BAHRIA UNIVERSITY,

(Karachi Campus)
Department of Software Engineering
ASSIGNMENT#02 – Spring 2022
CLO 1
Course Title: Islamic Studies Course Code: ISL-101
Class: BSE 2(A) Shift: Morning
Course Instructor: ASLAM PERVEZ Date: 29/Mar/22
Student’s Name: Rizwan Akram Enrollment No. : 02-131212-026

Life Of Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬At Madinah

The Prophet's entry into Madina ushers in a new phase for the divine
message. Islam gaining fresh followers began to assert its strength and
soon started to spread out over the four corners of the Arabian
Peninsula.
In Madina he spent the remaining 10 years of his life and it was here
that other brilliant aspects of his immaculate personality became fully
manifest. The divine call now entered a decisive stage and many
important events took place in Madina, which eventually laid a firm
foundation for the spread of Islam to the furthest reaches of the globe.
Following are some of the major events in the life of Prophet
Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬and Islam at Madina.
In Medina - Battles:
Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬spent his last ten years, from 622 to 632, as the leader
of Medina in a state of defensive war with pagans of Mecca. The
important battles are the battle of Badr in the second year after
migration, the battle of Uhud in the third year, and the battle of
Khandaq in the fifth year.
Battle Of Badr:
A well-appointed army including nine hundred and fifty men of
experienced warriors prepared to fight the Prophet. Among them were
many of the most obstinate enemies of Islam who were of

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Muhammad’s cousins.
Although the Prophet’s army consisted of three hundred and thirteen
men, but they were more powerful than one thousand persons because
of their faith in Allah and steadfastness in belief. These men of iron
came before the enemy.

Three men of the most revengeful enemies of Islam, Utbah, his son
Shaybah and his brother Waleed made an inroad, boasting about their
riches and chieftaincy. They challenged three fighters of their rank
because it would not fit them to fight common fighters as they thought.

Ali, his uncle Hamza and his cousin Ubayda confronted them. Ali
encountered Waleed and inflicted a blow on his shoulder so that as the
sword came out of his armpit and he ran away towards his father
Utbah to seek refuge. Ali chased him and, by another stroke on his
thigh, killed him.

Then he went to help his uncle Hamza, who was facing Shayba. They
had crossed swords with each other for some time to that extent that
their swords broke and had started to grapple and punch each other.

Hamza was a strapping man so that his enemy was not seen behind his
back. Ali said, “Mind your head, uncle.” He immediately threw the
enemy (Shayba) down on the ground by a dint of his sword.

Utba and Ubayda both were brave and dauntless. When they were
crossing swords with one another and the quarrel was still raging when
Utba was killed by a sudden attack but Ubayda’s leg was seriously
injured. He died on his way back to Medina.

At last, the two armies attacked each other with swords. High morale
and spirit of self-sacrifice were seen among the Muslims so that when
the dazzling and lightening of the swords finished, the killed warriors
of the enemy were seventy. The Meccans were driven back with great
loss. Several of their chiefs were slain, including Abu-Jahl and seventy

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persons were taken as captives by the Islamic army. Most of the
captives knew reading and writing. The Prophet has ordered to set free
any captive, who would teach ten Muslims how to write and read.

Victory at Badr invested Islam with immense prestige. The threat to the
security of Medina was averted, and the Prophet could now lay the
foundations of the first and the last kingdom of heaven on earth.

After the battle of Badr against the Quraish, the Prophet is reported as
having said, “We have returned from the lesser Jihad to the
greater Jihad (i.e., the struggle against the evil of one’s
soul).”

