THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN

HOSTILITIES
 American Apostasy
 -It must be remembered that it was the Americans who first approach Aguinaldo in Hong Kong
and I Singapore to persuade him to cooperate with the commodore Dewey in wresting the power
from the Spaniards.
 -when the finally succeeded in increasing their number in the Philippines and in agreeing
secretly to the surrender of Manila, they treated Aguinaldo as if he were ambuscaded convict.
 - More significantly their attitude toward Aguinaldo showed that they came to the Philippines not
as a friend, but as an enemy masking as a friend.
 -When, in December 1898, the treaty of Paris was signed without even consulting the Filipino
people and their representatives, the Filipino-American alliance that was forged under the pressure of
necessity gave way to mutual hostility.

 “McKinley's “benevolent Assimilation” Proclamation

 -McKinley could not ignore these vested interest and so he finally instructed the American peace
commissioners in Paris
 To Demand the cession of the Philippines to the united states.
 -with the treaty of Paris concluded to the satisfaction of the American vested interest, McKinley
issued his co-called Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation on December 21, 1898
 At the same time, President McKinley instructed his military commanders in the Philippines to extend
American sovereignty over the entire country by force.
 General Elwell Otis who receive the proclamation, sat on it for a time in order not to antagonize
the Filipinos further, for he knew that they were in a bad mood.
 Otis published McKinley's proclamation on a January 4 1899 with some amendments inserted in
such a way as not to convey the meanings of the original “sovereignty” “protection” and night
of cession”

Filipino reaction

 A copy tell into the hands of the officials of the revolutionary Government.
 Antonio Luna, editor of LA Independicia”
 Merely a subterfuge to quiet the people temporarily until measures could be inaugurated and
applied to put in practice all the odious features of Government which Spain had employed in
the Philippines.
The conference did not yield any tangible result. for did is
succeed in relaxing the Filipino American tension.
Otis pleaded with Florentino Torres a well-know American
sympathizer, to exert his best efforts in influencing the malolos
Government to stop the hostile demonstrations against the
united states.
“The San Juan Bridge Incident”
On February 1, a group of American engineers was arrested by
the Filipino troops.
Otis filed a protest with Aguinaldo.
 February 2, General Arthur MacArthur protested the presence
of colonel Luciano San Miguel’s soldiers within his territory.
At about eight in the evening of February 4, Private willie W.
Grayson with two other members of his patrol, advanced ahead
of the village in san Juan to ascertain whether there were
 Otis regarded the two Aguinaldo proclamations as tanto mount to war.
On the other hand, Aguinaldo’s proclamation drew the masses together with a
vigorous determination to fight the ally turned enemy.

Attempts to relax the tension

 Otis wrote on January 9 notifying him of the appointment of Florentino Torres,
Ambrosio Flores, and Manuel Arguelles to meet with the same number of
Americans commissioners.
 “ adjustment of the conflicting political interest” of both parties.
 Otis appointed General R.P. Hughes, Colonel James F. Smith and Lieutenant-
colonel E.H Crowder to meet with the Filipino commission.
The drive to the north

 In late February and early March, American reinforcement s arrive from the
united states, General Otis then began his intensive drive to the north and
ordered to General Henry W Lawton to take the offensive in the south.
March 30 the American army was knocking at gates of malolos. Meanwhile,
the Aguinaldo Government had evacuated and malolos and established its
headquarters in san isidore. Nueva ecija.
 Macarthur wanted to pursue Aguinaldo. But Otis ordered him to take arrest
and malolos. General Wheaton, needed by gunboats. Successively capture
las Pina's and Paranaque. In Morong, and Santa Cruz. Poete. And other
towns of Laguna.
 After resting his men in malolos, MacArthur now decided to march against
kalumpit. For the Americans had to cross creeks and revers to dislodge the
Filipino defenders.
 Important to the Filipino was the Babbage River which afforded them good protection against the
enemy. Macarthur decided to encircled the Filipino officers to quinqua and Pulilan, he confronted
luna directly.

