Historical United Nations Security Council

The First Update

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 CONTENTS

Welcome letter ������������������������� 1

The introduction to the United Nations Security Council ������ 2

1. The establishment of the United Nations in 1945 and the status and powers of
the Security Council conferred by the United Nations Charter�������� 2
2. Functions and powers ������������������������� 3
3. The Security Council Regulations and basic principles established in 1946� 6
3.1 Establishment of the United Nations Military Staff Committee (UNMSC) 6
3.2 Establishment of the International Court of Justice���������� 6
3.3 Acceptance of new member states ����������������� 7
4. An Overview of Security Council’s Mission before 1948 and Analysis of the
power of the Security Council Granted by the Charter  ����������� 7
4.1 Armament Regulation ����������������������� 8
4.2 Withdrawal of troops ����������������������� 8
4.2.1 The brief background of the issue����������������� 8
4.2.2 The efforts made by the Security Council ������������� 9
4.3 Relevant Controversy ����������������������� 9

Introduction to controversy over Kashmir ������������� 11

1. Introduction of India and Kashmir �������������������11
2. Mountbatten Plan ���������������������������12
3.Divide and Rule ����������������������������13

Military actions around Kashmir ����������������� 15

1.The Beginning of Invasion������������������������15
2. The Indian Defense of the Kashmir Valley ����������������16
3. The situation in November �����������������������17

Special rules and procedures������������������� 18

1.Power and entitlement of delegates�������������������18
2.Special rules of procedure for India and Pakistan�������������18
3.Formatting and documents�����������������������19
4.Other issues about this conference �������������������20

Assignment ��������������������������� 21
Delegation list������������������������������22

Reference���������������������������� 23
 Welcome letter

Dear delegates,

I am Yingyu Zang, and it’s my great pleasure to see you here in the security council.
This will be a brand-new adventure in your MUN career since we have specially
designed conference mechanism and consultation parties. This time, security council
will discuss Kashmir issue while interacting with India or Pakistan delegation. Also,
India and Pakistan will develop their strategies using security council as a reference.
Complex interaction between security council and consultation group becomes
the core impetus of conference. Delegates must find their own way for interests,
coordination and resolution. Hence, during sessions we met in person, all you
delegates will be the most active and vital subjects, not us dais.

I also understand the difficulties for you all to prepare for a MUN conference. Some
other people suggest dais write more detailed background guide for delegates, and
that will do help with your research and preparation. However, I seldom have read a
100-page background guide thoroughly. Thus, I decide to use assignment to assist you
all to prepare for the conference. Our assignment system will focus on two respects:
academic research and argument construction. Some of assignments requires ability
to research and basic knowledge of international relationship, while others might
focus on how to construct and deliver an argument effectively. Both aspects will help
you know what is going on in conference and achieve your own goal.

Moreover, there will be several online lectures held during your preparation, according
to the requirement of bosses. Despite time consuming, I am still more than willing
to give out some basic ideas of politics and international relationships via limited
chances. Our dais will also be there to solve any questions you might have further.
Since I personally do not recommend caucuses before formal conference, you may
contact us anytime with any questions.

In the end of this short welcoming letter, I would like to hide a riddle for all of you in
order to check everyone is reading this BG thoroughly. Make a guess which dais write
which part of this background guide. Special prize for first one with correct answer in
the conference.

Yingyu Zang
2021.11.25

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The introduction to the United Nations Security Council

1. The establishment of the United Nations in 1945 and the status

and powers of the Security Council conferred by the United Nations
Charter
The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization whose mission is to maintain
international peace and security, develop friendly relations between nations, achieve
international cooperation, and become the center of coordinated actions. The United
Nations is committed to promoting cooperation among countries in international law,
national security, economic development, social improvement and human rights.

During the Second World War, 26 allied nations against the axis powers signed the
United Nations Declaration in Washington. The name “United Nations” was officially
adopted for the first time. On April 25, 1945, representatives from fifty countries
convened a meeting in San Francisco, USA, and began to draft the “United Nations
Charter.” The charter entered into force when the United Nations began operations
on October 24, 1945. The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six
main organs of the United Nations, responsible for ensuring international peace and
international security. The UN Security Council accepts new members of the UN and
allows changes to its constitution. Its rights include the establishment of peacekeeping
operations and international sanctions, as well as the adoption of resolutions to
authorize military operations. It is the only body of the United Nations that has the
authority to issue binding resolutions to member states.

The primary mission of the United Nations Security Council is to maintain world peace.

When disputes between countries endanger the maintenance of international peace

and security, the Security usually call upon the parties to settle their disputes by
peaceful means including negotiation, mediation and appointing special envoys.
When a dispute leads to hostilities, the Security Council’s primary concern is to stop
hostilities as soon as possible. In this case, the Security Council can help ease tensions
and establish a peaceful environment in which problems can be solved by issuing
ceasefire instructions that help prevent the escalation of conflicts, dispatching military
observers and peacekeeping troops, and other measures.

