MUN Guideline

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MUN GUIDELINE BY ASIA YOUTH INTERNATIONAL MODEL UNITED

NATIONS 2019
Chapter I
Discovering United Nations and Model United Nations
A. United Nations

United Nations is an international diplomatic and political organization that is obliged to

maintain world peace and stability. The UN strives to preserve friendly relationship between
its members, create a solution for global issues, empower human rights, and unify its
members. It is headquartered in New York and currently has 193 member states. It was
founded back in 1945 after the League of Nations could not find its ways to prevent the
horrendous World War II.
1. H
istory of the United Nations
Way before the United Nations was founded, there was a similar international
organization called the League of Nations. It was established after World War I in order
to prevent any other future disputes between countries. However, the organization, in the
end, could not execute its purposes as World War II began. Despite the failure of League
of Nations, Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States, and Winston
Churchill, the well-known Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, had a secret meeting
to discuss the chance of starting a new effort to achieve global peace. They constructed
the Atlantic Charter which became the root of the United Nations.
The term ‘United Nations’ was initially chosen to define the countries that allied
against Germany, Italy, and Japan. The representatives of 26 allied countries gathered in
Washington D.C. on January 1, 1942 to sign the Declaration of the United Nations, as a
sign of war against the Allied powers. This meeting was led by the United Kingdom, the
United States, and the Soviet Union. In the following years, several meetings were
conducted to arrange the draft of a post-war charter that defined the purposes of the UN.
The main principles and structures of the United Nations Charter were assembled by the
leaders at the United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO) on
April 25, 1945 in San Francisco. After the end of World War II, the charter was approved
by 51 members and officially established on October 24, 1945.
2. A
ims of United Nations
United Nations aims to achieve its four main objectives that are also mentioned in the
United Nations Charter. These objectives include,
To maintain international peace and security; to develop friendly relations among
nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of
peoples; to achieve international cooperation in solving international problems; to be a
center for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends.
(United Nation Charter, 1945:3)
3. P
rinciples of United Nations
United Nations holds on to several principles in order to achieve their purposes. The
principles, as explained in the United Charter, involve
1. The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all
its Members
2. All Members, in order to ensure to all of them the rights and benefits
resulting from membership, shall fulfill in good faith the obligations

assumed by them in accordance with the present Charter
3. All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in
such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not
endangered
4. All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat
or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of

any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the
United Nations.
5. All Members shall give the United Nations every assistance in any action
it takes in accordance with the present Charter and shall refrain from
giving assistance to any state against which the United Nations is taking
preventive or enforcement action.
6. The Organization shall ensure that states which are not Members of the

United Nations act in accordance with these Principles so far as may be

necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security.
7. Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United
Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic

jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such
matters to settlement under the present Charter.
(United Nations Charter, 1945:3)
4. O
rganizational Structures of United Nations
a. Principle Structures

The United Nations is constructed by six prominent instruments: the General
Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship
Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat.
❏ General Assembly

The General Assembly is the only structure of the United Nations that represents
all members. Its fundamental responsibilities involve discussing global issues and
suggesting propositions even though it is not given the authority to administer its
resolutions or to enforce state action. Moreover, the General Assembly is obliged
to select new members, including members of the Economic and Social Council,
the non-permanent members of the Security Council, and members of the
Trusteeship Council. The General Assembly is also expected to supervise the
activities of the UN instruments, and take part in the selection of judges to the
International Court of Justice and the secretary general.
❏ Security Council

The Security Council is responsible for maintaining international peace and

security. Initially, the council consisted of 11 members but then the regulation
was modified, thus, it now has fifteen members—5 permanent and 10
non-permanent members. The non-permanent members are selected to achieve
equitable regional representation, five members coming from Africa or Asia, one
from eastern Europe, two from Latin America, and two from western Europe or
other areas. Five of the 10 non-permanent members are elected each year by the
General Assembly for two-year terms, and five retire each year. The presidency is
held by each member in a rotation for a period of one month.
❏ Economic and Social Council

The Economic and Social Council orchestrates the activities related to economic,
social, humanitarian, and cultural aspects. ECOSOC is expected to provide
suggestions on international action on economic and social issues, encourage
universal respect for human rights, and attempt to build global cooperation on
health, education, and cultural matters. ECOSOC administer researches, devise
resolutions, recommendations as well as conventions for consideration by the
General Assembly, and harmonize the activities of diverse UN programs and
specialized agencies.
❏ Trusteeship Council

The Trusteeship Council was formed to supervise the government of trust

territories and to lead them to self-government or independence. This council was
founded on the premise that colonial territories in countries conquered during the
war should not be acquired by or adjoined into the victorious nations, but instead
should be managed by a trusted country under international supervision until the
countries have determined their future status.
❏ International Court of Justice

The International Court of Justice, also known as the World Court, is the essential
judicial instrument of the United Nations. Any decisions made by the court are
binding and its jurisdiction includes all cases which the parties refer to it and all
matters specially provided for in the Charter of the United Nations or in treaties
and conventions in force. The General Assembly or the Security Council may
request the International Court of Justice to give an advisory opinion on any legal
question. Other organs of the United Nations and specialized agencies, which
may at any time be so authorized by the General Assembly, may also request
advisory opinions of the Court on legal questions arising within the scope of their
activities. (United Nations Charter, 1945:18)
❏ Secretariat

The Secretariat should compose a Secretary-General and the staff in a way that
the Organization may require. The Secretary-General is the principal
administrative officer of the United Nations. Secretary-General is elected for a
five-year renewable term by a two-thirds vote and appointed by the General
Assembly along with the recommendation from the Security Council.
b. S
ubsidiary Structures
United Nations also comprises of subsidiary instruments that are established by the
General Assembly and autonomous specialized agencies. These instruments report to the
General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council. Several instruments receive
fund directly from the United Nations, while several others are supported financially by
the voluntary contributions of governments or private citizens
c. S
pecialized Agencies
The specialized agencies, including International Labor Organization (ILO), Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Educational,
Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), World Health Organization (WHO),
report annually to ECOSOC and often cooperate with each other or other United Nations
instruments. The specialized agencies are autonomous as long as they are able to manage
their own budgets and establish their own board of directors. World Bank and the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) are the two most powerful and independent
specialized agencies.
B. Model United Nations

Model United Nations is a simulation of a United Nations Conference attended by

students, referred to as Delegates, who are assigned a country to represent in one of the
United Nations’ numerous committees with pre-set topics to debate. They research the
background of their country, their country's position on the topics at hand, and prepare notes
on possible solutions to the problems faced. Students then convene at Model UN conferences,
which range in size from 100 to 5,000 delegates, to debate their assigned topics with students
representing the other UN member states. Much like the real UN, the goal is to identify
solutions, by negotiation and consensus, on which many countries can agree on.
1. Origins of MUN
Model United Nations (MUN) is an academic simulation of United Nations
conference or meeting where participant play the role of delegates from different
countries and attempt to solve global issues with the policies and perspectives of their
assigned country. Participants of MUN assume the roles of representatives of member
states of the United Nations and consider items from the vast agenda of the United
Nations. It is like a role playing of representatives in United Nations. MUN is also
known as diplomatic competition. Students who show the most skills in negotiating,
public speaking, paper/resolution writing, and diplomacy are those who receive awards.
The types of committees in MUN are the same with UN, General Assembly (GA),
Security Council, Economic Social Council (ECOSOC), Secretariat, International Court
of Justice (ICJ), and Trusteeship Council.
MUN is held in many countries of the world. Each year about 60, 000 secondary and
university students participate in MUN programme worldwide. Each programme is run
independently, but goals common to all are to increase international understanding and
develop the art of peaceful negotiation. The MUN programme is a great way for students
to learn about international relations and to gain a better sense of what a varied and
fascinating world we live in.
The history of MUN is still debated. Some sources state that The MUN phenomenon
started in the United States where simulations were being held even before the birth of
the United Nations. The other sources state that MUN was first held in Mauritius as a
pilot project in l993, involving 18 Secondary Schools. However, Model UN is believed
begun as a series of student-led Model League of Nations simulations. History of Model
United Nations seems to be a very interesting, yet sparsely researched topic. The
beginnings of MUN are tied to the rise in the use of the case study method at Harvard.
MUN has spread to East and South Asia, the Middle East, Europe, North Africa, and
sub-Saharan Africa.
2. Aims of MUN Conference

The aim of MUN generally is to educate participants about the workings of an
international organization such as the UN, to enhance a participants negotiating and
oratory skills and to broaden the participants view and knowledge of the world. MUN
has wider educational objectives to be achieved by the participants:
a. Raising the goals of humanity,

b. Increasing awareness of others,

c. The acquisition of knowledge,

d. The development of practical language skills.

First, the Preamble to the United Nations Charter clearly states the objectives of the
United Nations so these should be, as far as possible, the ultimate objectives of Model
United Nations as well. MUN has aims wider than educating people, it is to raise goals of
humanity, such as saving succeeding generations from the scourge of war; believing in
fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal
rights of men and women and of nations; maintaining justice and respect for international
law; promoting social progress and better standards of life; practicing tolerance; living
together in peace and security; promoting the economic and social advancement of all
peoples. These are the goals of the people of the world. By simulating the MUN
conference, students will learn not only how these goals might be put into effect but also
why they sometimes seem to be beyond reach.
Second, MUN participants gain awareness and adopt attitudes important for their own
lives and for the lives of those around them. Third, to understand how people of nations
and cultures other than our own life, why they believe certain things and why they
behave in certain ways which may seem unfamiliar or even hostile to us, we need to
know something about them. Knowledge is something that we get from MUN
conference, and the acquisition of knowledge is the aims of MUN conference. Taking on
the role of a diplomat representing a Member State of the United Nations or representing
an NGO or a UN Agency requires detailed knowledge of the country or organization
concerned. But more than this: it requires knowledge of all the other countries and
organizations you will be dealing with or negotiating with. Furthermore, you will be
assigned to a particular forum or committee, dealing with special issues and problems. In
order for you to be able to discuss it with your fellow delegates, you will first need to
understand all the matters and the current situation regarding the issues. It is no use
proposing solutions to problems which have already been implemented or which have
been tried and have failed in the past.
Then, practical language skills will be one of the aims in MUN conferences. Most
Model United Nations conferences are conducted in English. However, regardless of
which language is used, a very high level of competence is required in comprehending
and using language which is appropriately diplomatic, legalistic or specialized. You need
to be able to read, both intensively and extensively, not only to acquire knowledge of,
and facts about, the countries, organizations, and issues, but also to learn the appropriate
vocabulary and style of language for diplomacy and the technical terms needed for the
issues under discussion. You need to be able to listen to and understand what people are
saying and be able to respond in your own speech, both at an informal level, for example
during preparation and lobbying, and at a formal level during the debate. Again you will
need to acquire the appropriate language in order to do this. You need to be able to
formulate your ideas logically in clearly understandable, written language. Writing a
resolution requires a very formal style and a very precise means of expression.
Chapter II
Model United Nations: Everything You Need To Know
A. Who Can Do MUN?

