1
The most demanding war ever in our history.
The American Occupation of the Philippines; Is the dissolution of
the First Philippine Republic.
- Date of Philippine American War is on Feb. 4, 1899 – July 2,
1902 (3 years to 4 months and 4 weeks)= 344.
- The conflict arose when the First Philippine Republic
objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris under which
the United States took possession of the Philippines from
Spain, ending the Spanish–American War.
- Fighting erupted between forces of the United States and
those of the Philippine Republic on February 4, 1899, in
what became known as the 1899 Battle of Manila. On June
2, 1899, the First Philippine Republic officially declared war
against the United States.
Slide No. 2
Americans occupied all the provinces of the Philippines
 - The desire for commercial opportunities in Asia.
- They think that Filipinos were incapable of Self- Rule.
- For Fear that what if the United States did not take control
the Philippine Islands; there is a possibility that Germany
and Japan would take over.
- For a Crisis phase, The United states government formally
acquired the Philippines from Spain through the signing of
Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898.
- An on December 21, 1898 The US Government declared
military rule in the Philippines.
Slide No. 3
- Remember that Filipinos believed that United States defeat
Spain would lead a free Philippines. But once again the
Filipinos Fail.
- Because US refused to recognized the new government of
the Philippines, the Philippine Republic declared war on the
United States, which is the Philippine- American War.
Slide No. 4.
Mariano Santos is the veteran of the revolution, and he is the
one who recall about of what had happened in the Philippine
American War.
Slide No. 5
These are the Colonial Motives of the United States over the
Philippines. (Pressure Groups).
- Economic Interest – Commercial Opportunities in Asia
- Politico- Military – ( US Military Control
- Religious – Introduction of Protestant as Religion.
 - It because of lack of munition- Filipinos sustained their
resistance by becoming a Guerrilla member.
- Guerrilla War- Fare – this one is a group of combatants of a
filipino group, and armed civilians using several military
- tactics, a group of hit and run tactics.
Slide No. 6.
- It because of the War featured by guerrilla; the Americans
responded with repressive and violent measures to end the
war- they use the concentration zones, scorched and earth
tactics, retaliation, and torture.
- Concentration camps – such as target individuals and killed
them.
- Scorched and earth tactics- eto ung mga sinusunog nila ung
camps or ung iba soldier nilalagyan nila ung katawan nila sa
lupa para mahuli nila ung mga guerrilla.
Slide No. 7
- It because of the Philippine American War was lasted for
three years it resulted the death over 4, 200 America and
over 20,000 filipino combatants.
- As many as 200,000 Filipinos civilians died from violence,
famine, diseases.
Slide No. 8
The Benevolent Assimilation
- On December 21, 1898, President William McKinley issued
a proclamation of "benevolent assimilation, substituting the
mild sway of justice and right for arbitrary rule" for "the
greatest good of the governed.
 - Referring to the Treaty of Paris, it said that "as a result of
the victories of American arms, the future control,
disposition, and government of the Philippine Islands are
ceded to the United States.
Slide No. 9
- President McKinley is the US President at that time.
Slide No. 10
- President McKinley added that he felon his knees to pray to
God to enlighten him what to do with the Philippines.
Slide No. 11
- Here is come the Pressured Groups
Slide No. 12
1. American Business Interest
2. Military and Naval
3. Religious Groups
Slide No. 13
- After the presence of the pressured groups, President
McKinley issued the Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation.
- McKinley officially announce the American Policy regarding
the Philippines.
Slide No. 14
- The clear mandate about the Benevolent Assimilation
Slide No. 15 read the slide
- The Benevolent Assimilation proclamation it specify “class”
that ot will be the duty of the commander of the forces of
 occupation of the United States to announce and to
proclaim in the most public manner that they are not
invaders or conquerors, but as friends, to protect the
natives in their homes, in their employments, and in their
personal and religious rights".