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2. Functions and powers
According to United Nations Charter , the United Nations Security Council has the
following factions and powers:

(1) Maintain international peace and security in accordance with the purpose and
principles of the United Nations;

In order to ensure prompt and effective action by the United Nations, its Members
confer on the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of
international peace and security, and agree that in carrying out its duties under this
responsibility the Security Council acts on their behalf. (Article24,1)

(2) Investigate any disputes or situations that may cause international friction;

The Security Council shall, when it deems necessary, call upon the parties to settle
their dispute by such means. (Article33,2)

(3) Suggest ways to mediate these disputes or establish conditions for settlement;

The Security Council shall encourage the development of pacific settlement of local
disputes through such regional arrangements or by such regional agencies either
on the initiative of the states concerned or by reference from the Security Council.
(Article52,3)

The Security Council shall at all times be kept fully informed of activities undertaken
or in contemplation under regional arrangements or by regional agencies for the
maintenance of international peace and security. (Article54).

(4) Plan to deal with threats to peace or acts of aggression, and recommend actions to
be taken;

The Security Council may investigate any dispute, or any situation which might lead
to international friction or give rise to a dispute, in order to determine whether the
continuance of the dispute or situation is likely to endanger the maintenance of
international peace and security. (Article34)

In making recommendations under this Article the Security Council should also take
into consideration that legal disputes should as a general rule be referred by the
parties to the International Court of Justice in accordance with the provisions of the
Statute of the Court. (Article36,3)

If the Security Council deems that the continuance of the dispute is in fact likely to

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endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, it shall decide whether
to act under Article 36 or to recommend such terms of settlement as it may consider
appropriate. (Article37,2)

Without prejudice to the provisions of Articles 33 to 37, the Security Council may, if all
the parties to any dispute so request, make recommendations to the parties with a
view to a pacific settlement of the dispute. (Article38)

(5)Call on Members to apply economic sanctions and other measures not involving the
use of force to prevent or stop aggression;

The parties to any dispute, the continuance of which is likely to endanger the
maintenance of international peace and security, shall, first of all, seek a solution by
negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort
to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful means of their own choice.
(Article33,1)

The Security Council shall, when it deems necessary, call upon the parties to settle
their dispute by such means. (Article33,2)

The Security Council may, at any stage of a dispute of the nature referred to in Article
33 or of a situation of like nature, recommend appropriate procedures or methods of
adjustment. (Article36,1)

(6)Take military action against the aggressor

The Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach
of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what
measures shall be taken in accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore
international peace and security. (Article39)

Should the Security Council consider that measures provided for in Article 41 would
be inadequate or have proved to be inadequate, it may take such action by air, sea,
or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and
security. Such action may include demonstrations, blockade, and other operations by
air, sea, or land forces of Members of the United Nations. (Article42)

(7)Recommend the admission of new Members

A Member of the United Nations against which preventive or enforcement action has
been taken by the Security Council may be suspended from the exercise of the rights
and privileges of membership by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of

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the Security Council. The exercise of these rights and privileges may be restored by the
Security Council. (Article5)

(8)Exercising the custodian functions of the United Nations in “strategic areas”;

While the Security Council is exercising in respect of any dispute or situation the
functions assigned to it in the present Charter, the General Assembly shall not make
any recommendation with regard to that dispute or situation unless the Security
Council so requests. (Article12,1)

The Secretary-General, with the consent of the Security Council, shall notify the
General Assembly at each session of any matters relative to the maintenance of
international peace and security which are being dealt with by the Security Council
and shall similarly notify the General Assembly, or the Members of the United Nations
if the General Assembly is not in session, immediately the Security Council ceases to
deal with such matters. (Article12,2)

All functions of the United Nations relating to strategic areas, including the approval of
the terms of the trusteeship agreements and of their alteration or amendment shall be
exercised by the Security Council. (Article83,1）

The Security Council shall, subject to the provisions of the trusteeship agreements
and without prejudice to security considerations, avail itself of the assistance of
the Trusteeship Council to perform those functions of the United Nations under the
trusteeship system relating to political, economic, social, and educational matters in
the strategic areas. (Article83,3)

It shall be the duty of the administering authority to ensure that the trust territory shall
play its part in the maintenance of international peace and security. To this end the
administering authority may make use of volunteer forces, facilities, and assistance
from the trust territory in carrying out the obligations towards the Security Council
undertaken in this regard by the administering authority, as well as for local defense
and the maintenance of law and order within the trust territory. (Article84)

(9)Make recommendations to the General Assembly on the appointment of the

Secretary-General, and jointly elect the judges of the International Court of Justice
with the General Assembly.