Qur’an says about this war: “And Allah has already made you
victorious at Badr when you were a weak little force. So,
fear Allah much (abstain from all kinds of sins and evil
deeds which He has forbidden and love Allah much, perform
all kinds of good deeds which He has ordained) that you
may be grateful. (Remember) when you (Muhammad) said
to the believers, is it not enough for you that your Lord
(Allah) should help you with three thousand angels; sent
down? Yes, if you hold on to patience and piety, and the
enemy comes rushing at you; your Lord will help you with
five thousand angels having marks of distinction. Allah
made it not but as a message of good news for you and as an
assurance to your hearts. There is no victory except from
Allah the All Mighty, the All-Wise. That He might cut off a
part of those who disbelieve, or expose them to infamy so
that they retire frustrated.” (Qur’an; 3: 123-127)

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Battle Of Uhud:
The second battle between the Quraish and the Muslims was the battle
of Uhud. The idolaters, to revenge their loss at Badr, made
tremendous preparations for a new attack on the Muslims. They
collected an army of three thousand strong men, of whom seven
hundred were armed with coats of mail and two hundred horses. These
forces advanced under the conduct of Abu-Sufyan and encamped at a
village six miles from Medina, where they gave themselves up to
spoiling the fields and flocks of the people of Medina. The Prophet,
being inferior to his enemies in number, at first determined to keep
himself within the town and to receive them there. However, afterward,
the advice of some of his companions prevailing, he marched out
against them at the head of one thousand men, of whom one hundred
were armed with coats of mail. With these forces, he halted at
Mount Uhud. Abdullah Ibn Ubai, the leader of the Hypocrites, soon
abandoned him with three hundred of his followers. Thus, the small
force of the Prophet was reduced to seven hundred.
At Mount Uhud, the Muslim troops passed the night, and in the
morning, after offering their prayers, they advanced into the plain. The
Prophet contrived to have the hill at his back, and, the better to secure
his men from being surrounded; he placed fifty archers on the height in
the rear, behind the troops, and gave them strict orders not to leave
their posts whatever might happen. When they came to engage, the
Prophet had superiority at first. However, afterward, his archers left
their position for the sake of plunder, thus allowing the enemy to attack
the Muslims in the fear and surround them. Therefore, the Prophet lost
the day. He was struck down by a shower of stones and wounded in the
face by two arrows. Moreover, one of his front teeth was broken. Of the
Muslims, seventy men were killed, among whom was the Prophet’s
uncle, Hamza. Of the infidels, twenty-two men were lost.
The Quraish were too exhausted to follow up their advantage, either by
attacking Medina or by driving the Muslims from the heights of Uhud.
They retreated from the Medina territories after barbarously mutilating
the corpses of their dead enemies.

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Almighty Allah says, “So do not become weak (against your
enemy), nor be sad, and you will be superior (in victory) if
you are indeed (true) believers. If a wound (and killing) has
touched you, be sure a similar wound (and killing) has
touched the others; and We make such vicissitudes rotate
among mankind, so that Allah may ascertain those who
have faith, and Allah likes not the wrongdoers. Moreover,
that Allah may test (or purify) the believers (from sins) and
destroy the disbelievers. Do you think that you will enter
Paradise before Allah tests those of you who fought (in His
Cause) and (also) tests those who are patient? You did
indeed wish for death before you met it. Now you have seen
it openly with your own eyes.” (Qur’an; 3: 139-143)
Ghazwah Al-Khandaq:
In the fifth year of the Hijrah, the enemies of Islam made every
possible attempt to stir up the tribes against the Muslims. The Jews
also took an active, if hidden, part in those intrigues. An army of ten
thousand well-equipped men marched towards Medina under the
command of Abu-Sufyan. They encamped near Mount Uhud, a few
miles from the city. The Muslims could gather only an army of three
thousand men. Seeing their inferiority in numbers on the one hand,
and the turbulence of the Hypocrites within the town on the other, they
preferred to remain on the defensive. They dug a deep moat round the
unprotected quarters of Medina and encamped outside the city with a
trench in front of them. They relied for the safety of the other side upon
their allies, the Quaraiza, who possessed several fortresses at a short
distance towards the south and were bound by the compact to assist
the Muslims against any raiders. These Jews, however, were induced
by the idolaters to violate their pledge and to join the Quraish. As these
Jews were acquainted with the Hypocrites within the walls of the city
were waiting for an opportunity to play their part, the situation of the
Muslims was most dangerous.
The siege had already lasted for twenty days. The enemy made great
efforts to cross the trench, but the small Muslim force fiercely repulsed