The participants of MUN can be divided into two groups. First, the participants, and
second the organizer.
1. D
elegates
MUN can be done by any student in their respective from High school, University
students, and graduated student; as it relies on an international understanding and debate
skill, which is obtained at a later age. As the purpose of MUN is to emphasize global
understanding and promote awareness of international relations, it can be done by anyone
wishing to exercise these aims
2. O
rganizers
Conferences are organized by universities, high schools, non-profit organizations, and

other educational groups. Conferences are offered for different academic levels: college
and university, high school, middle school, and grade school. There is no central
governing body for Model UN—any school can create a Model UN team and register for
any Model UN conference they wish to attend.
B. Conference Information

MUN Conferences are usually held within three days. Below are some of the most
prestigious MUN Conferences in 2019:
- Harvard MUN (24-29 January 2019)

- Washington University MUN (14-19 February 2019)

- Leeds University MUN (16-18 February 2019)

- Japan English MUN (13-15 July 2019)

- Rome MUN (9-12 March 2019)

In MUN Conferences, there are policies that participants should obey, some of them are:
1. D
ress Code Policy
MUN is a formal event, therefore, you are expected to always be clean and
well-groomed with a formal attire. A serious job interview could be a reference in
choosing your clothes for MUN. The aim is to always look the best to impress everyone.
Your clothes and the way you look will be the first impression they have on you. Thus, to
be taken seriously, you should dress up properly by following Model United Nations’
dress code.
For boys, the attire includes a formal shirt paired with a tie, a formal pants, and a
formal shoes. Jeans and shorts are not appropriate. Sneakers and sandals are not allowed
for this event.
Meanwhile for girls, a nice blouse would be appropriate and cleavage should not be
visible. A blazer is a good thing to make your outfit look better. All girls should wear
nice pants or caprice, as long as their length is under the knee. Dress is also allowed, but
please make sure to wear a formal dress, and not a party dress. To be more precise, here
are the specific rules for the dress:
● Back part - The back part of the dress is well covered, no backless.
● Dress Length - It is a must for the dress length no higher than top knee.
● Tightness - It is recommended to wear a fit body business attire rather than super
tight outfit except at the waist part.
The same rule applies to skirts. For the girls who wish to wear skirts have to makes
sure it is below the knees. Formal shoes are required too. Tennis and flip-flops are not
allowed. Simply put: No knees, No cleavage, No shoulders.
2. P
lagiarism Policy
MUN defines plagiarism as taking or copying ideas, phrase, thoughts someone else as
their own. Position Papers are required to have proper citations. When writing a paper,
delegates must cite work properly, not only to avoid plagiarism but also to effectively use
a quote to bolster a position. All delegates are not allowed to use the exact words or ideas
from a certain source, unless i t is placed within quotation marks with a proper citation.
Plagiarism or allegations of it will be dealt with holistically, with consequences including
the demotion to observer status or expulsion from the conference.
All delegates must create their own ideas and thoughts solely for the current contest. All the
artwork that has been previously published or based on ideas or images created by others are
not acceptable for submission. MUN reserves the right to request proof of originality from
the delegate’s school at any time. Noncompliance with this rule will result in immediate
disqualification. Participants are solely agree that no data, results, and materials for use in
MUN will be disseminated by means of publications, reports, conferences, or any other form
without the express written consent from MUN committee of which these products, data,
results, and materials are its exclusive property.
C. Conference Procedures

1. UNA-USA Procedure
The flow of debate described below is a simplified version of the typical North
American high school conferences and many collegiate conferences around the world:
❏ Each committee is led by a Chairperson who facilitates the discussion for the

committee. The committee will start with the Chairperson taking roll call.
Afterward, the committee will vote on which of the assigned topics to discuss
first. After the topic is selected, the committee is ready to begin debate on the
selected topic.
❏ There are three debate formats. The default debate format is called the Speakers

List. This where delegates take turns making speeches in front of the room by the
order that they are listed on the Speakers List as selected by the Chair. Speeches
are typically around 1 minute or 1 minute and 30 seconds, but the speaking time
can be changed by a majority vote from the delegates.
After a certain number of speeches, the delegates may vote to change up the debate
format to either Moderated Caucus or Unmoderated Caucus. Moderated Caucus is when
the committee decides to focus on a sub-issue and get a back-and-forth debate going.
Delegates will raise their placards to be called on to speak, and the Chairperson will call
on speakers one-by-one until the Moderated Caucus time has expired. During the formal
debate, the staff maintains a speaker’s list and delegates speak in the order they are listed.
At this time, delegates have an opportunity to share their views with the entire
committee. Delegates make speeches, answer questions, and introduce and debate
resolutions and amendments.
Unmoderated Caucus is when delegates are free to get up out of their seats and roam
around the room to work with other countries with similar policies. The first one or two
unmoderated caucuses will be spent finding allies, but afterward, most of the
unmoderated caucuses are spent writing draft resolutions with your caucus bloc (your
group of allies). All delegates are encouraged to be a sponsor which it means they are an
author of a draft resolution. Committee will switch between Speakers List, Moderated
Caucus, and Unmoderated Caucus until draft resolutions are complete, merged, and
ready to be presented.
❏ Resolutions will be presented either as they are ready or all at once near the end

of the conference (sometimes this is called Formal Caucus). Some conferences

allow a question-and-answer period after the presentations, and some conferences
will also allow time to make mergers or amendments to the resolution.
❏ Finally, all the countries in the committee will vote on whether or not they want

a resolution to be passed. Afterward, the committee will repeat the same process
again for the second topic, or if you do not have a second topic then you are done.
1. THIMUN Procedure
The flow of debate described below is a simplified version of the typical
THIMUN-affiliated conference used by most international schools in Europe, the Middle
East, Asia, and Africa:
❏ Each committee is led by a Chairperson who facilitates the discussion for the

committee. The committee will start with the Chairperson taking roll call.
❏ The committee will then enter a whole day of Lobbying Sessions. Delegates are

free to roam around the committee to work with other delegates. Delegates who
work together are called Co-Submitters, and there is typically one Main Submitter
to the resolution. Merging takes place during Lobbying Sessions. The prepared
drafts will be sent to an Approval Panel for corrections before it can be presented
to the committee.
❏ Each submitted resolution will be discussed one at a time, and usually, each

resolution is allotted a certain amount of time to be discussed. The Main Submitter

will be called upon to present the draft resolution. Delegates may then yield their
time to questions-and-answers. The Chairperson may call on other delegates to
speak about the resolution.
❏ Amendments may be submitted by the delegates. A similar process takes place

for just the amendments—a certain amount of time is allotted to present the
amendment, take questions-and-answers, and for delegates to speak about the
amendment.
❏ Delegates will vote on the amendments after time has elapsed for discussing

each one, and delegates will vote on the resolution as a whole after time has
elapsed on discussing all amendments to the resolution. Afterward, the committee
will repeat the process for the next resolution, or if there are no more resolutions,
then the MUN is done.
D. Conference Preparation

1. D
elegates
There are typically three items to prepare before you walk into your first conference:
the Position Paper (sometimes called a Policy Statement), your Opening Speech, and a
Research Binder. Some novice conferences may also require a Country Profile.
a. P
osition Paper (or Policy Statement)
The Position Paper is a one or two-page document that is essentially a summary of

your knowledge of the topic and the position your country plans to take when it enters
committee. It typically contains four sections: Background of Topic, Past International
Actions, Country Policy, and Possible Solutions. Position Papers are usually due before
the conference.
The key starting points for researching each section are listed below. They will help you get
started with participating in your first Model UN conference, but you will want to dig deeper
as you develop more experience.
● Background of topic: Background guide of the topic provided by the conference,

Google, the news, Wikipedia (to frame the topic).

● Past international actions: UN website, your committee’s website, key treaties or

resolutions mentioned in your background guide, UN or NGO reports.

● Country policy: CIA World Factbook, your country’s foreign ministry website,

domestic programs within your country, and your country’s voting record on key
treaties or resolutions.
● Possible Solutions: NGO or think tank policy recommendations, past UN

resolutions that you’d like to change or expand on, and your own creativity!
b. O
pening Speech
The Opening Speech or General Speaker List typically lasts about 1 minute or 1
minute and 30 seconds and is the first speech you give to the committee. The chair will
open the floor for countries who wish to be added in General Speaker List to deliver their
Opening Speech. It is the best opportunity for you to explain your country policy and the
key sub-issues you would like the committee to focus on. Opening Speeches are the main
way for countries to determine who they want to work with, so it’s important to prepare a
speech that conveys this. There are many tips and strategies on how to deliver an
Opening Speech, but use your Position Paper as a guide when you are starting out. The
most important action is to just be brave and make your first speech.
c. R
esearch Binder
Research Binders are optional but highly recommended, especially since many
conferences do not allow the use of technology in committee. An organized Research
Binder will be your go-to resource during the conference as new terms and acronyms,
previous resolutions and treaties, and possible solutions are mentioned.
d. H
ow to Write a Resolution
Delegates will be writing a document called a Resolution in committee along with

other countries that they will be working with. It’s important to know the resolution
format and phrases, but most conferences do not allow pre-written resolutions since they
want countries to collaborate together during the committee. For more specific details,
check out How to Write a Resolution.
e. C
ountry Profile
The Country Profile is a worksheet to help you understand your country and may not
necessarily be required by your conference. Most of the information needed to fill out a
Country Profile can be found in the CIA World Factbook. If required, Country Profiles
are usually due at the same time as the Position Paper.
2. O
rganizers
Step 1: Decide on a leadership structure for the overall conference

This includes choosing a Chair to lead the team that will organize the conference;
setting up a Steering Committee or group of Committees that will get the ball rolling
until the leaders of the simulation are chosen. Here are the examples of Committees
you might set up:
● Executive Committee, headed by a Chairman the duty are oversees the

work of the steering committee(s) and makes basic decisions about the
duration of the conference, making the Rules of Procedure that will be used,
decide or arrange how many days will be devoted to pre-conference activities
and how many will be devoted to simulating GA Plenary and GA Main
Committees, etc. The following committees are recommended:
● Programme Committee are people who make recommendations on which

GA Main Committees will be simulated, how many topics will be discussed

in each committee, drafts a Programme for the conference
● Communications Committee duty is to develop a communication strategy

● Logistics Committee duty is for proposes a venue, looks at housing and

transportation for delegates, proposes social events, manages the registration

process
● Fundraising and Sponsorship Committee are people that look for sponsors

of the conference in the private sector, among foundations, etc.