The Secretariat shall comprise a Secretary-General and such staff as the Organization
may require. The Secretary-General shall be appointed by the General Assembly upon
the recommendation of the Security Council. He shall be the chief administrative

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officer of the Organization. (Article97)

(10)In addition, the Security Council may establish relevant subsidiary organs.

The Security Council may establish such subsidiary organs as it deems necessary for
the performance of its functions. (Article29)

The Security Council may appoint a committee or a rapporteur for a particular issue.
(Article 28)

3. The Security Council Regulations and basic principles established

in 1946

3.1 Establishment of the United Nations Military Staff Committee (UNMSC)

In accordance with the provisions paragraph 1, Article 47 of Chapter 7 of the UN
Charter, the United Nations has agreed to establish the UNMSC.

The UNSC was formally established on January 25, 1946 by Resolution No. 1 of the
UNSC. The Military Council consists of Chiefs of Staff or representatives of the five
permanent members of the Security Council. According to Articles 26, 46 and 47 of the
Charter, the missions of the UNSC are as follows:

(1). Assist the Security Council’s military requirements for the maintenance of
international security and peace, the employment and command of forces placed at
its disposal, the regulation of armaments, and possible disarmament.

(2). Be responsible under the Security Council for the strategic direction of any armed
forces placed at the disposal of the Security Council.

(3). Establish regional subcommittees with the authorization of the Security Council
and after consultation with appropriate regional agencies.

3.2 Establishment of the International Court of Justice

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United
Nations, which is based upon the Status of the Permanent Court of International
Justice and forms an integral part of the present Charter. Please refer to Article 4-19
of the Statute of the International Court of Justice for the election requirements and
process of the ICJ.

The main function of the ICJ is to conduct legally binding arbitrations on cases
submitted by various countries, and to provide advisory opinions on legal issues

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submitted by officially recognized United Nations agencies and specialized agencies.
The ICJ is a civil court with clear authority. It has no subsidiary institutions and has no
jurisdiction over other international courts. The ICJ has no criminal jurisdiction and
therefore can not try individuals. Such criminal trials are under domestic jurisdiction
or under the jurisdiction of the UN ad hoc criminal court or the International Criminal
Court. All decisions must be made after the majority of the judges present. The
functions of ICJ has two aspects:

(1)Make judgments in accordance with the provisions of the UN Charter and relevant
treaties and conventions on the legal disputes that the parties have agreed to submit
to the ICJ.

(2)Provide advisory opinions to other UN agencies or various specialized agencies on

any legal issues raised within their scope of work.

Only disputes between sovereign states can be submitted to the International Court
of Justice for adjudication. The ICJ has made 74 rulings so far. Although these rulings
are mandatory, not every ruling is actually implemented. When one party believes that
the other party has not fulfilled the court ruling, it can request the Security Council to
take action to force the other party to fulfill the obligations set out in the ruling when
necessary.

3.3 Acceptance of new member states

According to the resolution of August 29, 1946, the Security Council has received and
considered the report submitted by the Committee on Admission of New Members,
which contains information on the People’s Republic of Albania, the People’s
Republic of Mongolia, Afghanistan, the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and Ireland.
Portugal, the Republic of Iceland, Siam and Sweden request to join the United
Nations application. It is recommended that the General Assembly allow the following
countries to join the United Nations: Afghanistan, Iceland and Sweden. The 83rd
meeting of the Security Council unanimously approved Thailand’s application to join
the United Nations as a member state, and recommended that the General Assembly
allow Thailand to join the United Nations as a member state.

4. An Overview of Security Council’s Mission before 1948 and

Analysis of the power of the Security Council Granted by the Charter
In the period between 1946-1948, the Security Council devoted much effort to the
Greek, Spanish, Iranian, Palestine and Indonesian questions. Aimed at restraining wars

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and reconciliation, the Security Council tried to cease hostility through conducting
investigations, calling for consults between countries involved, assisting the creations
on special commissions for further consultations and so on. It also made progress
on the admission of new members to the UN by recommending them to the General
Assembly.

4.1 Armament Regulation

Under the Charter, it was recognized that the general regulation and reduction of
armaments was a crucial part for strengthening and maintaining international peace
and security.

The first of such attempts appeared in the first resolution adopted by the General
Assembly, which established the UN Atomic Energy Commission to contain the
problem of atomic energy. As the discussion between the United States and Soviet
Union failed on relating issues, such as the development of additional atomic bombs,
the Security Council requested further consultations. Eventually, because of the
stalemate between the two countries, extensive nuclear weapons were still developed
and tested.

In 1947, the Commission for Conventional Armaments was established by S/RES/18 of

the Council. In accordance with the Council’s responsibility to formulate plans for the
establishment of a system to regulate armaments, the resolution focused on dealing
with armaments other than weapons of mass destruction. Although deemed as an
opportunity to strengthen peace and security in the first place, it later turned out that,
the Commission faced the same destiny as the UN Atomic Energy Commission. Both
were no longer active in their fields.