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every attempt. Disunion was now rife in the midst of the besieging
army. Their horses were perishing fast, and provisions were becoming
less every day. During the night, a storm of wind and rain caused their
tents to be overthrown and their lights extinguished. Abu-Sufyan and
the majority of his army fled, and the rest took refuge with the Quraiza.
This battle was also called the battle of Al-Ahzab (the parties) because
many groups of the Jews and the nomads of about Mecca and Medina
had taken part in this war.
The Battle Of Hunayn:
After the conquest of Mecca, the most tribes of Arabia had turned
Muslims except two tribes; Thaqeef and Hawazin. They were strong
enough and had resided about Ta’if, a country place in the east and
north east of Mecca. When they knew that the Muslims had conquered
Mecca, they decided to attack it before the Prophet would declare war
against them. The matter was reported to the Prophet (S) by the spies;
therefore he set out towards them with a strong army of twelve
thousand men.

Some other Arab families joined Thaqeef and Hawazin. They were
about thirty thousand men accompanied by their households and
cattle. They came to a wide area named Hunayn. The Muslims had to
pass a narrow valley to get to Hunayn. The enemy came down from
the rear mouth of the valley and hid behind big stones and rocks in the
slopes.

When the Muslims came in sight, the enemy attacked them by a

shower of stones and arrows. Consequently, the Muslims were
frightened. They escaped and left the Prophet alone. Only a few ones;
Ali, Abbas, the Prophet’s uncle, ibn Harith, the Prophet’s cousin, Fadhl
ibn Abbas and Abdullah ibn Mas’ud stood against the enemy before the
Prophet.

The Prophet and his uncle Abbas called repeatedly upon the runaways
to come back to the field. They came back and forced the enemy to

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retreat and to run away towards Ta’if. The Muslims gained great spoils;
forty thousand sheep, twenty-four thousand camels, a good quantity of
silverwares and six thousand persons as captives.

The Muslims chased the runaway enemy unto Ta’if but they had to
waste a long time in order to conquer its strong fort. Hereon, they,
according to the Prophet’s command, went back to Medina for
performing other essential affairs.
The Battle Of Tabouk:
When Islam appeared, there were two great powers on this side of the
earth; the Romans and the Persians.

The Roman soldiers were well experienced in the wars and at the same
time, they had won the war against Iran. Syria and the eastern parts of
the Mediterranean were the colonies of Rome, under the Byzantine
rule. There was a fortress at the boundary between Syria and the land
of Hijr named Tabouk, which the Prophet of Islam had come to
conquer it.

The Prophet sent someone to Mecca and about Medina to call every
one, who had faith in Allah, to gather in Medina in order to be ready for
the war. This invitation gained ready acceptance of the Muslims. About
thirty thousand persons gathered to fight the enemy. This expedition
was very difficult for the Muslims because the weather was too hot and
they had to go for a long distance through a torrid zone to Tabouk
where the Romans encamped. It was also the time of harvest and they
would have to harvest their farms’ products.

There were some hypocrites among the Prophet’s companions, who

used to injure the Muslims by sabotage. They tried to discourage
people with various excuses, like the hotness, the too far distance and
the huge numbers of the enemy, but their attempt was in vain. When
they knew that the Prophet had decided to set out to the battlefield,
they planned to rush upon his house in Medina during his absence. The

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Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬perceived their plan and determined to leave Ali as his
successor in Medina to safeguard his family.

The Prophet got ready for the task of Tabouk. The hypocrites were
displeased with the stay of Ali in Medina; therefore, they began to
spread false rumors such as that Ali was ordered to take part in this
troublesome war but he refused because this war was insupportable
and that the Prophet was displeased with him.