Slide No. 16;
Reactions of the Filipino’s about the Proclamation;
Slide No. 17
- Major General Elwell Stephen Otis—he was appointed
Military Governor of the Philippines at that time—he
delayed the publication of the Benevolent Assimilation.
- General Otis at that time he published the amended
version he edited the terms and wordings of the
Benevolent Assimilation so as not to convey the meanings
of sovereignty, protection, and right of cessation, which
were present in the original version.
- Unknown to Otis, the War Department had also sent an
Original Copy of the Benevolent Assimilation proclamation
to General Marcus P. Miller in Iloilo City for informational
purposes.
- Then, Miller assumed that it was for distribution and,
unaware that a politically version had been sent to
Aguinaldo, published it in both Spanish and Tagalog
translations which eventually made their way to Aguinaldo.
- Even before Aguinaldo received the unaltered version and
observed the changes in the copy he had received from
Otis, he was upset that Otis had altered his own title to
"Military Governor of the Philippines" from "in the
Philippines".
 - Then Aguinaldo issued the counter- proclamation about the
Benevolent Assimilation.
- Aguinaldo Said: My government cannot remain indifferent
in view of such a violent and aggressive seizure of a portion
of its territory by a nation which arrogated to itself the title
champion of oppressed nations. Thus, it is that my
government is disposed to open hostilities if the American
troops attempt to take forcible possession of the Visayan
Islands. I denounce these acts before the world, in order
that the conscience of mankind may pronounce its infallible
verdict as to who are the true oppressors of nations and the
tormentors of human kind.
Slide No. 18
- Attempts to Relax the Tension
Slide No. 19; Read
- He suggested that the Filipino Representatives should meet
and discuss ways and means of avoiding a conflict.
Slide No. 20
- That is why Otis also appointed three representatives and
Slide No. 21 Emilio Aguinaldo Appointed another 3
Representatives. In order to attempts the tension among
the filipinos and the americans.
Slide no. 22; Read
- They did not come up with a resolution instead, the
American heightened the conflict and tension between the
two panels the filipino representatives and the American
representatives.
 - That is why the Filipino believed that the amricans were
fooling them/ aba’y sabi ng mga filipino, niloloko nlang tayo
ng mga amerikano ah, and that the americans they were
not really interested about keeping the Filipino- American
Diplomatic Relations. Then it started the Filipino American
war.
Slide No. 23;
The Shot that the War Started.
Slide No. 24
- This one is just a minor incident;
- That on February 1, 1899 a group of American engineers
were arrested by Filipino Troops.
Slide No. 25
- It because of this incident General Otis protested to
Aguinaldo.
- And Aguinaldo replied; that they were not arrested but
merely detained because they were found within the
Filipino Lines (Filipino Military Based). Or within the
jurisdiction of the Filipinos.
- On February 2, 1899 – General McArthur protested and the
Filipino soldiers withdrew.
Slide No. 26
- That on February 4, 1899 Private Willie Grayson shot a
Filipino Soldier. And the Philippine- American War was On.
Slide No. 27; The Incident Investigated;
Slide No. 28
 - The incident was investigated of who first fire the gun.
- And Emilio Aguinaldo ordered an investigation and he
wanted to know how the incident happened.
Slide No. 29
- According to a Filipino commander that the shot was first
started at Malolos; and Aguinaldo immediately informed
General Otis about the firing on the side of the Filipinos
was against Aguinaldo’s Order. But General Otis said that
the fighting has just started and must go on with the grim
end.
Slide No. 30
The American Drive to the north (Luzon)
Slide No. 31
- Rizal Province (Quezon Province).
- The major operation of the insurrection were conducted in
Luzon and the US Army were assisted by the Indigenous
Macabebe Scouts, they were previously served the Spanish
regime and later on transferred their loyalty to the
Americans.
- The Americans won victories in the Battle of La Loma; and
Major Jose Torres Bugallon was considered as a hero of the
battle of La Loma. He was a Filipino leader/ filipino military
officer who fought during the Philippine Revolution and the
Philippine American War.