● Financing and Budget Committee are people who determine how much it

is all going to cost and manages the budget.
Step 2:Decide which leadership positions are needed

The number of officials will depend in part on the size of the conference. We
recommend the following structure for General Assembly and Secretariat officials:
❏ General Assembly

● President of the General Assembly (PGA)

● Vice-Presidents (this will depend on the size but it would be ideal to

have at least one VP from each regional group)

● Chair (one per Committee)

● Co-Chair (up to 3 per Committee depending on the size of the

conference)
● Rapporteur (one per Committee)

❏ Secretariat

● Secretary-General

● Deputy Secretary-General (optional, depends on the size of the

conference)
● Under Secretary-General (USG) for Substances

● Under Secretary-General for Finance

● Under Secretary-General for Social

● Under Secretary-General for Operations (this position is critical to the

success of the conference because he/she oversees every logistical aspect

of the conference that includes set up of rooms, signage for delegates,
registration, housing for delegates, making sure that copies of draft
resolutions are disseminated to delegates during Committee proceedings,
as well as copies of resolutions that have been adopted in time for the
closing Plenary meeting, etc.)
● Under Secretary-General for Public Relations and information (this

USG is important to raise the visibility of the conference by liaising with

the media to cover the conference and conduct interviews, issuing press
releases, documenting the conference and publishing a newsletter that
keeps the delegates up to date on what is happening, etc.)
● Secretary (one per Committee, perhaps the most important position on

the Bureau, the Secretary is responsible for advising the Chair on matters
dealing with the Rules of Procedure, providing scripts of what the Chair
needs to say during each Committee meeting, liaising with delegates
regarding requests to be put on the Speaker’s List, tabling resolutions
and amendments, etc.)
Other positions can be added depending on what makes the most sense given the
content of the conference.
Step 3: Promote the conference and set up a registration process
Step 4: Select the leaders of the simulation in a fair and transparent manner from
those that have registered for the conference (see Step 2 above on the suggested
selection process) ensuring that they represent as many as the regional groups as
possible and are gender balanced.
Step 5: Once the leaders are selected, the GA and Secretariat officials training
should be provided to make sure they are familiar with the Rules of Procedure as
well as their roles and responsibilities.
Step 6: Set a timeline for important tasks to be completed by the GA and

Secretariat officials including the following:
● The Secretary-General memorandum on the Organization of the xxth
of the [insert name of MUN] General Assembly.
● The annotated version of the preliminary list of items to be included in

the provisional agenda of the [insert name of MUN] General

Assembly.
● General Committee Report.

● Secretary-General Reports on each topic to be discussed that gives the

delegates an overview of the issue, the challenges that need to be

faced, what the UN has done and what still needs to be done.
● Scripts for the Chair of each Committee. This is a guide for the Chair

on what to say when managing each phase of the Committee’s work.

These scripts need to be written with the objective to try to address any
situation that might come up, and also should be done in advance.
● A Delegate’s Guide that contains information about the organization of
the conference, what will be simulated, what topics will be debated,
guidelines on writing position papers, how to submit them, what will
take place during Plenary and Committee meetings, how to inscribe on
the Speaker’s List, digital tools to help delegates communicate prior to
the conference and documents they will need to prepare, important
details about the Rules of Procedure and how they may differ from
other conferences delegates have participated in, a description of what
is meant by consensus, information about regional groups, an overview
of the process for tabling resolutions and amendments, description of
the awards policy, and information about the selection and role of
Head delegates.
● The Programme of Work for each Committee that will be distributed at
the beginning of the first meeting.
Step 7: Assign countries and topics to conference participants

This is a crucial step that needs to be carefully thought through. In many MUN, school
or university send teams of delegates that work together. In these cases, a country and
topic are assigned to a team of students who attend the same school.
Another way of organizing delegations that takes more work but is more rewarding, is
to put together delegations comprised of students from different locations.Therefore,
no two students in any delegation are from the same school. We used this system in
our three Global Model UN conferences and the experience of having students from
different countries working together to represent the same country was one of the
highlights of the conference.
When arrange and compose a delegation it is important to take into consideration the
following factors:
● T
he geographical distribution of the delegates who are working together;
● T
he gender balance of the delegation; and,
● T
he number of MUN conferences delegates have attended.
What you want to obtain are delegations that are geographically diverse, gender
balanced and include delegates with a range of MUN experience. This way the more
experienced delegates can mentor the less experienced ones. The most experienced
MUN delegate should be the Head Delegate.
Set a deadline for submitting Position Papers to the Committee Chairs and make sure
the guidelines for writing these papers are available to all participants. Chairs should
review each Position Paper and return them with feedback prior to the conference.
Step 8: Create an online space where delegates can work together prior to the
conference
It is better to have a website where delegates can access information about when it
will take place, how they can apply, etc., it is important to create a platform where
delegates can communicate with each other (i.e Facebook group, Whatsapp group). If
you choose to put students from different locations on the same delegation, they will
need a way to prepare for the conference before it starts. Keep in touch with the Head
delegates to make sure they are in touch with all of the students on their delegation
and respond to any issues that may come up.
Step 9: Have live video chats, Google+ hangouts or some other similar format with
experts on the topics to be discussed or other important aspects of the conference such
as how to write a resolution, the Rules of Procedure, or discussions on which regional
or political groups are most likely to table resolutions in each Committee.
Step 10: Distribute the conference programme as soon as possible prior to the
conference.
Step 11: Assemble MUN officials several days before the conference to allow them
time to complete their preparations for the conference including but not limited to
writing speeches, creating scripts for Chairs, preparing the venue, etc.
Step 12: Recruit volunteers to assist in as many aspects of the conference as

needed and organize training before the conference begins. Create a measure leads
for volunteers detailing what they need to do. Make a list of all the tasks where
additional assistance is needed and organize a training session for them prior to the
conference so that they are clear about what is required of them.
Step 13: Set aside one or two days before the conference actually begins to
organize rehearsal at the conference venue.
These workshops should include training on the Rules of Procedure and briefings on
topics of interest to the delegates. These can focus on substantive issues related to the
items to be discussed during the conference or issues of general interest such as
information about the work of UN agencies or employment at the UN.
Chapter III
Researching
A. Researching Methods

Researching before doing the MUN is a mandatory thing to do. Doing research for MUN
conference cannot be arbitrary. It takes another level of depth especially considering that the
delegates are going to act and present the manner of different country or delegation, getting
acquainted, understanding, and being able to find the best solutions to the issues at hand.
Delegates may use these websites as sources:
❏ EURO MUN
: https://euromun.org/preparationtips/
❏ HELP MY MUN
: https://www.helpmymun.com/research-model-un/
❏ BEST DELEGATE
: https://bestdelegate.com/research/
https://bestdelegate.com/researchmap
B. How to Research on Countries

1. R
esearch on Country Profile and Country Policy
Research on Contain about
Physical Geography 1. Official name

2. C
apital city
3. C
ontinent and region
4. O
fficial language
5. D
emonism
6. R
acial group
7. R
eligion
8. N
ational currency
Politic and Government 1. The state ideology
2. Heads of state or

government
3. The legislative,

executive, and judiciary

arms of government
4. P
olitical history
Foreign Policy 1. Country’s position and

interest related to a
specific issue,
2. F
oundation of policy
3. P
articipation in various
treaties,
4. The allies and the

opposition
Defense and security 1. The foundation of it’s

the security policy
2. A
nnual defense budget
3. Number of active

military personnel in
each branch (Army,
navy, air force)
Socio-economic 1. Country classification
(Develop, developing,
least develop)
2. G
ross domestic product
3. Main courses of

income and
expenditures
4. N
atural resources
5. F
oreign debt
6. Main export or import

commodities
7. M
ain trade partners
8. P
articipation in various
economic organizations
Other information 1. Country’s human

development index
2. G
in coefficient
3. L
ife expectancy rate
4. Production and use of

energy and mineral

resources
5. C
orruption index
6. T
ransnational issues
Source: Matthew Hanzel, 2016
Below are several best country research resources available on the web:
❏ CIA World Factbook Page: Filled with information about your country

❏ Speeches at the UN: Using the UN Member States on the Record tool,

you can find all the statements your country has made to the UN General
Assembly, Economic and Social Council, and the Security Council in the
past few decades.
❏ Official Government Website: See what the government say about the

issue
❏ UN Permanent Mission: Find out your Permanent Representative to the

UN
❏ BBC Timeline: Find the most important events in your country’s

history
❏ IMUNA Country profile

C. How to Research on Organizations

Research on Contain about
The United Nations 1. What is the UN

2. The history of UN
3. What the UN has done in
the past and what the UN
can do today and in the
future
4. UN and its various Bodies
and organs
The Committee 1. Procedures, Does the

committee have a
specific procedure that
is specific to that
particular committee?
2. Membership, does

your committee’s
membership belong to
states?
3. Authorities, what can

your committee do
when facing various
situations?
4. Sources or funds,

how is the committee

funded? Where does
the budget come from?
5. Fields, what is the

working space of the

committee
6. Chain of

responsibility, does
your committee have
any chain of
responsibility
D. Available sources for researching an Issue

Listed below are some sources that are useful for conducting research:
1. Nations’ website homepage at www.un.org. For issues, go to their ‘In Focus’ and