Ali in order to rebut this accusation told the Prophet of what they
rumored and asked him to let him go to the war. The Prophet said to
Ali: “O my brother, go back to Medina because nobody else
is well-qualified to keep Medina safe except I and you. You
are to take care of my house during my absence.” Then he
added, “Are you not satisfied to be to me as Aaron was to
Moses? But there will be no prophet after me.”

Finally, the Prophet’s men, with troubles beyond endurance, arrived at

Tabouk. It was a surprise to them when they saw no enemy soldiers in
and about Tabouk. They thought that the enemy might go back or that
the whole information that the Prophet was told of was false. The
Prophet stopped there about twenty days and received no news about
the enemy. At the same time, he was in contact with the chieftains of
various tribes and he made a treaty with them because they were
mostly Christians and it was possible that the Romans would make use
of them in the future. The Prophet, after consulting with his
companions, came back towards Medina. Although some hypocrites
resolved upon killing him on his way back by stampeding his camel in
the slope of a valley, their plan was surfaced and the Prophet saved his
life.
Although this expedition did not get any result but it made everyone
understand that, the power of Islam had got to an extent that the
Muslims could fly to arms and defy the great powers like the Romans.
Consequently, many headstrong chiefs of the Arab tribes came near the
Prophet, resigned themselves to Allah, and believed in him. On the

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other hand, the Muslims proved by experience that they could resist
difficulties when they would set out to conquer Syria in the future.

The Treaty of Hudaibiyah:

Another important landmark in the Prophet's life and progress of the
Islamic call was the treaty of Hudaibiyah.

One night Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬had a dream in which he saw that

he and his companions were entering the precincts of the Holy Ka'aba
in Makkah to perform the 'Tawaf' (circumambulation), but the infidel
Arabs were trying to obstruct their entrance. Following the dream, he
decided to go to Makkah with some 1,500 Muslims to perform the
pilgrimage. It was in the sixth year of the Hijra, and when the party
arrived at a place called Hudaibiyah, the infidels confronted them and
blocked all routes to Makkah. After some deliberations the infidels and
the Prophet concluded a treaty, stipulating that the Muslim party
would for the moment go back to Madina, but would return the next
year for performing the pilgrimage. There were some other terms too.

As per the treaty the Messenger and his companions turned back to
Madina, but the next year the Prophet along with a group of Muslims
entered Makkah - 7 years after his historical migration - to perform the
Umrah ritual (the lesser pilgrimage). Thus, his dream came true, and it
was another undeniable proof of his Prophethood.

The Conquest of Makkah:

Next followed the great event in the history of Islam, that was the
conquest of Makkah, the then bastion of ignorance and disbelief. With
it, idolatry was purged from the greater part of Arabia once and for all,
and Allah's Sacred House the Ka'aba was cleansed of the filth of man-
made objects. The event took place during the month of Ramadhan, in
the year 8 A.H. and Makkah was liberated without a fight. Almighty
Allah instilled the hearts of the idolaters with such fear that when Abu

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Sufyan, the leader of the infidels, and his men, saw the Muslim forces
they were struck with awe and meekly surrendered. Thus the
Messenger and his companions entered Makkah triumphantly,
smashed the idols, performed the Tawaf, and returned to Madina.
The conquest of Makkah and the purging of idols from Holy Ka'aba
proved a great victory for Islam. Following the event which is famous
for Muhammad's ‫ ﷺ‬magnanimity towards his archenemies, the
Makkan pagans, who all accepted Islam, people started embracing the
true faith in multitudes.

Letters To Kings:
Allah bestowed victory upon His Prophet in his many battles, and the
Muslims were now strong. Since the light of Islam had expelled
ignorance from the greater part of the Arabian Peninsula, the
Messenger of Allah now felt it his duty to enlighten neighbouring
people about the truth of Islam. Accordingly he sent envoys to the
Emperors of Persia, Byzantine and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and to other
heads of state and tribes inviting them towards guidance and reform.
Some accepted, some gave polite 'diplomatic replies', while some
others such as Chosroes of Persia were arrogant enough to betray their
ignorance, by haughtily tearing the letters from the 'Mercy to the
Worlds'.