Despite the fact that efforts on such issues were hindered by the disagreement
between the Soviet Union and Western powers, the two commissions were still early
attempts by the Security Council to fulfill its mission on armament regulation (Security
Council Report, n.d.).

4.2 Withdrawal of troops

4.2.1 The brief background of the issue
After the destruction of Pearl Harbour, United States’ great amount of material means
of welfare for war was constantly sent to the southern part of the Iran which became
the non-negligible threat for USSR due to their 1700 miles of borderline with Iran.

Also, Iran had always maintained close trade relations with Germany who was the

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biggest rival of USSR at the time. So it was no surprise to see the USSR along with the
UK invaded Iran on 25th August 1941.

However, they claimed it was only a preventive measure and signed the Tri-partite
Treaty on 29th January 1942 with Iran to keep their territory intact and guarantee
sovereignty integrity under the pressure of America. Promise had been made to
withdrawal all their troops 6 months after the war which Stalin failed to keep and said
it was unacceptable to withdraw their troops without any rewards.

4.2.2 The efforts made by the Security Council

The UN then received Iran’s preliminary report on 6th May 1946 that it was not able
to state whether the withdrawal of all USSR troops from Iran had been completed. At
the 28th meeting, on 29 March 1946, the Security Council adopted the proposal and
invited the representative of Iran to take a place at the Council table.

On 4 April 1946, first round of negotiation made it clear that the withdrawal was
conditional upon agreement on other subjects and the proposals under the
negotiation “is not connected with the withdrawal of USSR troops”. Nevertheless,
the Security Council indicated in the resolution(S/RES/3) to rely on the assurances of
the USSR government that the withdrawal has already commenced and was expected
to be completed within five or six weeks.

In the resolution of 8 May 1946(S/RES/5), the Iranian Government was requested

to submit a “complete report on the subject to the Security Council immediately
upon the receipt of the information which will enable it so to do” and to consider
immediately following the receipt requested, what further proceedings may be
required.

After all the negotiations taking place and measures taken under the vital participation
of the Security Council, the withdrawal of troops was finally completed in April 1946
without further developed into inevitable conflicts.

This successful precedent shows the power and functions of the Security Council as
investigating any dispute or situation which might lead to the international friction,
recommending measures not involving the use of forces preventing or stopping
aggression in order to maintain international peace and security in accordance with
the principles and purposes of the United Nations.

4.3 Relevant Controversy

Although United Nations Security Council established UNCIP(United Nations

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Commission for India and Pakistan) to investigate and endeavor to settle the conflict,
barely had any of its resolution ever been put into force. United Nations Security
Council, the newly founded institution, is seriously doubted by the international
society that whether it is capable of being accepted and respected by those countries
involved, and to what extent can its resolution affect the real world.

The veto power decides that permanent member states may have the right to reject
the implementation of a certain draft resolution, even if that is the joint will of all
the other member states. The initial purpose of setting veto power was to maintain
worldwide peace with the power of world’s most powerful and stable countries.
However, some doubt that whether these permanent member states are the exact
representative of peace and stability. Also, during the implementation of veto power,
it drags down the process of solving urgent conflicts since that those member states’
interest can hardly be balanced. Even worse, some doubt that these states are abusing
this power to serve their certain political interest, adversely making conflicts harder
to be settled, thus harming the overall benefit of world peace. However, for those
who approve the existence of veto power, consider it a significant way of precluding
extreme actions from happening. In terms of abusing power to unite political allies,
the “majority” procedure still leaves space for bloc’s united evil. Without the veto
power, the circumstance may get even worse since the victim may lose the access to
reject then.

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 Introduction to controversy over Kashmir

1. Introduction of India and Kashmir

As one of the four most ancient civilizations of the world, between 2500 BC and 1500
BC, the earliest ancient Indian civilization originated in the Indus Valley. Around 1500
BC, a group of Aryans invaded ancient India and conquered the local natives. At the
end of the 6th century BC, the Persian King Darius invaded India; after that, Alexander
the Great defeated the previous Indian invaders and entered India. There have also
been dynasties established by the Indians themselves, such as the Maurya Dynasty
and the Gupta Empire, but they all didn’t last for a long time.

In the era of large-scale colonial expansion of the West, India became an imperialist
colony. After the British established the East India Company in India in 1600, they
defeated Portugal and the Netherlands successively, and gradually included India
in the British world colonial system. The Battle of Placy in 1757 laid the foundation
for British colonial rule in India. Since then, Britain has squeezed out other colonial
powers from India through a series of wars. In 1849, India was completely reduced to a
British colony.