Slide No. 32
- After the Battle of La Loma
- MacArthur proceed to Caloocan.
 - The Battle of Caloocan started on February 10, 1899. (Is the
second Battle).
- General MacArthur met General Luna’s force. General Luna
was defeated.
- After that General luna recapture Manila on March 22,
1899.
Slide No. 33
- American Reinforcement arrived in February and March;
- General Otis took the North Luzon ( Now a days ung North
Luzon provinces are Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija,
Pampanga, tarlac and Zambales).
- General Henry Lawton tooked the South Luzon Provinces
are Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Marinduque, Occidental
Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, palawan, Quezon, Rizal
Province, Romblon, and Aurora, Lucena.
- And later on Pulo islands feel the Americans.
- Aguinaldo and his men, evacuated Malolos and transferred
to the Capitol of San Isidro, Nueva Ecija.
Slide No. 34
- On March 1899- The Filipino troops attacked General Lloyd
Wheaton by force in a Battle of Pulo and killed the
American Colonel.
- In Plaridel Bulacan, or we van call this one as The Battle of
Quingua- Major Bell of the American cavalry was also killed
in combat with the troops led by General Gregorio Del Pilar.
Slide 35. The Battle of Bagbag- is also known as the battle of
Calumpit;
- the battle of bagbag and Pampangga rivers.
 - The battle was fought from April 25-27, 1899.
- The Bagbag Bridge located at Calumpit Bulacan, was the
site of the first battle between Filipino and American
Soldiers during the retreat of Aguinaldo to the Ilocos Region
and of the longest battle during the Filipino- American Wars
led by General Gregorio Del Pilar on April 25, 1899.
- The bridge commemorates the bravery displayed by the
Filipinos as they victor in the battle against the American
forces.
Slide No. 36
- The Capture of Malolos by MacArthur.
- General Luna retreat to north, and he established his head
quarters in Calumpit Bulacan. General Luna prepared his
defenses against the Americans.
- General Luna sent a telegram to Geberal Mascardo in
Guagua asking reinforcement. But General Mascardo
Refused.
Slide No. 37
- It because of refusal of General Mascardo, General Luna
ordered his men to leave Guagua to punish Mascardo.
- General Luna brought with him the artillery- which is the
large- caliber fire arms, together with his military battalion.
- In the absence of General Luna; General Gregorio Del Pilar
commanded the sector at Bagbag, Calumpit.
Slide No. 39
- And American made a large defense all over the place and
defeated Del Pilar.
 - And General Luna returned to Calumpit, and the Americans
had already captured the large porion of the town.
- General Luna retreat going to north (to Pampanga) and
made a preparations to meet the enemy.
Slide No. 39
- The Fall of the Mabini cabinet
- Apolinario Mabini resigned from government on May 7,
1899.
Slide No. 40
- Apolinario Mabini is the next powerful man in the
Philippines after Aguinaldo.
- He was the President of the Cabinet, a Prime minister and
secretary of foreign affairs.
- Emilio Aguinaldo was dependent on him because he was
honest, hardworking and incorruptible meaning hind siya
corrupt. He was not susceptible to corruption. He never
used his high position to enrich himself in office. He was
poor when he entered the government service and still he
was very poor when he died.
Slide No. 41

- When the americans tried to win over the Filipinos by

promising them freedom and autonomy;
- Apolinario Mabini said that it was a trick of the enemy.
- Apolinario Mabini wants Independence, and he will not
accept anything less than indepence. -ibig sabihin ayaw niya
na kakarampot na Kalayaan.
 - However; Pedro Paterno, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista,
Felipe Buencamino belonges to the wealthy and poweful
person opposed Apolinario Mabini decision.
Slide No. 42
- They believed that the autonomy proposed by the
americans were good for filipinos so they accepted the
American offer of autonomy.
- On May 7, 1899 Aguinaldo informed Apolinario Mabini that
Pedro Paterno was forming a Cabinet.