‘Global Issues’ sections. There are various links available there where you can
access reliable sources of information connected to the UN such as the World
Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), UN Women, the United
Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA), and many others.
1. The International Crisis Group provides many documents on numerous issues.
2. For Human Rights information, you can try Human Rights Watch or Amnesty
International.
3. Transparency International deals with corruption issues.
4. Many magazines and newspapers provide a wealth of interesting articles and
documents. Several worthy of mention as The Economist, Le Monde Diplomatique
English Edition, Time, The New York Times or The Guardian.
5. Country organization websites such as the European Union, or the Organization of
American States, can prove useful.
6. There are many sites which provide documents on issues. Try some such as Global
Issues, or Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).
E. How to Research an Issue

Research is one of the most important things you need to do whenever you want to start
doing a speech. By doing some research, you can gain more information, data, or knowledge
that is going to be useful in making and delivering your substantive speech. Here are some
steps or topics you need to focus on when you want to do research about certain issues.
1. Your Assigned Country Profile

As a person who will represent a certain country, it would be better if you start doing some
research about the country first. The aim is to not only find just the basic information of
the country but instead to find out everything about that country. The topics you would
want to explore more are:
- Physical geography

- Politics and Government

- History

- Culture

- Economy

- Trading partners, allies, or enemies (if any)

- The latest news of the country

- Country’s position and country policy regarding the topic or issue that

will be discussed
- International relations

2. The Topic

The next step of the process is to gain a deeper understanding about the topic that is going
to be discussed. These are some steps to do so:
a. Define the topic. This means you have to clearly know what topic is all

about.
b. Deepen your understanding by identifying the key terms and the key

question. You can start by answering the question of how, what, when,
where, who, why.
c. Learn the history of the topic.

d. Identify the possible event that can happen in the future regarding the

topic or issue. This can be the solutions or recommendations toward the

topic.
Tips: Always use credible sources whenever you do your research
F. Researching Committees

1. Security Council

The Security Council is an independent organ of the UN System. The Security

Council has the highest authority in the UN and they debate the most challenging and
controversial topics such as: “The Situation in Afghanistan”, “Eliminating Somali
Pirates”, “Nuclear Arms of North Korea” etc. The Security Council consists of 15
members. Five of these 16 are permanent members, (Permanent 5 or P5), and the other
10 serve a two-year term. The Five Permanent Members are:
❏ The People’s Republic of China

❏ The Republic of France

❏ The Russian Federation

❏ The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

❏ The United States of America.

2. Advisory Panel Question

The Advisory Panel is a committee at many MUN conferences, which focuses on

one topic over the entire length of the conference. At the end of the conference, the
Advisory Panel presents their resolution to the Security Council, which will then be
debated, and then voted on. The Advisory Panel consists of a panel of delegates
representing both countries and organizations, relevant to the topic. As the Advisory
Panel functions like the Security Council, their debate functions from the start of the
conference and they do not lobby resolutions, but rather create a resolution together,
debating clause by clause. No delegations can veto clauses in the Advisory Panel, which
therefore results in continuous amendments to the clauses/resolution.
3. Human Right Commission

The Human Rights Commission (also named the Human Rights Council) is a council
at MUN conferences that specifically debate human rights issues. This council was
formed as part of the UN system which concerns on how to improve human rights
situations in specific places and to be able to monitor the control of human rights in
countries that violate these rights. It is important to be noted that the main essence of
debate in regard to the topics of the Human Rights Commission is not about what to do
to solve the problem, but more like, how to find the solution of the problem (as the
majority of the states agree to stop a situation, but differ on how it should be done).
4. Disarmament Commission

The Disarmament Commission is a commission which has topics related specifically

to weapons trading and disarmament. The first committee of the General Assembly (GA)
also deals with disarmament; however, this commission debates focusing on aspects of
disarmament.
The Disarmament Commission debates topics involving weapons trading with
regard to the impacts of the trading and usage and tries to improve the situation
addressing all of the different aspects.
5. Environment Commission

The Environment Commission (also known as the Environment Program) is a

commission which initiative set up by the UN to handle and debate issues specifically
concerning the environment. The EC/EP debates topics more concerning to sustainable
development and conservation of both animals and resources.
The Environment Commission’s goal is to create solutions that concern the world’s
environment and have the ultimate goal of creating a world of sustainable growth and
development, and countering climate change, and its causes and effects.
6. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

The Council serves as the main forum for discussion of international economic,
social, and cultural and health issues, as well as human rights and fundamental freedoms.
7. Special Conference

The Special Conference at a MUN Conference is a Commission that debate issues

related to the conference’s theme directly. Issues discussed in the Special Conference
would change since every conference has a different conference theme. Some of the
issues which commonly found in the Special Conference are like those in ECOSOC as
they relate to economic solutions to social problems. One of the best parts at Special
Conference is that members can be as creative as they like with their solutions of the
problems, therefore, you’ll find that all of the different points of view of the UN relate to
the Special Conference, from Disarmament to Human Rights to Environment.
8. General Assembly

The GA was formed in 1945 upon the establishment of the UN and is one of the
independent organs of the UN System. In the GA, all of the member states of the UN are
represented and equal. The General Assembly is formed of six committees, who debate
and deal with different aspects that concern the world. All members of the United
Nations are represented in the GA which allows for multilateral debate and discussion to
take place. This allows all members to be actively involved in finding acceptable
solutions wherever possible.
9. GA1, GA2, GA3, GA4, GA5, GA6

a. GA Plenary: This is the one where you have to know a little bit about

everything
b. GA1: First Committee (Disarmament and International Security

Committee) is concerned with disarmament and related international

security. The First Committee of the GA deals with issues that concern the
world in relation to the prevention of weapons trading, and issues that pose
a threat to international security. The issues debated in GA1 are strongly
similar to those in the Disarmament Commission and are lighter forms of
the topics of the Security Council. In GA1, delegates find solutions to issues
concerning illicit arms trading and production and try to prevent the impacts
of arms trading and production, therefore, improving international security
around the world;
c. GA2: The Second Committee of the GA deals with issues that concern

the world in relation to the development and growth of countries by

boosting their economies. GA2 is concerned with trying to improve the
situation of LEDCs and how to better handle issues where economics and
finances are involved and trying to find financial solutions to many of the
world’s economic issues. The issues debated in GA2 are lighter forms of
the topics in ECOSOC and pertain around the idea of sustainable
development, economic development, and progress, eradication of poverty
and better methods of globalization and trade;
d. GA3: Third Committee (Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee)

deals with social and humanitarian issues Along with the development of
countries, and improving social concerns, GA works to improve the interior
problems posed by differences in cultures of a country, which therefore
have an impact on the social situation of a country. As GA3 works closely
with improving humanitarian aspects of society, they are similar to both
ECOSOC and the Human Rights Council;
e. GA4: Fourth Committee (Special Political and Decolonization

Committee) deals with a variety of political subjects not dealt with by the
First Committee, as well as with decolonization.GA4 debates and evaluates
past UN missions. GA4 also evaluates the sovereignty of a nation and sees
whether a country should be independent and separate from another (such
as Somaliland in Somalia) or not. Though GA4 debates in being involved in
a transition of decolonization and establishment of a stable government,
they cannot take away the sovereignty of a government in a country;
f. GA5: Fifth Committee (Administrative and Budgetary Committee) deals

with the administration and budget of the United Nations GA5 also assess
their successes and their failures finding methods for those problems to not
happen again. They look into the spending of the UN and they promote
funding from member states towards the UN’s many peacekeeping
missions. and;
g. GA6: Sixth Committee (Legal Committee) deals with international legal

matters (http://travishsmodelun.weebly.com). The Sixth Committee of the

GA deals with issues that concern the world in relation to the legal
framework of both countries and the UN. GA6 deals with the establishment
of better legal systems in countries for governmental and judicial progress.
It also drafts rules of law for the UN to follow when involved in a situation
and when sending a mission to have the Peacekeeping troops adhere to a
body of law so that cooperation between the UN and the community being
helped can be sustained.
10. Intergovernmental Organization Committee Communiques

At some MUN Conferences, they will have special committees specifically for
experienced delegates. These committees are model versions of the specific
intergovernmental organizations where delegates represent either countries or
organizations within the committee and debate on issues that concern that committee. As
an intergovernmental organization is an organization, the different countries are members
and they discuss topics that relate to the members of the organization and for the purpose
of the organization. An example of an issue would be “The situation in Afghanistan” in
the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), where delegates of the 28 members of
NATO would debate improving their military aims in Afghanistan in combating
terrorism. In these committees, delegates do not write resolutions but write
Communiqués, and the procedure in these committees is the same as in the Security
Council where delegates debate clause by clause and better the clause by using of
amendments. Though inter-governmental organization committees create communiqués
together, they still speak in the third person as they are representing a nation’s beliefs,
not their own. Communiqué means an official announcement about a very important
piece of news. Here's how communiqué can be used in a crises committee for MUN.
The Crisis Committee members are allowed to send a communiqué to other
members of the committee, the dais, or the external world (such as non-committee
countries or other actors). The conference’s crisis staff will answer the latter type of
communiqué. In turn, the crisis staff may send communiqués to individual delegates with
new information or intelligence, with directions on how to use that information (Patel,
Ira. 2017).
11. The International Court of Justice (ICJ)

In the court, there are Justices and Advocates. The role of a Justice is much different
from the traditional role as a MUN delegate, and significantly distinct from that of an
Advocate. Justices are responsible for reading the briefs and hearing arguments on each
of the 3 cases. You will then deliberately analyze and discuss the cases and arguments in
order to determine the appropriate applications of international law in each case. Justices
have responsibility for writing opinions for each case. An Advocate’s role is given an
assignment with the privilege of representing your country by arguing a case before the
ICJ. Preparing for this role can consume your time more, as it involves dedicated
research and writing. Besides, it also requires an oral presentation before the Court.
Appropriate preparation is strongly necessary to a rewarding and successful simulation of
the ICJ. It is a must that all Advocates properly prepared and submit Memorials on time.
In addition, please also use the lead-up time to Conference wisely by drafting and
practicing your Oral Arguments. The Justices will read your Memorials for your
country’s position; however, the key part of Justice’s decision is based on your
presentation during your Oral Argument.
12. International Criminal Court

The idea of a permanent international court to prosecute crimes against humanity
was first considered at the United Nations in the context of the adoption of the Genocide
Convention of 1948. For many years, differences of opinions forestalled further
developments. In 1992, the General Assembly directed the International Law
Commission to prepare a draft statute for such a court. The massacres in Cambodia, the
former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda made the need for it even more urgent.
13. The International Criminal Court (ICC)