Kashmir, located in the northwestern area of Indian sub-continent, has its great
importance of strategy for neighboring China’s Xinjiang, Tibet and connecting China
and Afghanistan, thus connecting east Asia and middle Asia, and only 14.5 km away
from Soviet Union’s boundary. The region, with a total area of some 85,800 square
miles (222,200 square km), has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan
since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947.

Both on the boundary of nomadic and farming area and the junction among Indian,
Muslim and Chinese civilizations, various of political and cultural forces took
their turns in Kashmir, thus making a changeable political, economic and cultural
circumstances in Kashmir. According to the political development of Kashmir, the
history of Kashmir can be divided into five stages: the first stage is the ancient period
of myths and legends, from ancient times to the 3rd century BC; the second stage is the
period of Buddhist-Indian rule, from AD the first three centuries to 1339; the third stage
is the Muslim rule, from 1339 to 1819; the fourth stage is the Sikh-Dogra rule, from 1819
to 1947; the fifth stage is from 1947 to present, the period of Kashmir split between
India and Pakistan. The first three stages are its ancient history, the fourth stage is its

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modern history, and the last stage is its contemporary history.

Ever since 14th century, there had been more and more Muslims gathering in Kashmir
and eventually became the majority of Kashmir. In 1846, English people sold the
second largest princely state of India— Kashmir for 7,500,000 rupees, to Gulab Singh,
who was a Hindu noble and owned Jammu region. Thus, Kashmir, where the major
population was Muslims, then combined with Jammu and governed by a Hindu
governor. After the joint, the conflicts between Muslims and Hindu kept emerging
continuously.

2. Mountbatten Plan
In May 1947, Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy assigned to India, put forward a plan
known as “Dickie Bird Plan,” proposing that the provinces be declared independent
successor states and be given the option of joining or not the constituent assembly.

However, due to Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru’s vehement opposition, this plan was
quickly abandoned. He considered it would encourage the Balkanization of India,
giving rise to conflict and violence. Vice President Menon-Patel proposed a transfer to
two central governments, India and Pakistan, based on a grant of Dominion Status was
taken up instead. Muslim League was also dissatisfied because the plan didn’t meet its
demand for a united Pakistan.

This triggered Lord Mountbatten’s proposal of the Mountbatten Plan. The Mountbatten
Plan, also known as The 1947 Indian Independence Act, is an Act of the Parliament
of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new sovereign
dominions of India and Pakistan. On August 15, 1947, the Mountbatten Plan was
officially implemented and went into effect.

Unlike the Dickie Bird Plan, this plan received the approval of both Congress and the
Muslim League. And its significance lay in that it emancipated the nation from British
rule, gave India the right of self-governance, and declared it an independent state.
Namely, both India and Pakistan gained their autonomy, sovereignty, and the right to
draft their own constitutions.

As a concise stipulation of only twenty clauses and three schedules, the Mountbatten
Plan was easy to summarize. The plan’s primary contents include the partition of
India into India and Pakistan, relations between the two newly emerged Dominions, a
Boundary Commission, Princely States, and Bengal and Punjab. The transfer of power
was the principal focus of the plan.

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Partition: India was divided into two Dominions of India and Pakistan. The powers
previously exercised by the British Parliament and the Government in the British
provinces were transferred to the Governments of India and Pakistan.

Relations between the two new Dominions: The Dominions themselves had entire
control over their relations with the British Commonwealth as well as with each other.

A Boundary Commission: The establishment of a Boundary Commission to determine

the boundaries of the two Dominions when the partition was finalized.

The Princely States: The treaties with the Princely States would come to an end. They
would opt for either entering Dominions or remaining independent.

Bengal and Punjab: The Legislative Assemblies of Bengal and Punjab, in which the
European members were excluded, were divided into 2 groups and to vote separately.
One represented the idea of Muslim majority districts while the other was on behalf
of the rest of the provinces. Each group would decide whether the province was to be
partitioned or not by a simple majority. If either party supported the plan, the partition
was to be affected accordingly.

To Summarize, the Mountbatten Plan is an announcement of pivotal political

significance. It terminated Imperialists’ rule and created an independent India. We
may conclude that the main purpose of the Mountbatten Plan was the partition of
India and an efficient transfer of responsibility, initially in the form of Dominion Status,
to the Indian Governments for the sections of a divided India. However, this“partition”
using religious ideology to delineate not only intensified the Muslim-Hindu conflict,
but also sowed the seeds for future conflicts between India and Pakistan.

3.Divide and Rule

Ever since the occupation of India, the British people had been always deploying the
policy called “Divide and Rule” with a series of actions to prevent the cooperation
between Hindu and Muslims of fighting against British people. The British government
attached such great importance of the policy that their even regarded the conflicts
would be the fundamental of their colonization and the society.

For example, in 1858, British people gave up the merger policy and turned to
acknowledging the sovereignty of princely states, thus making the princely states a
tool of British people guarantee their control on India. Plus, in order to enhance the
military control over India, British people established military bases and military
airports in Kashmir and other relevant princely states.

