Philippine-American

Animosity
(1898-1902)
Prepare by:
Masalonga, Rosemarie L.
Nato, Reine Krish O.
 Philippine War of Independence or
the Philippine Insurrection (1899–1902),was
an armed conflict between Filipino
revolutionaries and the 
government of the United States which arose
from the struggle of the 
First Philippine Republic to gain independence
following the Philippines being acquired by the
United States from Spain.
Spanish–American War period
• 21–25 April – The Spanish–American War
begins. War is declared by the United States
and Spain.
•1 May – Commodore George Dewey
 decisively defeated the Spanish fleet
commanded by Patricio Montojo in the 
Battle of Manila Bay.
Philippine Revolution against Spain had
been suspended by the Pact of Biak-na-Bato
. Following on that pact, Emilio Aguinaldo,
who had been leader of the Katipunan, went
into exile in Hong Kong along with other
revolutionary leaders.
 When the Spanish–American War
broke out, American forces sailed for the
Philippines and decisively defeated the
Spanish Navy. Aguinaldo then returned to
the Philippines, and resumed a leadership
role in the revolution. 
As the Spanish–American War continues,
Aguinaldo proclaims Philippine independence on
June 12, 1898 and establishes an insurgent
government. On December 10, 1898, the U.S. and
Spain sign the Treaty of Paris, ending the war. In
one provision of the treaty, Spain ceded the
Philippines to the U.S.
 Before the signing of the Treaty of
Paris, President McKinley said he did
not know what to do with the
Philippines. He added that one night he
fell on his knees to pray to God to
enlighten him on what to do with the
Philippines. What, should I do? In the
Philippines God, Please enlighten me.
On what to do.
He was surrounded by men who had interests in making the
Philippines an American colony. These men, representing
Pressure groups were:

(1) The American businessmen whose interests included the

Philippines not only as a market for American products, but
also as a stepping stone to Asia’s markets. Market for
American products
(2) The military and naval pressure group, who wanted the
Philippines as a base for American ships and as a first line of
defense. Philippines as one of our military base.
(3) The religious pressure group, who wanted the Philippines as
a base for protestant missionaries. Philippines for protestant
missionaries base.
President McKinley issued the so- called Proclamation. For the
first time, McKinley officially announced the American Policy
regarding the Philippines.It clearly indicated the intention of the
United States to exercise sovereignty over the entire Philippines,
making it a United States colony.General Merritt, did not
published the Full Text of McKinley’s proclamation for fear of
arousing the anger of the Filipinos. Instead, he changed some
words to soften the language of the proclamation so as not to
antagonize the people.
 The spark that start THE WAR
• Some incidents which were originally minor in themselves became serious in the face
of the mounting tension between the two peoples. On February 1, 1899 a group of
American engineers was arrested by Filipino troops. General Otis protested, but
Aguinaldo replied that the Americans were not arrested but merely detained because
they were found within the Filipino lines. On February 2, General MacArthur protested
the presence of the some Filipino soldiers within the American lines, The Filipino
soldiers withdrew and MacArthur was satisfied. On the night of February 4, 1899,
Private Willie G. Grayson shot a Filipino soldier on the corner of Sociego and Silencio
Streets in Santa Mesa, Manila. The Filipino answered with rifle and the Philippine
American War was on!
 February 4, 1899
• Hostilities broke out after two American privates on patrol killed
three Filipino soldiers in San Juan, a Manila suburb.
• This incident sparked the Philippine–American War, which
would cost far more money and take far more lives than
the Spanish–American War.
• Some 126,000 American soldiers would be committed to the
conflict; 4,234 Americans died, as did 12,000–20,000 Philippine
Republican
Army soldiers who were part of a
nationwide guerrilla movement
of indeterminate numbers.
 The capture of Malolos by MacArthur led by General Luna to retreat farther
North of Luzon. He established his headquarters in Calumpit, the town
immediately north of Malolos. Here, he prepared his defenses against the
Americans who were pursuing him. General Luna sent a Telegram to General
Tomas Mascardo in Guagua asking for reinforcements.
But, General Mascardo refused. This angered General Luna and ordered his
officers to leave for Guagua to punish Mascardo. He brought with him the
artillery units, the cavalry, and elements of the infantry battalion. During Luna’s
absence, General Gregorio Del Pilar commanded the sector at Bagbag,
Calumpit.The Americans swarmed all over the place and defeated Del Pilar.
When General Luna returned to Calumpit at twilight, the Americans had already
captured a large portion of the town. Luna retreated farther north, to Pampanga,
and made preparations to meet the advancing enemy.
When the Americans tried to win over the Filipinos by
promising them freedom and autonomy, Mabini said this was a
trick of the enemy. He was for the independence of the
Philippines. He would not accept anything less than
independence. However, his enemies, like Pedro A. Paterno,
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Felipe Buencamino, and many
others who belonged to the wealthy and the powerful, opposed
him.
1.When the Philippine-American War broke out, Luna was
Chief of military zone that included many provinces of
Central Luzon. He made many enemies because of his short
temper. He slapped Felipe Buencamino, Aguinaldo’s
Secretary of Foreign Affairs, who disagreed with his. He
also slap soldier due to standard.
2.Aguinaldo recognized his brilliance and appointed him to a
high position in the army. Luna saw that the army had no
discipline. So he tried to instill discipline in the army, but the
common soldiers particularly the Kawit regiment did not like
him for it.
 While he was in Bayambang, Pangasinan inspecting the defenses
against the advancing Americans, he received a telegram from Cabanatuan
saying that he was wanted there. So he went there with his aide, Colonel
Francisco Roman and some soldiers. On June 5, 1899, He reached the
Aguinaldo’s Headquarters in Cabanatuan, he got angry.
 Then he heard a rifle shot, rushed downstairs, cursed the soldiers, and
slapped one of them. A captain named Pedrong Kastila from Cavite, hacked
Luna with a Bolo. The other soldiers, seeing that he was wounded, started
hacking him as well with their bolos and some fired gunshots at him. Luna
drew his revolver but he fell outside the convent and died saying, “Cowards!
Assassins!”
• With the death of General Luna, many Filipino field commanders
were demoralized. A number of Aguinaldo’s Generals surrendered to
the enemy. This development led General Otis to make plans to
entrap, the recognized leader of the Filipino people and his army
General Emilio Aguinaldo.
• While fleeing the Americans, Aguinaldo reached the Mountain Province. He
ordered his trusted General Gregorio Del Pilar, to remain behind as they
continued to advance. Del Pilar was to intercept the Americans who were
tracking them.
• After the departure of Aguinaldo, Del Pilar chose to delay the enemy at
Pasong Tirad, a narrow pass of 4,500 feet high where he had a good view of
the surrounding country. So narrow was the trail that only one man at a time
could climb it. It was in this place that Del Pilar and sixty loyal soldiers
positioned themselves.
• Unfortunately, an Igorot guided the Americans to a secret trail leading to Del Pilar’s
men. The Americans slowly and quietly went up the trail and surprised the Filipino
troops. A fierce battle ensued and Del Pilar was killed by a bullet that passed through
his neck.
• Aguinaldo was no longer an effective leader at this stage of the war. Through
surprise attacks or ambush, and with the support of the townspeople including many
of the elites, the war lasted longer than expected. Many Filipino military officers
were emboldened to fight with renewed enthusiasm.
• They took advantage of the cooperative attitude of the wealthy Filipinos to help the
people in the resistance. Faced with the effective guerrilla warfare, Americans used
cruel methods to persuade the Filipinos to cooperate with them. They took advantage
of the cooperative attitude of the wealthy Filipinos to help the people in the
resistance. Faced with the effective guerrilla warfare, Americans used cruel methods
to persuade the Filipinos to cooperate with them. 
• “Water Cure” This form of torture was done by forcing water into
the stomach of a person until it gets filled. Then the person would
be made to lie on his back and an American soldier would jump
on his stomach.
• Another form of torture was placing a rope around a person’s
neck and then twisting it to choke him. Garrote.
• Another form of torture was beating the victim until he became
blue in the face.
Water Cure Garrote
• The Americans also burned down the whole town of
Balangiga and killed all men and even boys over ten years
old. Many are surrendered/died because they could not
take any more of these brutalities.
• When Segovia arrived in the house where Aguinaldo was staying, he
and his men signaled to their comrades to start firing. When
Aguinaldo rushed to the window to see what was happening, Funston
and his men told Aguinaldo to surrender.
• Aguinaldo was brought to Manila where, on April 1, 1901, he took the
oath of allegiance to the government of the United States. In a
proclamation of April 19, he appealed to the Filipino people to accept
the “Sovereignty of the United States.” General Emilio Aguinaldo
boarding the USS Vicksburg as a Prisoner of War
 On February 27, 1902, they captured General Vicente
Lukban in Samar. This was the end of the guerrilla war-face in
that province. Two months later, on April 16, 1902 General
Malvar surrendered in order to save his people from the
brutality of the enemy and from hunger. With the surrender of
General Malvar, systematic opposition to American
sovereignty ceased. The case of Macario Sakay, patriots
refused to surrender, but at this point, their effect on the
Americans was negligible. The guerrilla war-face was crushed.
• On June 1, 1902 The Filipino-American War officially
ended.
• Despite the official declaration of the end of the war by
President Theodore Roosevelt on July 4, 1902, recent
studies point to the continuation of the fight against the
colonizers by politico-religious groups called ladrones by
the Americans, which means thieves and bandits.
Thank You!