ICC has jurisdiction to prosecute individuals who commit genocide, war crimes and
crimes against humanity. It will also have jurisdiction over the crime of aggression when
an agreement is reached on the definition of such a crime. The ICC is independent as
legally and functionally from the United Nations and is not a part of the UN system. The
cooperation between the UN and the ICC is ruled by a Negotiated Relationship
Agreement. The Security Council is able to initiate proceedings before the ICC and able
to refer to the ICC situations that would not otherwise fall under the Court’s jurisdiction.
Chapter IV
The Conference
A. Committee Dynamics

1. Determining Agenda

Setting the agenda is the first order of business for most committees. The committee
decides the order in which the topics will be discussed, and debate proceeds in the
determined order. The order of the entire agenda must be set at the same time; for
example, the committee cannot decide to discuss Topic I and to postpone the decision on
the other two topics until the debate on Topic I is complete. The Director will open the
speakers' list and delegates on the list will address the committee, stating their preference
for the order of the agenda. The committee typically discusses setting the agenda in both
formal and informal session. Once a majority seems apparent, a delegate will move to
vote on their preferred order. Motions for setting the agenda will be taken one at a time
by the Director and voted on in the order received.
The first motion to receive the support of a simple majority of the committee will be
adopted, and the agenda will be set according to the terms of that motion. (Example:
"The delegation from France moves to set the agenda in the following order – Topic III,
Topic I, Topic II." If this motion receives the support of the majority of the committee,
the agenda will be discussed in that order.) Setting the agenda is a relatively minor
procedural point in the work of the committee and should not hamper the substantive
work of the body.
As it is difficult to revise the agenda, once set, it is important that all delegates
engage actively by articulating their preferences for the agenda order based on their
country’s positions on the topics. If the committee fails to reach a decision on the agenda
by the end of the first night, the NMUN Secretariat will set the agenda according to its
order in the Background Guide.
2. Debate on the Agenda Topics and Motions

Once the agenda has been set, the committee automatically discusses the first topic
and a new speakers list is opened. No motions are necessary for this to occur. The subject
matter of the debate is the topic itself, and delegates are free to discuss the topic,
proposals for action, as well as any draft resolutions approved by the Directors.
Delegates should not refer to specific working papers in their speeches during a formal
debate; however, they can discuss the ideas contained in these working papers. Delegates
will find every valid motion in the rules of procedure. This limitation facilitates efficient
debate and prevents the dilatory interruption of speakers or other committee procedures.
Complaints about room temperature or requests for water, as well as general questions,
should be sent to the Directors in writing or raised during suspension directly with the
Directors. These must be related to the maintenance of procedure and order in the
committee (e.g., to correct an error in procedure made by the Directors). Motions should
be made at the very beginning or end of sessions, between speakers, or at any time the
Directors asks if there are motions from the floor. Points of order are not to interrupt a
delegate making a speech during the formal debate.
3. Closure of Debate

A motion to close debate may be made at any time but is particularly appropriate
when all draft resolutions and amendments have been submitted and approved by the
Directors, and the body wishes to move into voting procedure. The motion requires the
support of two-thirds of the committee to pass. Following closure, no further speakers
will be heard on the topic and no further draft resolutions or amendments will be
accepted. Please note that, as indicated above, closure of debate also occurs
automatically when the speakers' list is exhausted. Upon closure of debate, the body
moves immediately into voting procedure.
4. Adjournment of Debate

If the committee believes that no decision will be reached on a topic and further
debate is futile, a simple majority can adjourn debate on the topic. This is often referred
to in parliamentary procedure as "tabling" the topic. If the debate is adjourned, no further
discussion of the topic will occur, no working papers will be accepted on the topic, and
the committee moves on to begin discussing the next item on the agenda. The committee
is precluded from returning to the topic for the rest of the conference unless there is a
successful motion to reconsider the topic.
5. Voting Procedure

Following either the closure of debate or exhaustion of the speakers' list, the
committee moves immediately into voting procedure. Absolute decorum is to be
maintained in the committee room at all times; it is essential that there is no talking, note
passing, or moving about the room during the voting procedure. Should a delegate who is
also serving as Head Delegate leave and re-enter, they will not be allowed to rejoin
voting procedures. Delegates leaving the room during the voting procedure will not be
allowed to re-enter. This structure is necessary to ensure efficient explanation of
confusing procedural processes and an accurate tally of votes. Observer delegations in a
committee are limited in the types of votes that they may cast. Only full members of a
committee may cast substantive votes, which are votes on draft resolutions, amendments,
or divided clauses. Observers and NGOs in a committee may not vote on any substantive
matter.
All other votes in the committee are procedural votes, thus everyone is required to
cast a vote, regardless if they are Observers or full members. Please be aware that voting
procedure is typically a long process, and can last for several hours in a large committee,
depending on the number of draft resolutions, amendments, and roll call votes. Under no
circumstance are breaks allowed during a voting procedure, as the procedure must be
completed in its entirety before the room is opened again. If delegates decide to leave the
room during the voting procedure, they will not be allowed back in until the end of the
voting procedure. Voting on draft resolutions occurs in the order in which they were
accepted by the Directors. Before the final vote on a draft resolution, two significant
procedural questions may arise. First, the draft resolution may be the subject of
unfriendly amendments; second, the resolution may be the subject of motions to divide
the question in order to highlight particularly important clauses in an annex. It is
important to note that upwards of 80% of all resolutions adopted in the United Nations
are adopted by consensus. Even if the Member States do not agree with every clause in a
resolution, if they agree with most of it, then they will often adopt by acclamation.
6. Amendments

Before voting on a draft resolution, the committee can propose for unfriendly
amendments to that resolution. In the event that there is more than one unfriendly
amendment to a resolution, the amendments are voted on in order of the most removed
from the substance of the resolution to the least removed. This allows the committee to
decide, vote by vote, how much damage they wish to inflict upon the original draft
resolution. It is at the Director’s sole discretion to order amendments for a vote.
Determinations by the Director concerning the substance of the draft resolution and
relation of amendments to the substance are not subject to challenge by the committee.
The Director will entertain two speakers in favor and two speakers against each
unfriendly amendment. The content of these speeches is substantive in nature, however,
the time allotted is the same as procedural speeches, set at 15 seconds each. Following
this, a substantive vote on the amendment occurs. Once the committee has voted on all
unfriendly amendments to a resolution, the committee debates and votes upon the draft
resolution in its entirety, including any unfriendly amendments accepted by the
committee.
7. Division of the Question

Please carefully note the uses of a division of the question and the procedure used to
divide. For draft resolutions, Member States use divisions to potentially vote on an entire
operative clause or group of clauses (preambulatory clauses cannot be divided)
separately from the rest of the resolution. Please keep in mind that this motion is used at
the United Nations in order to create an annex. An annex is typically created when a
particular clause or group of clauses is so significant that the Member States believe it
must be recognized separately from the rest of the resolution in order to draw attention to
its importance. Examples are declarations, or treaty texts, where resolutions have only
one operative clause (“decides to adopt the following declaration”), and the text of the
actual declaration is contained in an annex. Motions to divide apply only to complete
operative clauses or a group of clauses; to change words or phrases in clauses, delegates
should use the amendment process. Immediately before a draft resolution comes to a
vote, a Member State may move to divide the question and indicate which clause(s) it
would like to consider separately (e.g. “I move to divide out clauses 1 and 2.”). If there
are calls for multiple divisions, they will be voted on in order of the most radical division
to the least. This order is at the sole discretion of the Director. First vote: The first vote
on a division of the question is a procedural vote. In other words, the committee votes on
whether or not to consider dividing the clause(s) out: this requires a simple majority. The
Director will accept two speakers in favor of the motion and two speakers against.
However, speakers are required to limit their comments to procedural issues and cannot
speak on the substance of any of the clause(s) in question.
If the procedural motion passes, the clause(s) are separated from the resolution and
put to a separate substantive vote. No motions except points of order will be taken in
between these two votes. If the procedural vote fails, the resolution remains intact,
clauses are not divided out, and the voting procedure moves on. Second vote: The
second, substantive vote is taken if the procedural motion passes. This vote is to decide
whether or not to include and highlight the clause(s) separated by the procedural motion.
If it passes, the clause(s) become an annex to the original resolution (which no longer
contains the clause(s) in question). If the substantive vote fails, the separated clauses are
permanently discarded. In the event that the original resolution (from which the clauses
were separated) fails, the annex cannot stand on its own, and so it also fails. After the
committee votes on all divisions, it votes on what is left of the original resolution. Note
that if all operative clauses are divided out and discarded, the resolution fails. Delegates
are reminded that the purpose of the motion is to highlight operative clauses, not to have
them deleted from a draft resolution. The appropriate, and much simpler way, to remove
clauses that you disagree with is to propose an amendment.
8. Type of Votes: Procedural and Substantive

In the case of procedural votes, all Member States and Observers must vote yes or
no; abstentions are not allowed. On substantive matters (resolutions, presidential
statements and press statements [Security Council only], amendments, and the second
vote on divisions of the question), Member States (but not Observers) who are present
may vote yes, no, or abstain. To be considered present, a delegate must be in attendance
and designated on the roll call sheet as either “present” or “present and voting.” In this
case, the status of “present and voting” indicates that a Member State intends to vote yes
or no on all substantive matters, forfeiting the right to abstain. For the purpose of setting
majority thresholds or tabulating vote results, the phrases “members present and voting”
or “those present and voting” should be understood to mean all attendees casting an
affirmative or negative vote. Abstentions do not count in favor of or against a motion,
nor do they affect the majority threshold required for passage. Thus, a resolution which
requires a simple majority will pass with a vote of 11 in favor, 10 opposed, and 173
abstentions. Likewise, in consensus bodies, abstentions do not affect the passage of the
final document.
9. Methods of Voting

Placard and roll call are the two permissible types of voting. All procedural votes
must be taken by placard, with the exception of Adjournment of Debate, which requires a
roll call vote. The Dais will count placards of Member States when they vote on
particular issues and announce the result of the vote. A roll call vote may only occur on
substantive votes, and only if a Member State requests a roll call vote (with the exception
of Adjournment of Debate, for which the roll call vote is automatic). It is the right of any
Member State to request a roll call vote, and there is no vote on the motion as the motion
is automatically honored. The Chair reads the roll and each Member State casts its vote
aloud when called upon; the Member States may pass once, but then must vote yes or no
when called again (they may not abstain). Roll call votes typically take quite a long time,
particularly in large committees.
10. Explanations of Voting