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In 1909, Indian Councils Act, also known as Morley-Minto Reforms Act, set the
fundament of separate election system legislatively. It acknowledged the separate the
separate electorates, with seats reserved for Muslims in which only Muslims would be
polled. Furthermore, in 1919, Government of India Act of 1919 passed, confirming the
legal status of religious election, which further triggered the conflicts between different
races and religions in India. Finally in 1935, with the address of Government of India
act of 1935, which functioned as the constitution before the independence of India,
all Indian people were divided into 12 categories according to caste and religion and
each category shall elect their own representatives into the government. In this way,
the caste and religious conflicts became legal and stable, then worsened the fission
situation in India.

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 Military actions around Kashmir

1.The Beginning of Invasion

After the ruler of Kashmir, Maharaja Hari Singh, signed the “Standstill Agreement”
on 14 August 1947, which allayed the fears of his Muslim subjects. However, under the
cover of this agreement, the Maharaja started an open campaign for the extermination
of Muslims in Kashmir with the help of murder gangs imported from India. So Pakistan
exerted pressure on J&K State by cutting off the supply of food, salt, petroleum and
other necessaries. Pakistan also sent 60,000 tribesmen (Pathan), armed with light
weapons, into Kashmir in the name of Jihad on 22 October 1947, which escalating the
tension. In a few days, armed tribesmen had occupied a large are of Kashmir. Facing
the invasion of armed Pathan, Maharaja decided to sign accession to India, which
made Kashmir becoming a constituent region of India, and asked for military help from
Indian government. As response, the India government held a cabinet meeting on 27
October 1947. During this meeting, India government decided to ratify the Kashmir’s
accession to India and declared that Kashmir was a part of Indian territories. India
had mobilized several civil and military helicopters to airlift one Sikh Company to help
Kashmir, which surprised armed Pathan. The Sikh Battalion landed at Srinagar airport
at 9 a.m. on 27 October and held the frontline, stopping the invasion of Pathan. At the
same time, the Indian elite 161 Battalion, as reinforcements, entered the southern
Kashmir and fought with patriots.

The Kashmir’s accession to India and the participation of Indian army had irritated
Pakistani high-level leaders, High Commissioner Muhammad Ali Jinnah termed the
accession of Kashmir as ‘the heaviest blow yet sustained by Pakistan in her struggle
for existence’, intending to send regular army into Kashmir, which had been rejected
by the command-in-chief of Pakistan, a British called Douglas Gracey, claiming that
the Pakistani army shouldn’t enter Kashmir perfunctorily and must be prepared, also
this order must be approved by the Supreme Commander of Palestinian Army, General
Claude Auchinleck. But General Auchinleck was also the Supreme Commander of
Indian Army, he didn’t want to see both troops infighting. So he refused to approve of
the Pakistani regular army joining the fight. The Pakistan Government abandoned that
plan. Instead, Governor Jinnah called for Muslim to start Jihad against Indian army.
Those armed Muslim formed militia forces and entered Kashmir from north, west and
southwest.

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Note: State defence of the Kashmir Valley 22 October 1947 – 26 October 1947. (https://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Indo- Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948#/media/File:J&K01low.jpg)

The patriots had no tanks or planes or heavy artillery, all of which India had and
deployed against them. Yet it failed to suppress them. But the Indian army still
managed to end the siege of Rajauri. And the Bundi still under the siege, with the help
of supply drop, defenders kept this strategic town from occupation.

2. The Indian Defense of the Kashmir Valley

Except Rajauri and Bundi, the Indian army and patriots mainly fought at Srinagar,
whose landscape was almost flat. To the west of Srinagar was a steep mountain
called Pir Panjal, which was a barrier blocking the armed Pakistani Muslim. But with
a few passes leading to Jhelum River’s upper valley, they could push to Srinagar.
Pakistani militias launched human wave attack, attacking the strongholds outside the
Srinagar, which was defended by two Sikh Battalions. The Indian army equipped with
many heavy weapons, including heavy artillery and some tanks, even they couldn’t
suppress armed militias, but they still drew a tie with those patriots. But over time, the
Indian army gradually lost the control on Srinagar, militias broke through the frontline
for several times, which worried the Indian Command. To protect Srinagar, Indian
Command sent the 7th Tank Brigade and reinforcements to the frontline of Srinagar.
The arrival of 7th Tank Brigade has changed situation. Lacking of Anti-tank weapons,
the militias couldn’t destroy tanks, so the casualties were extremely high.