Slide No. 43
- Mabini resigned from office.
- Mabini spent his last year writing articles against the
Americans.
- And his memoirs of the Philippines struggle for
Independence.
Sorry for the late notice class ha; sabi ko kasi 6pm peru masyado
ng late yon for all of you to get some rest so start nlng tayo ng
4:30. Since natapos early ang aking appointment today from
hospital.
Slide No. 44.
The Assassination of Antonio Luna
Slide No. 45
- General Luna was the most brilliant filipino military officers.
He belongs to an educated and wealthy family. He studied
pharmacy in Manila and in Spain and he identified himself
as propagandist. He was also a good writer in Spanish.
Slide No. 46/ Read Slide
Slide No. 47
- When Philippine American started, Luna was the chief of
military zone included many provinces in central Luzon. He
has short temper and he slapped Felipe Buencamino,
Aguinaldo’s secretary of foreign affairs.
- He also slapped soldiers due to his standards.
Slide No. 48
- Emilio Aguinaldo recognized his brilliance and he was
appointed to a high position in the army.
- General Antonio Luna saw that the army had no discipline
so he tried to instil discipline in the army. The Kawit Military
Regiment did not like Luna’s discipline.
Slide No. 49 To make the long story short
- General Luna was being betrayed.
- In a since that he received a telegram from Cabanatuan
saying that need to be there, so he went there with the
aide of Colonel Francisco Roam and some soldiers, then
Antonio Luna reached Aguinaldo’s headquarters in
Cabanatuan.
Slide No. 50
- The suddenly, he heard a rifle shot, he rushed downstairs
and cursed all the soldiers.
- And Captain Pedrong Kastila from Cavite hacked Antonio
Luna with a Bolo.
- In truth, who killed Antonio Luna? Antonio Luna was being
killed by Emilio Aguinaldo’s men.
- And Luna, said to Aguinaldo’s men, cowards and assasins.
- Luna died, more than 40 wounds in his body and heads.
Slide No. 51
- The conquest of the Visayas
Slide No. 52
- In this slide, General Otis, instructed Miller to invade Ilo-ilo,
or to inter Ilo-ilo.
- Then The filipino troops surrendered.
- But under the leadership of Martin Delgado the filipino
troops decided to fight instead.
- To prevent the enemy from capturing the whole city,
General Martin Delgado ordered his men to burn the city.
- But the Cebu patriots- did not give up the fight easily.
Slide No. 53.
- What they did?
- Cebu patriots they resorted to guerrilla warfare under the
command of General Arcadio Maxilom and Landron Fullon.
- It took sometimes for the americans to completely subdue
the brave cebuanos.
- But many negrenses sympathized with the americans, when
they came they raised the American Flag. – Mga balimbing
ano.
Slide No. 54
- The committee composed of prominent negrenenses
(negritos); was sent to Manila to ask General Otis to allow
them to arm a battalion to maintain peace and order.
- And General Otis approved their petition and it was unusual
act of collaboration with the Americans.
Slide No. 55
 - It because of this General Otis issued an order providing for
the creation of a military district; in Panay, in Negros and in
Cebu.
Slide No. 56
- The creation of this district was also known as the Visayan
Military District.
- And the negrenses were allowed to meet in a convention to
frame the constitution. Kasama na ung mga negrenses, or
ung mga negrito tribe, they are the indigenous group.
- This Constitution known as the Negros Constitution and it
was submitted to President McKinleys approval.
- But the American was not serious about the said
Constitution.
Slide No. 56.
- Kiram and Bates Treaty.
Slide No. 57
- In this slide; The Americans upon learning that the
Spaniards failed to completely subdugates the Muslims, the
Americans dealth with them in a demplomatic way; in order
to neutralize their offensive/ defense.
- What happened her is that;
- General John Bates tried to win the friendship of the
Muslims by negotiating with them and treating them like
equals.- meaning treating them with the same rights.
Slide No. 58.