A Member State may explain its vote against a draft resolution only if it sponsored
the draft in question and it had to vote against the draft resolution because an unfriendly
amendment or a division of the question substantially changed the draft resolution.
Requests for an explanation of the vote must be submitted in writing before voting
procedures commence, except in the case that the unfriendly amendment or division was
unknown to the sponsors. Should this be the case, the delegate may approach the Dais
and submit the explanation to the Dais immediately upon the conclusion of the voting
procedure.
B. The Art of Communication

Often the most serious obstacle to a committee’s progress is not some irreconcilable
ideological difference, but simply a failure on the part of the delegates to listen to and
understand one another.
1. Speakers’ List

During a formal debate, the order in which delegates make their speeches is dictated
by their order on the Speakers List (to which names are added as soon as they are
submitted). Therefore, especially on large General Assembly committees, it is important
to get on the Speakers List right from the start and then as often as you can. Since you
can only be on the Speakers List once at any given time, you should resubmit your name
as soon as you nish speaking to maximize speaking opportunities. Don’t worry about
not knowing what you will say next time; by the time your turn nally comes around,
there will be plenty of issues that you will want to talk about. In some conferences, you
can also attempt to increase the number of times you can address the committee by
asking other delegates to yield time to you.
2. Yields (Does not apply to all conference)

There are three diﬀerent types of yields you can make. Please remember, though,
that yields only apply to substantive speeches, there is only one yield per speech, and
yielding precludes any comments.
❏ To questions: With this yield, the Moderator selects delegates who wish

to ask you questions. Each delegate is allowed one question, and only your
answer time is subtracted from your remaining time. Often the best kind of
yield that you can make, yielding to questions lets you clear any
misconceptions that delegates may have.
❏ To a delegate: When you yield to another delegate, he/she is given your

remaining time to speak. You usually opt for this yield when anally knows a
particular idea especially well and would be better able to express it.
❏ To the Chair: After you make this yield, the Chair proceeds to the next

speaker, unless there are any motions.
3. Comments

If a delegate’s speech is substantive and involves no yields, then comments are

allowed. These 30-second critiques provide the timeliness of questions with the latitude
of a substantive speech. The only restriction is that the comment must pertain directly to
the content of the preceding speech.
4. Caucus

While a formal debate is a time for communication, a caucus is a time for

negotiation. The Rules of Parliamentary Procedure are not in eﬀect and delegates are free
to talk amongst themselves on any subject. When in caucus, you are graded by how close
you are to the center. Thus, be the one that is commanding the group to hold their
attention
5. Ruling a Caucus

When a director visits your caucus group, he or she will be looking to see how much
you are participating in the group, namely, how much attention others are giving you.
With this in mind, it becomes important to control the caucus group and also make sure
the chair sees this. How do you accomplish this? Bring the caucus group right in front of
the dais or close by. To control caucus, become the moderator of the group, pointing out
who should speak next and giving other people on the edge a chance to speak. In this
way, you could even control a caucus block without knowing what you’re talking about!
You’ll naturally come across people who will want to compete for the center, or just
talk quickly and loudly to overpower everyone else. In that case, just get a few allies and
form a new caucus group, invite people from the old one to come over and give them an
open voice. The Loudmouth control-freak will soon be left standing alone.
6. Moving to Caucus

A motion to caucus, since it is a non-debatable procedural motion, takes precedence

over all other motions except for Parliamentary Points. When you motion for a caucus,
the moderator will ask you for how long and for what purpose you want to caucus. If you
feel that discussion among delegates outside of formal debate is necessary, then move to
caucus. Generally, delegates will call for a caucus to accomplish one of the following
specic goals:
❏ Review ideas

One of the first things you should do in a caucus is meet with your allies and
review what was said, deciding which new ideas are acceptable and which are
not. Encourage delegates in your caucusing session to put forth any new ideas
they have. Also, you should analyze the response of the rest of the committee to
the ideas you and your allies brought up.
❏ Establish a consensus

Try to establish a consensus on the major points as soon as you can. Do not
expect to hammer out all the little differences, as that will take a while. Just
reach an agreement on the fundamentals so that your bloc can present a unied
front to the committee during the next formal debate session.
❏ Contact other people

Besides talking to delegates in your own bloc, it is a good idea to talk with
delegates in other blocs. Try to get some rough idea as to the positions of the
other blocs and see which delegates are potential allies and which will be your
opposition. In addition, you should talk to the ADs and let them know your
ideas and how negotiations are proceeding. Finally, you should begin thinking
about forming strong coalitions.
Regardless of any suggested divisions, simplied or actual, you are, of course, free
to caucus with any delegates you choose. In fact, after several caucuses, you will nd
blocs dividing and recombining in new ways, depending on both personalities and goals.
7. Moderated Caucus

Compared to the strict parliamentary order of formal debate, caucus may appear to
be disorganized and hectic. If it proves impossible to conduct productive caucuses,
consider asking the Moderator to give you some help. One successful format for a
moderated caucus divides the delegates pro and con on a particular issue and then
alternates delegates from both groups, according to each one minute to speak. Such
moderated caucuses combine the best elements of formal debate and caucus, providing
the order of formal debate with the spontaneous ow of ideas associated with a caucus.
8. Voting On a Resolution

Once the debate is closed, the committee immediately moves to a vote on the
resolution (or amendment; the parliamentary procedure is analogous). At this point,
however, delegates may decide to use the Division of the Question rule or the Roll Call
Vote rule to their advantage.
9. Division of the Questions (Occurs in only a few conferences)

This is the most complicated and, not coincidentally, the most widely misunderstood
rule. The delegate making the motion wishes the committee to consider including only
certain operative clauses of the resolution on which debate has been closed in the nal
version.
10. Roll Call Vote
If this motion is passed, the Moderator shall call the roll in alphabetical order,
starting from a randomly selected country. There are two rounds of voting. During the
rst round, delegates can vote Yes, No, Abstain, or Pass. During the second round, all
delegates who passed must then vote Yes, No, or Abstain. Delegates may request the
right to explain their vote during either the rst or second round. is called Yes/No with
rights, and is used when you are voting out of policy. is method is usually only used in
East Coast conferences.
The Roll Call Vote not only allows delegates to get a better picture of where
delegates in the committee stand (which may be especially important if the resolution
may be reconsidered), but also allows delegates to air their reasons for voting as they did.
For instance, after a Division of the Question, some delegates may nd that the changed
resolution either does or does not fall in line with their national interests and may desire
the opportunity to explain their vote. With both placard and roll call votes, a majority is
dened as those members present and voting; therefore, abstentions do not count.
C. Points and Motions: Order of Precedence

❏ Point of Personal Privilege - Used when a delegate is unable to participate

in committee business.
❏ Point of Order - Used to establish order if a delegate(s) are deemed to be

out of order.
❏ Point of Parliamentary Inquiry - In order when the oor is open; used for

questions about points of parliamentary procedure.

❏ Motion for Right of Reply - Used to recognize the slandering of one

delegate towards another; granted only at the chair’s specic discretion.

❏ Motion to adjourn debate - In order only if the chair deems it to be

appropriate. (50% + 1)
❏ Motion to suspend debate - Used to suspend debate until the next

meeting; in order only if the chair deems it to be appropriate. (50% + 1)

❏ Motion to caucus - Needs to specify the length and a reason for; deemed

appropriate by the chair. (50% + 1)

❏ Motion for moderated caucus - Needs to specify length and reason for;

deemed appropriate by the chair. (50% + 1)

❏ Motion to close debate - Ending debate on a topic or resolution. (2/3

majority; 2 speakers against)

❏ Motion to postpone debate - Postponing debate on a topic or resolution.

(2/3 majority; 1 speaker for, 1 against)

❏ Motion to divide the question - Used when it is necessary to vote on

certain parts of our solution separately; a three-tiered vote: 1) on individual

motions to divide, 2) on the inclusion of amendments, 3) and on the nal
resolution. (50% + 1; 2 speakers for, 2 against)
❏ Motion to reorder agenda - Used to reorder the topics being discussed or

the order for which resolutions are to be voted upon. (50% +1; 1 speaker, 1
against)
❏ Motion for a roll call vote - In order only on procedural matters. (50% +

1)
❏ Motion to question competence - Used only if the competence of a

committee is in question pertaining to a topic. (50% + 1; 1 speaker for, 1 against)

❏ Motion to submit an amendment to a resolution.

❏ Motion to submit a resolution.

❏ Motion of resumption of debate - Resumes debate on a previously

postponed resolution or topic. (50% + 1; 1 speaker for, 1 against)

❏ Motion for reconsideration - Made only by a delegate that voted with the

majority. (⅔ majority; 2 speakers against)
D. Rules of Procedure

1. Session and Meeting

Rule 1 – Dates of convening and adjournment

The Committee shall meet every year in regular session, commencing and closing on
the dates designated by the Secretary-General.
Rule 2 – Periodic meetings (Security Council only)

Periodic meetings of the Security Council called for in Article 28 (2) of the Charter
of the United Nations shall be held at least once a year at such times the Security
Council may decide.
Rule 3 – Place of sessions

The Committee shall meet at a location designated by the Secretary-General.
Rule 4 – Unscheduled meetings (Security Council only)

Meetings of the Security Council shall, with the exception of the periodic meetings
referred to in rule 2, be held at the call of the President any time he or she deems
necessary.
The President shall call a meeting of the Security Council if a dispute or situation is
brought to the attention of the Security Council under Article 35 or under Article 11
(3) of the Charter, or if the General Assembly makes recommendations or refers any
questions to the Security Council under Article 11 (2), or if the Secretary-General
brings to the attention of the Security Council any matter under Article 99.
Rule5 – Request of members (Security Council only)

The President shall also call a meeting of the Security Council at the request of any
of its members.
2. Agenda