Among the messages which the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬sent to kings and heads of
state inviting them to Islam, was the one addressed to the Christians of
Najran in Yemen. On receiving the letter the Christians refused to
accept Islam but however decided to come to Madina to challenge the
Prophet and to defend their deviated belief in the divinity and
purification of Prophet Jesus (a).

In Madina, the Prophet presented them with proof and facts about
Islam's eternal truth, citing references from the previously revealed
Scriptures, but the Christians' irrational obstinacy prevented them
from seeing the manifest truth. In the end the two parties decided to
meet at an open place and invoke divine curse and punishment upon

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the lying side. Allah thereby ordered His Prophet to take along with
him his immediate family to the meeting ground for the Mubahala1.

“And whosoever disputes with you concerning this after the

knowledge that has come to you, say: 'Come now, let us call
our sons and your sons, our women and your women,
ourselves and yourselves, then let us earnestly pray for
Allah's curse upon the ones who lie.'” (3:61)

The Christian elders came to the venue with their whole flock, and the
Prophet as ordered by Allah came with his immediate family members,
namely: daughter Fatimah, son in-law Ali and their two children,
Hasan and Husayn. Never had the Christians seen such enlightened
visages before. The moment the Chief Priest beheld Prophet
Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬and his noble family, he was filled with awe.

He realised that without doubt truth was with this blessed group of five
and most surely Allah will respond to Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬and his family's
invocation if they choose to curse and destroy the Christians of Najran.
Thus the Christians backed away from the challenge of Mubahala, and
wisely came to terms with the Prophet, pledging to pay an annual
tribute to the Muslims.

The Final Sermon:

This sermon was delivered on the Ninth day of Dhul-Hijjah, 10 A.H.
( 623AD) in the Uranah valley of Mount Arafat in Mecca. It was the
occasion of annual rites of Haj. It is also known as the Farewell
Pilgrimage.

After praising and thanking Allah the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬began with the
words:

"O People! Lend me an attentive ear, for I know not whether after this
year I shall ever be amongst you again. Therefore, listen carefully to

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what I am saying and take these words to those who could not be
present here today."

"Allah has forbidden you to take usury, therefore all interest

obligation shall henceforth be waived. Your capital is yours to
keep .You will neither inflict nor suffer any inequality. Allah has
judged that there shall be no interest and that all interest due to
Abbas Ibn 'Aal-Muttalib be waived."

"Beware of Satan, for the safety of your religion. He has lost all hope
that he will be able to lead you astray in big things so beware of
following him in small things."

"O People it is true that you have certain rights with regard to your
women but they also have rights over you. Remember that you have
taken them as your wives only under Allah's trust and with His
permission. If they abide by your right then to them belongs the right
to be fed and clothed in kindness. Do treat your women well and be
kind to them for they are your partners and committed helpers. And it
is your right that they do not make friends with any one of whom you
do not approve, as well never to be unchaste."

"O People! listen to me in earnest, worship Allah, say your five daily
prayers, fast during month of Ramadan, and give your wealth in
Zakat .Perform Haj if you can afford it."

"All mankind is from Adam and Eve, an Arab has no superiority over
a non-Arab nor a non-Arab has any superiority over an Arab; also a
White has no superiority over a Black nor a Black has any superiority
over a White except by piety and good action. Learn that every
Muslim is a brother to every Muslim and that the Muslims constitute
one brotherhood. Nothing shall be legitimate to a Muslim which
belongs to a fellow Muslim unless it was given freely and willingly."

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"Do not therefore do injustice to yourselves. Remember one day you
will meet Allah and answer your deeds. So beware, do not astray
from the path of righteousness after I am gone."

