Signs of Impending Volcanic Eruption

Volcanic-Related hazards
1. Ballistic Projectiles-rock fragments that are ejected from a volcano’s mouth
that are comparable to cannonballs

-Negative effect: Endanger life and property

2. Ash Fall-volcanic particles such as pulverized rock, minerals, and silicon which has fine
to coarse grain

-Negative effects: Endanger life and property; kills organisms both on land
and in water; causes respiratory tract problems to human beings; ruins
machines in the industries and aircraft; can damage also roofing at home, in
addition to it break power and communication lines, ash, and very hot gases.
They flow very fast down volcanic slopes.

3. Pyroclastic Flows-highly-density mix of hot lava blocks, pumice, ash, and volcanic
gases

-Negative effects: Pyroclastic flows can destroy anything on their path by direct impact.
It burns sites with hot rocks debris. It burns forests, and farmlands destroy crops and buildings.

4. Lava Flow-streams of molten rocks

-Negative effects: It may instigate other types of hazards such as pyroclastic

flow. It damages the properties, agricultural lands, and even human lives by
burying, burning everything in their path.

5. Volcanic Gases-magma rises towards the surface and pressure decreases, gases are
released from the liquid portion of the magma (melt) and continue to travel upward and
are eventually released into the atmosphere

-Negative effects: These gases are all potentially hazardous to all living things
as well as to agriculture and property. The Carbon dioxide that is held in low-lying areas can be
detrimental to humans and animals. Sulfur dioxide is lethal also to human beings; it irritates the
eyes, and skin and can cause respiratory tract infections. In addition to this,Sulfur oxide , when
it reacts with water in the atmosphere, its product would be acid rain the Hydrogen sulfide in a
high concentration would be toxic too

6. Debris Avalance or Volcanic landslide-massive collapse of a volcano,usually triggered

by an earthquake or volcanic eruption
 -Negative effects: When a huge portion of the side of a volcano collapses due
to slope failure, this results to massive destruction

7. Tsunami-wave trains that are generated by sudden displacement of water

Negative effects: An eruption that occurs near a body of water may generate
tsunamis if the pyroclastic materials enter the body of water and cause it to
be disturbed and displaced forming huge waves

Case Study # 2
Mount Pinatubo is found on an island of the Philippines. The island is densely
populated with large towns and tourist sites. Mount Pinatubo had not erupted in
500 years. For the past 500 years, small bursts of steam would shoot from a hot
spring on the volcano. On July 16th, 1990, a magnitude 7.8 quake shook the
volcano. This earthquake was followed by a series of smaller earthquakes and an
increase in steam activity for one week. After the week, however, the volcano
appeared to return to dormancy.In March and April 1991, earthquakes returned
and steam activity increased again.The steam explosions created three craters
towards the top of the volcano. For the next three months, steam explosions
continued to increase in frequency. On June 7th, the first magma explosion
erupted. Though the eruption was weak, geologists decided to evacuate the area.
On June 15th, a large explosive eruption demolished the area, resulting in one of
the largest volcanic eruptions in history.
: increased steam ejection; increased frequency of earthquakes, magma eruption

https://www.teacherph.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/drrr_q1_mod15_potential
volcanorelatedhazards_v2.pdf (last topic)

https://www.teacherph.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/drrr_q1_mod16_signsofi
mpendingvolcaniceruption_v2.pdf (new topic)
Volcanic eruption is one of the dangerous natural events due to different
hazards that it may bring such as
1.Ballistic Projectiles
2. Ash Fall
3. Pyroclastic Flows
4. Lava Flow
5. Volcanic Gases
6. Debris Avalance or
Volcanic landslide
7. Tsunami
and a whole lot more. However, unlike earthquakes, volcanic
eruption is much more predictable and measurable due to its early warning signs.
Some of the early warning signs for an impending volcanic eruption are
increased in frequency of (4) earthquakes with rumbling sounds; change in steam
color from (5)white to (6) gray; and crater glow at or near the
crater due to the presence of (7) magma. Furthermore, noticeable increase in (8)
Drying up of vegetation, hot springs, wells, lakes near the volcano is observed
due to increase in (9) temperature
Volcanologists consider different parameters in monitoring a volcano. (10)
Ground deformation focuses on any surface changes on a volcano such as
bulging,sinking, or tilting. (11) Satellite imaging is often used to lessen the
exposure of volcanologists on the ground. Seismic activity is also observed and
monitored using
a (12) seismometer which determines the pattern of seismic waves. People living
near volcanoes may also detect premonitory events before a volcanic eruption
which
make use of senses such as (13) _______________, (14) _______________, (15)
_______________, and (16) _______________.
Visual ,Auditory , Olfactory,Tactile