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Note: Indian defence of the Kashmir Valley 27 October 1947 – 17 November 1947. (https://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948#/media/File:J&K02low.jpg)

3. The situation in November

Mirpur was captured by the tribal forces on 25 November 1947 with the help of
Pakistan’s PAVO Cavalry. Except that, the Pakistani militias had taken a large area in
middle and north Kashmir by human wave attack (an offensive infantry tactic). They
were closing to Jammu where most population were Hindu. But the southern of
Kashmir and many strategic strongholds, including Srinagar, remained in the hand
of India. With more reinforcements arriving in Kashmir, Indian army was ready to
start offensive. But the storm and blizzard stopped their initiative. Both Indian army
and Pakistani militias stopped their offensive for resupplying and reinforcing. India
mustered two regular divisions, which were about 40,000 soldiers. And Pakistan kept
supporting the militias and intending to put the regular army, about 50,000 soldiers,
into the battle. They intended to consolidate the front and occupied the whole
Kashmir, pushing the Indian out of this area. Now the Indian had to face the Pakistani
regular army, this would escalate the situation, making this war became even more
brutal and bloody.

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 Special rules and procedures

1.Power and entitlement of delegates

This conference will start at January 1st, 1948. Every session will be a month in forward
in this timeline.

In this conference of United Nations Security Council (the SC), every delegate
is ambassador plenipotentiary assigned by their nation leader. Hence, every
delegate(tion) is able to dispatch troops and sign international treaties. As the
conference takes multi-delegate mode, dais will suggest every delegation retains at
least one person in the conference room to follow up regular discussion while (the)
other person using personal privilege or holding private discussion.

In the beginning of each session, a situation update will be posted by dais. Delegates
should conduct discussion with this background but not obliged to respond to it.

2.Special rules of procedure for India and Pakistan

This conference will not go on unless the SC and India-Pakistan consultation
alternating regularly. The SC will adopt Harvard rules of procedure, in which dais
collects multiple motions when the floor is open and takes votes according to principle
of disturbance. Voting order of some common motions is following:

suspend the meeting—close debate—unmoderated caucus—moderated caucus

contains more speaker—moderated caucus contains less speaker or shorter total time.

Besides, India and Pakistan will be automatically added to the top of main speakers’
list and have extended deluxe speaking time of 3.5 minutes, as they are obliged to
introduce their opinions and current situation to the security council.

Consultation between India and Pakistan has three forms: negotiation, statement and
warship. As each session will automatically started with the SC session, consultation
needs certain motions, raised by India/Pakistan delegation, to open as following:

The delegate of xx (raises a) motion for a negotiation, total time will be x minutes (for
each side).
The delegate of xx (raises a) motion for a statement, total time will be x minutes.
The delegate of xx (raises a) motion for a war, number of rounds will be x.

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In negotiation section, both parties can send multiple delegates to the stage, but only
one person can speak a time and two parties should deliver opinions successively.
Time mentioned in the motion is regarded as separated timing, which refers to each
party will have x minutes if the motions passes.

In section of war, both sides are supposed to submit draft directive to dais in limited
time, otherwise the country will be regarded as “doesn’t do anything” in warship
simulation. The term “rounds” means after both sides submitting draft directive,
dais will give immediate deduction result and situation updates. Both parties are
supposed to write further draft directive on the situation and battle results.

One issue needs attention is all three forms of consultation are procedural motion,
requiring 2/3 majority to pass while India and Pakistan delegation will be counted as
one ballot.

3.Formatting and documents

Documents in this conference should follow 2019 NKMUN academic standard.

Statement, negotiation and war all require documents as summary. Dais will expect
at least one person not speaking to do the written records for every negotiation.
The documentation of negotiation can be used properly in further sessions. Most
importantly, any result of negotiation and national actions will turn to effect after dais
received the documents, which can be presented by working paper or draft directive.

For the SC, at least one working paper for each session is expected. There will be
no limit on formatting for working paper. However, the content of working paper is
restricted to topics discussed or at least mentioned in current session. If not, delegates
can write on those issue in form of expectation for future discussion, but those parts
should not be used in draft resolution. These undiscussed issues should be marked
clearly.

The SC also cares about situation in India-Pakistan region. Thus, every delegate can
submit draft directive to dais about their own actions on this issue. Same as India-
Pakistan parties, actions will not turn to effect unless documents are submitted. These
draft directives will not be made public by dais, but delegates still can illustrate their
action themselves. In some situation, delegates will buffer what they do but in fact
they do not (at least no documents submitted). Dais recognize their right to do it, but
not encourage these inefficient techniques.

As for draft resolution of the SC, none of observers in SC, India and Pakistan has right

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to vote. Accordingly, permanent member of the SC has Veto for draft resolution.

4.Other issues about this conference

First, electronic devices are prohibited in conference room. Dais encourage all
delegates use handwriting during session to take notes or draft documents.
Handwritten working paper or draft directive will be accepted.

Dais will not organize online pre-discussion about this topic. However, dais is still
more than willing to help you with academic issues. Several lectures will be held
online before we meet, and a set of assignment helping you all with preparation will
be sent and collected regularly. We wish to downsize the background guide and use
assignment system more effectively, since this conference requires everyone to be
prepared and know what is going on.