"O People! No Prophet or apostle will come after me and no new faith
will be born. Reason well, therefore O People! and understand words
that I convey to you. I leave behind me two things, the Quran and the
Sunnah and if you follow these you will never go astray."

"All those who listen to me shall pass on my words to others and those
to others again; and may the last ones understand my words better
than those who listen to me directly."

"O Allah, be my witness, that I have conveyed your message

to Your people."

As part of this sermon, the prophet recited to them a revelation from

Allah, which he had just received, and which completed the Quran, for
it was the last passage to be revealed:

This day the disbeliever's despair of prevailing against your religion, so

fear them not, but fear Me (Allah)! This day have I perfected for you,
your religion and fulfilled My favor unto you, and it hath been My good
pleasure to choose Islam for you as your religion. (Surah 5, Ayah 3)

The sermon was repeated sentence by sentence by Safwan's brother

Rabiah (RA), who had powerful voice, at the request of the Prophet and
he faithfully, proclaimed to over ten thousand gathered on the
occasion. Towards the end of his sermon, the Prophet asked "O
people, have I faithfully delivered unto you my message?" A
powerful murmur of assents "O Allah! yes!" arose from thousands of
pilgrims and the vibrant words "Allahumma Na'm," rolled like thunder
throughout the valley. The Prophet raised his forefinger and said: "O
Allah bear witness that I have conveyed your message to
your people."

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 qualities of the Prophet ( ‫) ﷺ‬
Patience:
One of the most apparent qualities of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬was
his incredible patience. For thirteen years he endured abuse and
persecution at the hands of his fellow Makkans, including the times
when his companions were tortured and, in some cases, killed. Even
the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬wasn't spared having animal entrails
thrown at him as he prayed. One of his most perilous moments was in
Taff when the people and their children stoned the beloved Prophet
Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬until he was bleeding extensively. Yet he had to remain
patient and resilient through the suffering while painfully seeing his
beloved followers grossly mistreated. His internal strength and
patience gave his followers strength and patience until Allah gave them
some ease.

Application:
We should never belittle any effort or act of goodness. Persevere and do
our part. Work sincerely and do what we know is right, regardless of
what the outcome may be, and sooner or later, the results will come.

Modesty:
Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬lived his life very simply, even after
conquering Makkah he did not change his lifestyle and remained
modest. Umar b. al-Khattab said:

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“I entered the Messenger ‫ ﷺ‬house and I found him sitting on a mat.
He had a leather pillow stuffed with fibers. He had a pot of water by his
feet, and there were some clothes hung on the wall. His side had marks
due to the mat that he lay on. Umar wept when he saw this, and the
Messenger ‫ ﷺ‬asked him: ‘Why do you weep?’ Umar said: ‘O
Prophet of God! Khosrau and Caesar enjoy the best of this world, and
you are suffering in poverty?!’ He said: ‘Aren’t you pleased that
they enjoy this world, and we will enjoy the Hereafter?’ ”
[Bukhari]

Application:
As humans are burdened with the toxicity of capitalism, his teachings
can be a source of reflection for everyone. As to how leading a simple
life can aid in contentment in this life. And consequently, in the
hereafter.

Humbleness:
Once on a very hot afternoon Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬was going
somewhere when he saw an old woman carrying her luggage on her
head. He went to her and carried luggage for her and asked about
where she was going and why? She told him she was leaving town
because there is was magician in town named as Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬.

Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬remained quiet and when they reached the

destination the old woman said, “O, kind person! At least tell me
your name!”. Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬replied, “I am the person
because of whom you left the town.” She was so shocked that
such a kind person can never be a magician and so she embraced
Islam.

Application:
We need to protect ourselves from thinking we are better than others,
as Iblis believed he was better than us. We must understand that the

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foundation of humility is knowing that if we are elevated in status, it is
only because of Allah. We can be brought to the level of those we look
down on if Allah wills.

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