- What happened here is that;
 - Sultan of Jolo, Datu Kiram; insisted that the Americans must
not be allowed to occupy any other part of Sulu except the
town proper of Jolo.
- Meaning- the Americans were allowed to occupy only the
town proper of Jolo.
Slide No. 59
- Sultan mentioned that there were collection of customs
duties/ or we can call this one as taxes in the place were the
American did not occupy the place.
- The Agreement was signed by General Bates- representing
the United State and the Sultan of Jolo and the Datus,
representing the Sulu Sultanate.
Slide No. 60
- It because of the signed treaty the American promise not to
interfere in the religious matter and not to prosecute
anybody on account of his or her religious belief. Ang bait
ng mga Americans dito noh. Sana All kna lang.
- Not only that;
- The Americans promise no pay the Sultan and his leading
Datus a monthly salary. Oh wow…
- It because of neutralization of the muslims, the Americans
proceeded with the so-called pacification of the Christian
Areas of the Philippines.
Slide No. 61.
- Aguinaldo Retreats to Palanan
Slide No. 62
 - After the death of General Luna; many filipino commanders
were demoralized.
- A numbered of Aguinaldo’s enemy surrendered to the
enemy; meaning they surrendered to the Americans-
iniwan na ng mge General si Emilio Aguinaldo.
- It was the chance of General Otis to make plans to entrap
the recognized leader of Flilipino people and his army
General Emilio Aguinaldo.
Slide No. 63.
- It because the Americans not familiar with the local terrain.’
- Aguinado and his family fled to Pangasinan.
- The Americans followed him and try to catch Emilio
Aguinaldo but then they failed.
Slide No. 64
- But despite of what Aguinaldo did;
- The People cooperate and help Aguinaldo, they gave them
money, food supplies to the Revolutionary Army.
- Aguinaldo left his family behind in order to spare them from
the hardships of travelling.
- Aguinaldo with his faithful supporters went to Cagayan.
- And on September 6, 1990; Emilio Aguinaldo and his men
reached Palanan Isabella where he established his
headquarters.
Slide No. 65
- The Battle of Pasong Tirad
- Or the Battle of Tirad Pass
 - It was to be protected by a rear guard under General
Gregorio del Pilar; who notice the advantageous terrain of
Tirad Pass.
Slide No. 66
- Aguinaldo reached the Mountain Province (Cordillera
Administrative Region of Luzon).
- Aguinaldo ordered General Gregorio del Pilar to remain
behind as they continued to advance and General Gregorio
Del Pilar intercept the Americans who were tracking them.
Slide No. 67
- After Aguinaldo departure, General Del Pilar delay the
enemy in the Pasong Tirad because the place were narrow
and the trail was hard, only one man at a time can climb it.
- General Del Pilar and the 60 loyal soldier were positioned
themselves and remained.
Slide No. 68
- The American troops under Major Peyton; march to
pursued Aguinaldo.
- And on December 2, 1899 Major Peyton March and
proceeded to General Del Pilar position.
- But the Filipino troops guarding the narrow of the tirad pass
and fired at the Americans.
- The Americans has np recourse but to retreat.
Slide No. 69
- However; The Igorot guided the Americans to a secret
leading to Del Pilars Men.
- Here it comes the Americans, surprised the Filipino troops.
 - A fierce battle ensued and Del Pilar was killed by a bullet
passed through his neck.
Slide No. 70
- The Americans soldiers rushed to the dead body of the
young general and looted his belongings for souvenirs.
- The Americans left the body of the young general and
remained unburied.
- And on the third day, the Igorot buried his remains in a
shallow grave.
Slide No. 71
- The stage of the Guerilla Warfare
Slide No. 72
- Aguinaldo was no longer an effective leader at this stages of
the war.
- There is place available for Emilio Agunaldo because he
went into hiding.
- But the war was lasted longer than expected.
Slide No. 73
- Faced with the effective guerrilla warfare;
- Americans used cruel methods to persuade the Filipinos to
cooperate with them.