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 Assignment

This assignment will be the foundation of our discussion in the conference, and your
submission will be carefully corrected by the dais. If any further question, please
contact the dais through hsc@nkmun.cn .

Please submit the assignment to hsc@nkmun.cn by ONE Word document (.doc/ .docx)
with your name and school on title of email and document. Font should be Times New
Roman, 11. Double spaced.

DEADLINE is December 25th. Do not miss it.

1. Recognize One reason you think is important leading to the Kashmir issue, and list
more than TWO evidences to back up your statement.

For example,
Religion: two different religion with harsh controversy thrive in this same place
of Kashmir
Evidence 1: Study on Hinduism in Kashmir, Professor X, 2018, The Journal this
article was published on.
This article says ……
Evidence 2: Some report, some institution, 2010, The website where you find
this (URL link)
This report shows ……
2. Find one treaty/ protocol/ declaration/ collective action plan signed based on
UN resolution or regional consensus. State your opinion to it, like advantage/
disadvantage, historical milestone, leading to some act or so.

3. Choose ONE delegation in the list below you prefer and state reasons. This answer
will be the critical reference to delegation arrangement. If there is only one person
apply for certain delegation, this will be the final decision. If multiple people apply
for one delegation, we will assign this delegation to the one with highest score on
assignment, and randomly assign other delegation to others. We will randomly assign
delegation to those do not answer this question.

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Delegation list
Security council( historical, dual delegation)：

Argentina — Non Permanent Member

Belgium — Non Permanent Member

Canada — Non Permanent Member

China — Permanent Member

Colombia — Non Permanent Member

France — Permanent Member

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland — Permanent Member

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics — Permanent Member

Syrian Arab Republic — Non Permanent Member

Ukraine — Non Permanent Member

United States of America — Permanent Member

Non-UN member observers (dual delegation)

Myanmar — observer

Indonesia — observer

Israel — observer

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia—observer

India and Pakistan (5 delegates each)

India — observing group

Pakistan — observing group

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 Reference

[1]《战后世界局部战争史（第一卷）》军事科学院世界军事研究部—北京：军事科学出版
社 ,2008.8.ISBN 978-7-80237-174-3.P94-100
[2]Ankit, Rakesh (2016), The Kashmir Conflict: From Empire to the Cold War, 1945–66,
Routledge, ISBN 978-1-317-22525-6
[3]Article 1, chapter 1 of the Charter of the United Nations,www.un.org
[4]Article 26, 46, 47 of the Charter of the United Nations,www.un.org
[5]Article 47(1) of chapter 7 of the United Nations,www.un.org
[6]Brown, W. Norman. “India’s Pakistan Issue.”  Proceedings of the American
Philosophical Society, vol. 91, no. 2, American Philosophical Society, 1947, pp. 162–80,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3143602.
[7]Charter of the United Nations.(1945). San Francisco, America.
[8]Effendi, Col. M. Y. (2007), Punjab Cavalry: Evolution, Role, Organisation and Tactical
Doctrine 11 Cavalry, Frontier Force, 1849-1971, Karachi: Oxford University Press,
pp. 157–160, ISBN 978-0-19-547203-5
[9]Emergence as Nationalist leader. (n.d.). Retrieved November 23, 2021, from https://
www.britannica.com/biography/Mahatma-Gandhi/Emergence-as-nationalist-
leader#ref386221
[10]Hasan, K. Sarwar. “THE REAL ISSUE IN THE PRESENT INDIA-PAKISTAN
WAR.” Pakistan Horizon, vol. 18, no. 4, Pakistan Institute of International Affairs, 1965,
pp. 333–43, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41393246.
[11]Indo-Pakistan Partition and the role of Britain on Kashmir. WANG Changming. 2010
[12]Naidu, M. V. “THE KASHMIR DISPUTE AND INDIA-PAKISTAN RELATIONS: THE
UNTOLD STORY OF COLD WAR DIPLOMACY.” Peace Research, vol. 32, no. 2, Canadian
Mennonite University, 2000, pp. 1–30, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23607737.
[13]Statute of the International Court of justice, the International Court of Justice,
http://www.un.org/law/icj/statue.htm, 2021.11.21
[14]Subsidiary organs of the security council, https://www.un.org/sc/suborg/en
[15]United Nations Security Council resolution 1 on 25 January 1946,www.un.org
[16]United Nations Security Council. n.d. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/
content/what-security-council
[17]Wikipedia: Jammu and Kashmir (Princely State)
[18]Y. Krishan. (1983). Mountbatten and the partition of India - JSTOR. Retrieved
November 23, 2021, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/24418393
[19] 胡烨 . 第一次印巴战争 : 目标克什米尔 [J]. 文史天地 ,2019(06):64-66.

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