Rule 6 – Provisional agenda

The provisional agenda shall be drawn up by the Deputy Secretary-General and
communicated to the members of the Committee at least sixty days before the
opening of the session. For the purposes of the Security Council, the provisional
agenda applies to the periodic meeting.
Rule 7 – Communications (Security Council only)
The Secretary-General, or their designate, shall immediately bring to the attention of
all representatives on the Security Council all communications from states, organs of
the United Nations, or the Secretary-General concerning any matter for the
consideration of the Security Council in accordance with the provisions of the
Charter.
Rule 8 – Adoption of the agenda

The agenda provided by the Deputy Secretary-General shall be considered adopted
as of the beginning of the session. The order of the agenda items shall be determined
by a majority vote of those present and voting.
The vote described in this rule is a procedural vote and, as such, Observers are
permitted to cast a vote. For the purposes of the Security Council, this procedural
vote requires nine votes in favor to pass in accordance with Article 27 (2) of the
Charter of the United Nations. The veto does not apply for procedural votes. Should
the Committee not reach a decision by the conclusion of the first night’s meeting,
the agenda will be automatically set in the order in which it was first communicated.
Rule 9 – Revision of the agenda

During a session, the Committee may revise the agenda by adding, deleting,
deferring, or amending items. Only important and urgent items shall be added to the
agenda during a session. Debate on the inclusion of an item in the agenda in any
Committee except in the Security Council shall be limited to three speakers in favor
of, and three against, the inclusion. Additional items of an important and urgent
character, proposed for inclusion in the agenda less than thirty days before the
opening of a session, may be placed on the agenda if the Committee so decides by a
two-thirds majority of the members present and voting, except in the Security
Council, where it requires a simple majority. No additional item may unless the
Committee decides otherwise by a two-thirds majority of the members present and
voting, be considered until a commission has reported on the question concerned.
For purposes of this rule, the determination of an item of an important and urgent
character is subject to the discretion of the Deputy Secretary-General or their
designate (except in the Security Council when it is to the discretion of the Council),
and any such determination is final. If an item is determined to be of such a
character, then it requires a two-thirds vote of the Committee to be placed on the
agenda, except in the Security Council, where it requires a simple majority. The
votes described in this rule are substantive votes, and, as such, Observers are not
permitted to cast a vote. In the Security Council, this requires the affirmative vote of
nine members including the concurring votes of the permanent members, which is
interpreted to mean no vetoes.
Rule 10 – Explanatory memorandum

Any item proposed for inclusion in the agenda, with the exception of matters
deemed “urgent” by the Security Council, shall be accompanied by an explanatory
memorandum and, if possible, by basic documents.
Each explanatory memorandum should have the same structure and length of a topic
within the Committee Background Guides provided by the Secretariat.
Rule 11 – Amending the agenda (Security Council only)

Under urgent circumstances, the agenda of a meeting of the Security Council may be
amended.
For purposes of this rule, the determination of an item as “urgent” is subject to the
discretion of the members of the Council, which members signify through an
affirmative vote to amend the agenda. The votes described in this rule are
substantive votes; therefore, if an item is determined to be of such a character, then it
requires the affirmative vote of nine members including the concurring votes of the
permanent members, which is interpreted to mean no vetoes, to be placed on the
agenda. If placed on the agenda, the item shall be placed at the top of the agenda,
and the Council shall immediately begin discussion on the new topic. If the Security
Council holds voting procedure on an agenda item deemed “urgent,” upon
concluding voting procedure, the Council will return to the previous topic.
Subsequently, should any further developments be brought to the attention of the
Council, the agenda may be amended again to add the same agenda item deemed
“urgent.”
3. Secretariat and Presidency

Rule12 – Duties of the Secretary-General

The Secretary-General or their designate shall act in this capacity in all meetings of
the Committee. The Secretary-General, in cooperation with the Deputy
Secretary-General, shall provide and direct the staff required by the Committee and
be responsible for all the arrangements that may be necessary for its meetings.
Rule 13 – Duties of the Secretariat

The Secretariat or their designate shall be responsible for the preparation, receipt,
and distribution of documents required by the Committee to the Members, and
generally, perform all other work which the Committee may require.
Rule 14 – Statements by the Secretariat

The Secretary-General or their designate may make oral as well as written
statements to the Committee concerning any question under consideration.
Rule 15 – Selection of the President

The Secretary-General or their designate shall appoint, from applications received
by the Secretariat, a President who shall hold office and, inter alia, chair the
Committee for the duration of the session, unless otherwise decided by the
Secretary-General.
Rule 16 – Replacement of the President

If the President is unable to perform their functions, a new President shall be
appointed for the unexpired term at the discretion of the Secretary-General or their
designate.
Rule 17 – Notification of meetings (Security Council only)

The Secretary-General shall give to representatives on the Security Council notice of
meetings of the Security Council and of its commissions and committees.
4. Language

Rule 18 – Official and working language

English shall be the official and working language of the Committee during
scheduled sessions (both formal and informal) of the Committee.
Rule 19 – Interpretation (oral) or translation (written)

Any representative wishing to address anybody or submit a document in a language
other than English shall provide interpretation or translation into English.
This rule does not affect the total speaking time allotted to those delegates wishing
to address the body in a language other than English. As such, both the speech and
the interpretation must be within the set time limit.
The Secretary-General shall give to representatives on the Security Council notice of

meetings of the Security Council and of its commissions and committees.
5. Conduct of Business

Rule 20 – Quorum
The President may declare a meeting open and permit debate to proceed when
representatives of at least one-third of the members of the Committee are present.
For the purposes of the Security Council, the President may declare a meeting open
and permit debate to proceed when representatives of at least nine members of the
Council are present. The presence of representatives of a majority of the members of
the Committee – or nine members in the Security Council – shall be required for any
decision to be taken. For purposes of this rule, “members of the Committee” means
the total number of members (not including Observers) in attendance at the first
night’s meeting (session) except in the Security Council, where nine members of the
Council are required.
Rule 21 – General powers of the President

In addition to exercising the powers conferred upon them elsewhere by these rules,
the President shall declare the opening and closing of each meeting of the
Committee, direct the discussions, ensure observance of these rules, accord the right
to speak, put questions to vote, and announce decisions. The President, subject to
these rules, shall have complete control of the proceedings of the Committee and
over the maintenance of order at its meetings. They shall rule on points of order.
The President may propose to the Committee the closure of the list of speakers, a
limitation on the speaker’s time and on the number of times the representative of
each member may speak on an item, the adjournment or closure of the debate, and
the suspension or adjournment of a meeting.
Included in these enumerated powers is the power to assign speaking times for all
speeches incidental to motions and amendments.
Rule 22 – Authority of the Committee

The President, in the exercise of her or his functions, remains under the authority of
the Committee
Rule 23 – Voting rights on procedural matters

Unless otherwise stated, all votes pertaining to the conduct of business shall require
a favorable vote by the majority of the present members in order to pass.
For purposes of this rule, “present members” indicates those members (including
Observers) in attendance at the meeting during which this rule is applied. Note that
Observers may vote on all procedural votes; they may, however, not vote on
substantive matters. Every delegation must cast a vote in procedural votes. Further,
there is no possibility to abstain or pass on procedural votes.
Rule 24 – Points of order

During the discussion of any matter, a representative may rise to a point of order,
and the President, in accordance with the rules of procedure, shall immediately
decide the point of order. A representative may appeal against the ruling of the
President (referred to as “Appeal of the Chair”). The appeal shall be immediately put
to the vote, and the President's ruling shall stand unless overruled by a majority of
the members present and voting. A representative rising to a point of order may not
speak on the substance of the matter under discussion.
Such points of order should not under any circumstances interrupt the speech of a
fellow delegate. They should be used exclusively to correct an error in procedure
made by the Dais. Any questions on order arising during a speech made by a
delegate should be raised at the conclusion of the speech or can be addressed by the
President, on their accord, during the speech.
Rule 25 – Speeches
No representative may address the Committee without having previously obtained
the permission of the President. The President shall call upon speakers in the order
in which they signify their desire to speak. The President may call a speaker to order
if their remarks are not relevant to the subject under discussion.
Rule 26 – Speakers List

Upon the discussion of a new topic, the President will open a speakers list and invite
representatives to add their names to the list. Representatives cannot appear more
than once on the list at any one time. On completing a speech, the representative
may request to be added to the speakers' list again. The speakers' list can be closed
and reopened by a vote of the Committee. When there are no more speakers on the
list, the President shall declare the debate closed, which will result in the Committee
moving immediately to the voting procedure.
The decision to announce the speakers' list is at the discretion of the President and
should not be the subject of a motion by the Committee. A motion to close the
speakers' list or reopen (if the list has already been closed) is within the purview of
the Committee and the President should not act on their own motion.
Rule 27 – Right of reply

If a remark impugns the integrity of a representative's state, the President may permit
that representative to exercise their right of reply following the conclusion of the
controversial speech and shall determine an appropriate time limit for the reply. No
ruling on this question shall be subject to appeal.
For purposes of this rule, a remark that impugns the integrity of a delegate’s state is
one directed at the governing authority of that state and/or one that puts into question
that state’s sovereignty or a portion thereof. Exercises of the right of reply shall be
addressed in writing to the Secretariat and shall not be raised as a point of order or
motion. Only upon approval of the Secretariat shall the right of reply be read to the
Committee by the President, and in no case after voting has concluded on all matters
relating to the agenda topic during the discussion of which the right arose. The right
of reply will not be approved should it impugn the integrity of another state.
Rule 28 – Suspension of the meeting

During the discussion of any matter, a representative may move the suspension of
the meeting, specifying a time for reconvening. Such motions shall not be debated
but shall be put to a vote immediately, requiring the support of a majority of the
members present and voting to pass. Representatives should not state a purpose for
the suspension.
This motion should be used to suspend the meeting to informally discuss the work
on the floor or at the end of the scheduled committee session. Delegates should
properly phrase this motion as “move for a suspension of the meeting,” and provide
a length of time when making the motion.
Rule 29 – Adjournment of the meeting

During the discussion of any matter, a representative may move to the adjournment
of the meeting. Such motions shall not be debated but shall be put to the vote
immediately, requiring the support of a majority of the members present and voting
to pass. After adjournment, the Committee shall reconvene at its next regularly
scheduled meeting time.
This motion, if successful, ends the meeting until the Committee’s next regularly
scheduled session the following year.
Rule 30 – Adjournment of debate