- The imposed water cure- ibig sasabihin papa inumin ka ng
tubig to punish or in order to extract information from the
Filipinos.
Slide No. 74
 - Water Cure is a form of torture was done by forcing water
into the stomach of a person until it gets filled.
- And worst, the American would lie on his back and the
American soldier would jump on his stomack
- And another form of torture was placing a rope around a
person’s neck and then twisting it to choke a person until
the person die.
Slide no. 75
- Another form of torture was beating a victim until he
became blue in the face.
- In Samar, the Americans also resorted to massacre to
avenge the death of their comrades who will killed by the
Filipino Guerrillas under the command of General Vicente
Lukban.
- Vicente Lukban was the General and help the Filipino
Guerrillas.
- He killed and ambush 50 Americans troopers.
Slide No. 76
- The Americans also burned down the whole town of
Balanguga and killed all men and even boys over ten years
old.
- Many who surrendered and many died because they can no
longer tolerate this kind of brutalities.
Slide No. 77
- The capture of Aguinaldo
Slide No. 78
 - With the help of a Spaniards Lazaro Segovia- who joined the
Filipino forces against the Americans, colonel Frederick
Funston planned the capture of Aguinaldo.
- The Spaniards led some men from Macabebe (men from
Pampanga) and pretended to have captured the American
Soldiers.
Slide No. 79
- They informed Aguinaldo that they were bringing in the
American as captives.
- Aguinaldo was happy to hear the news and made
preparations for the captured American Enemy soldiers.
Slide No. 80
- Lazaro Segivia arrived in the house where Aguinaldo was
staying; he and his men signaled to their comrades to start
firing;
- When Aguinaldo rushed to the window to see what was
happening, Funston and his men told Aguinaldo to
surrender.
Slide No. 81.
- The end of the Guerrilla Warfare.
Slide No. 82.
- Upn Aguinaldo’s capture many filipino field commanders
surrenders while the wealthy filipino happily collaborated
with the Americans.
- However, there were still a few generals who refused to
give up the fight.
Slide No. 83
 - Then General Miguel Malvar of Batangas he took over the
leadership of the Filipino Government and fought the
enemy in running the battles.
Slide No. 84
- It because of the virus that killed over 90 % of carabaos, rice
planting was greatly affected and it caused severe food
shortages.
- But still the Americans continued their relentless campaign
against the guerrillas.
Slide No. 85
- The Americans succefully captured General Vicente Lukban
in Samar on February 27, 1982.
- And this is the end of the guerrilla war- face in that
province.
- Two months later, On April 16, 1902 General Malvar
surrendered in order to save his people from brutality of
the enemy and from hunger.
Slide No. 86
- With the surrender of General Malvar- the systematic
opposition to the American Sovereignty ceased.
- The case od Macario Sakay- the patriots refused to
surrender but in this point, the effect on the Americans
were negligible.
- Macario Skay at that time he was a Filipino general who
took part in the 1896 Philippine Revolution against the
Spanish Empire and in the Philippine–American War. After
the war was declared over by the United States in 1902,
Sakay continued resistance by leading guerrilla raids.
 - The guerrilla war-fare was then crushed.
Slide No. 87
- Pacifying the Ladrones- Non- Christian and Moro People
Slide 88
- Despite the official declaration of the end of the War; On
July 4, 1902 President Theodore Roosevelt said about the
continuation of the fight against the colonizers by politico-
religious groups called ladrones by the Americans; which
means thieves and bandits.
Slide 89
- This Political religious groups was composed of the poor,
uneducated peasants, these group continued to harass the
newly- organized Philippine Scouts or the Filipinos now
serving in the U.S Army.
- This group believed in the power pf prayers, rituals,a and
amulets (Anting-anting) were not only anti- foreigners (anti-
friars, anti-spanish and anti-amiricans) but they are also
anti-caciques (caciques means-native chief) and landlords.
Slide 90.
- Reag the Slide
- Among them were Samahans.