The Fall of mabini

 - Mabini, as President of the cabinet, was the most Powerful man behind Aguinaldo when the
united state through the schurman commission, announced the policy of the American
Government of extending its sovereignty over the Philippines Mabini urged the Filipinos to
continue bitter struggle for Independence. In may 5, Secretary of state John Hay cabled and
schurman commission authorizing it to offer autonomy to the Filipino. Mabini stood for
Independence under the protection of the united states the influential member of the Filipino
assembly (formerly congress) passed a resolution asking Aguinaldo to repudiate Mabini
Independence stand and to relieve him as President of the cabinet under Paterno the Following
day Mabini answered Aguinaldo congratulating him on his wise Political measure.
Assassination of Luna

 Of all the Filipino soldiers of the period, Antonio Luna was the best
prepared to fight the American enemy. He was educated in Europe and
studied a little of military science and tactics. He recommended to
Aguinaldo that the kawit company be disarmed for military
insubordination . But Aguinaldo did not follow his advice. Early in June
1899 when Luna was at Bayanbang Pangasinan preparing the defenses
for the expected battle with the enemy, he received a telegram asking
him to see Aguinaldo at his headquarters in Cabanatuan colonel
Francisco Roman, and same soldiers, he arrived at the convent of
Cabanatuan, which served as Aguinaldo's headquarters.
American Conquest of the Visayas

 Meanwhile, Otis instructed General Miller to attack Iloilo, Miller

demanded surrender of the city, but the Filipino patriots, headed by
General Martin Delgado, refused and instead decided to fight, fighting
against heavy odds, Delgado ordered the burning of the city to prevent
the enemy from using it as base of operations. The occupation of Cebu
was. However, not as peaceful as it seemed, the dissatisfied guerrillas
murdered the Filipinos who surrendered Cebu without a fight and
harassed the American soldiers by guerrilla tactics.
The Negros constitution
 The American occupation of Negros was easy, for the regresses sympathized with the
Americans and consequently raised the American flag when Iloilo was taken, a
committee composed of prominent negrenses arrived in manila on February 21 to ask
Otis to allow them to arm a battalion for the maintenance of peace on order in the
island. The negrenses were allowed to meet in convention to frame their own
constitution. This the negrenses obediently followed, and the so-called “Negros
constitution”

The Bates Treaty

 the Americans were very diplomatic and cheerful in dealing with the Muslim. In an
attempt to win them over.
 General bates patiently negotiated with the sultan of jolo. The sultan ,knowing the
traditional rights, and power, after a protracted negotiation General Bates,
representing the united states, and the sultan, Raja Muda, Datu Attik, Datu Calbi, and
Datu Joakanain. Representing Jolo.
Aguinaldo Flees To The Mountain
 With the assassination of Luna the bulk of the Filipino troops became demoralize for
luna had some followers in the revolutionary camp.
 The battle Of Pasong Tirad
 In Aguinaldo flight to the north, his rearguard commander General Gregorio del
Pillar, noted the advantageous terrain of pasong Tirad.

The capture Aguinaldo

 With the Philippine army bereft of it’s leader symbol many Filipino soldiers and
officers found it convenient to surrender to the enemy. At the same time, the
Americans conducted an intensive campaign of propaganda to win over the Filipinos
to their side. They used the members to the Filipino middle and upper classes.
 Cageteno
 Arellano
 Pedro A. Paterno
 Felipe Buencamino
 Trinidad H. Pedro de Tevera
Barbarous Acts

 War has always been uncivilized.

In almost all cases brutality as an instrument to weaken an enemy’s
resistance is practiced on both sides of the fence.

End of the Resistance

 Though thousand of Filipino soldiers surrendered as a result of the
American peace propaganda and their brutal treatment of capture
guerillas, some military commanders refuse to laydown their arms,
General Miguel Malvar took over the leadership of Filipino Government.
 Two moth later on April 16, General Maluar of Batangas surrendered to
the enemy.
 The capture of Aguinaldo ended on era and, at the same time opened
another behind Aguinaldo left the ashes of a past that became
embedded in the memory as the financial struggle of an enslaved
people to win freedom and independence through blood and tears.