During the discussion of any matter, a representative may move the adjournment of
the debate on the item under discussion. Two representatives may speak in favor of,
and two against, the motion, after which the motion shall be immediately put to a
roll call vote. The President may limit the time to be allowed to speakers under this
rule.
Adjournment of a debate will result in the immediate end of the debate on the topic
currently under consideration and the Committee will move on to the next agenda
topic. This allows for speakers for and against and requires a simple majority to
pass. Should adjournment of debate pass, the Committee will set aside all work and
open up a new speakers list for consideration of the next topic. Should the body wish
to discuss the adjourned topic, a motion for reconsideration is required.
Rule 31 – Closure of debate

A representative may at any time move for closure of debate on the item under
discussion, whether or not any other representative has signified their wish to speak.
Permission to speak on the motion shall be accorded only to two representatives
opposing the closure, after which the motion shall be put to the vote immediately.
Closure of debate shall require a two-thirds majority of the members present and
voting. If the Committee favors the closure of debate, the Committee shall
immediately move to vote on all proposals introduced under that agenda item.
Rule 32 – Order of motions

Subject to Rule 18, the motions indicated below shall have precedence in the
following order over all proposals or other motions before the meeting:
§ To suspend the meeting;
§ To adjourn the meeting;
§ To adjourn the debate on the item under discussion;
§ To close the debate on the item under discussion.
Rule 33 – Proposals and amendments

Proposals and amendments shall normally be submitted in writing to the Secretariat.
Any proposal or amendment that relates to the substance of any matter under
discussion shall require the signature of twenty percent of the members of the
Committee [sponsors and signatories]. Sponsors of proposals are the primary authors
of the proposal; signatories are delegations that wish to debate the proposal.
The Secretariat may, at its discretion, approve the proposal or amendment for
circulation among the delegations. As a general rule, no proposal shall be put to the
vote at any meeting of the Committee unless copies of it have been circulated to all
delegations. The President may, however, permit the discussion and consideration of
amendments or of motions as to procedure, even though such amendments and
motions have not been circulated.
If the sponsors agree to the adoption of a proposed amendment, the proposal shall be
modified accordingly and no vote shall be taken on the proposed amendment. A
document modified in this manner shall be considered as the proposal pending
before the Committee for all purposes, including subsequent amendments.
For purposes of this rule, all proposals shall be in the form of working papers prior
to their approval by the Secretariat. Working papers will not be copied, or in any
other way distributed, to the Committee by the Secretariat. The distribution of such
working papers is solely the responsibility of the sponsors of the working papers.
After approval of a working paper, it becomes a draft resolution, or for the Security
Council a draft presidential statement or draft press statement, and will be
distributed to the Committee by the Secretariat. Once approved, it is permissible to
refer to the document in a formal speech. Draft resolutions/presidential
statements/press statements are the collective property of the Committee and, as
such, the names of the original sponsors and signatories will be removed. The
copying and distribution of amendments are at the discretion of the Secretariat, but
the substance of all such amendments will be made available to all delegates in some
form. Should delegates wish to withdraw a draft resolution/presidential
statement/press statement or amendment from consideration, this requires the
consent of all sponsors.
Rule 34 – Withdrawal of motions

A motion may be withdrawn by its proposer at any time before voting has
commenced. A motion thus withdrawn may be reintroduced by any member.
Rule 35 – Reconsideration of a topic

When a topic has been adjourned, it may not be reconsidered at the same session
unless the Committee, by a two-thirds majority of those present and voting, so
decides. Reconsideration can only be moved by a representative who voted on the
prevailing side of the original motion to adjourn. Permission to speak on a motion to
reconsider shall be accorded only to two speakers opposing the motion, after which
it shall be put to the vote immediately. The President may limit the time to be
allowed to speakers under this rule.
Rule 36 – Invitation to silent prayer or meditation
In the immediate period after the opening of the meeting and preceding the closing
of the final meeting, the President may invite the representatives to make a motion to
observe a moment of silence.
This motion requires prior approval from the Dais before it will be recognized. If
this motion is made, delegates should not state a specific purpose for the moment of
silence. The Dais will grant the moment of silence for a short period of time and
then continue with the formal session.
Rule 37 – Subsidiary entities (Security Council only)

The Security Council may appoint a commission or committee or a rapporteur for a
specified question.
Rule 38 – Speaker precedence (Security Council only)

The President may accord precedence to any rapporteur appointed by the Security
Council. The Chairman of a commission or committee, or the rapporteur appointed
by the commission or committee to present its report, may be accorded precedence
for the purpose of explaining the report.
Rule 39 – Participation by the Member States in Security Council meetings

(Security Council only)
Any Member State of the United Nations which is not a member of the Security
Council may be invited, as the result of a decision of the Security Council, to
participate, without vote, in the discussion of any question brought before the
Security Council when the Security Council considers that the interests of that
member are especially affected, or when a member brings a matter to the attention of
the Security Council in accordance with Article 35 (1) of the Charter.
The Security Council has the option of inviting delegates who are representing
countries that are not members of the Security Council to address them during a
formal session. Most invitations will be in line with Articles 31 and 32 of the
Charter, which state "Member States who are particularly affected by a situation
under consideration or a party to a dispute under consideration may address the
Council as Observers.” Should the Security Council wish to issue such an invitation
to a country that is party to the situation under discussion, they need only inform the
Dais. Should the Council wish to issue an invitation to a delegate representing a
country that is not a party to the situation under discussion, it will require a motion
to invite the specific Member State to the Council and a simple majority vote. The
Secretariat will determine which specific member of a delegation to approach and
will facilitate the invitation and briefing by the invited delegate to the Council. If the
Security Council considers that the presence of a delegate invited according to this
rule is no longer necessary, it may withdraw the invitation through the same process
required for an invitation. Delegates invited to the Council according to this rule
should also keep in mind their role and obligations in the committee that they were
originally assigned to.
Rule 40 – Participation by the Secretariat and other persons in Council

meetings (Security Council only)
The Security Council may invite members of the Secretariat or other persons, whom
it considers competent for the purpose, to supply it with information or to give other
assistance in examining matters within its competence. Should the Security Council
wish to issue such an invitation to a member of the Secretariat or other persons, they
need only inform the Dais. The Secretariat will then determine the feasibility of the
request.
6. Voting

Rule 41 – Voting rights

Each member of the Committee shall have one vote. This rule applies to substantive
voting on amendments, draft resolutions, and portions of draft resolutions divided
out by motion. Observers are not permitted to cast votes on substantive matters.
Rule 42 – Request for a vote
A proposal or motion before the Committee for decision shall be voted upon if any
member so requests. Where no member requests a vote, the Committee may adopt
proposals or motions without a vote.
For purposes of this rule, the proposal means any draft resolution, or draft
presidential statement or draft press statement in the Security Council, an
amendment thereto, or a portion of a draft resolution divided out by motion. Just
prior to a vote on a particular proposal, the President may ask if there are any
objections to passing the proposal by acclamation, or a member may move to accept
the proposal by acclamation. If there are no objections to the proposal, then it is
adopted without a vote. Adoption by “acclamation” or “without a vote” is consistent
not only with the educational mission of the conference but is also the way in which
the United Nations adopts a majority of its proposals. As it is a procedural motion
and requires no substantive vote, Observers may make the motion to accept the
proposal by acclamation and may also indicate an objection to this motion.
In the Security Council, draft resolutions, a portion of a draft resolution divided out
by motion, and amendments thereto can be adopted either by acclamation or by
placard or roll call vote. Draft presidential statements and draft press statements are
to be adopted by consensus, thus delegates cannot call for a placard, roll call vote, or
division by motion on these proposals.
Rule 43 – Majority required

· Unless specified otherwise by the Secretariat in the Committee Background Guide,

decisions of the Committee shall be made by a simple majority of the members present
and voting.
· For the purpose of tabulation, the phrase “members present and voting” means members

casting an affirmative or negative vote. Members that abstain from voting are considered
as not voting. All delegates declaring that they are “present and voting” during the
attendance roll call for the meeting during which the substantive voting occurs must cast
an affirmative or negative vote, and cannot abstain on substantive votes.
· Should the Secretariat inform the Committee that decisions will be made by consensus,

this shall apply to matters of substance. If consensus is not attainable when an issue comes
up for a decision, the President shall make every effort to facilitate achievement of
consensus. If the President determines that consensus is not possible, the Committee shall
take the decision by a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting. The
Committee Background Guide will detail whether or not the Committee will make
decisions by consensus. Further, the Secretariat will announce this during the Committee
session.
· Voting in the Security Council shall be in accordance with the relevant Articles of the

Charter and of the Statute of the International Court of Justice.

· According to Article 27(2) of the Charter, decisions of the Security Council on procedural

matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members. Article 27(3) states that all
(substantive) decisions shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members including
the concurring votes of the permanent members, which is interpreted as to refer to no
vetoes.
· In the Security Council, the majority required for each type of outcome document is as

follows:
- Resolutions: Affirmative vote of nine members including the concurring

votes of the permanent members;

- Presidential Statement (PRST): Consensus;

- Press Statements: Consensus.

Rule 44 – Method of voting

The Committee shall normally vote by a show of placards, except when a
representative requests a roll call during a substantive vote, which shall be taken in
the English alphabetical order of the names of the members, beginning with a
member whose name is randomly selected by the President. The name of each
member shall be called in any roll call, and one of its representatives shall reply
“yes,” “no,” “abstain,” or “pass.”
Only those members who designate themselves as present or present and voting
during the attendance roll call, or in some other manner communicate their
attendance to the President and/or Secretariat, are permitted to vote and, as such, no
others will be called during a roll call vote. Any member replying “pass” on a
substantive vote must, when requested a second time, respond with either “yes” or
“no.” A pass cannot be followed by a second pass for the same proposal or
amendment, nor can it be followed by an abstention on that same proposal or
amendment.
Rule 45 – Explanations of vote

Following the completion of voting, sponsors of a proposal who voted against their
proposal may make a brief statement in explanation of their vote if the proposal has
been amended by an unfriendly amendment or changed by a division of the question.
Explanations of the vote must be submitted to the Dais before voting procedure
begins.
Explanation of the vote allows a sponsor of a draft resolution to explain why they
voted against the draft resolution after it has been amended with an unfriendly
amendment or changed by the division of the question. All explanations of the vote
must be submitted to the President in writing before the voting procedure begins,
except where the sponsor was unaware of the amendment or division, in which case
the explanation of vote must be submitted to the President in writing immediately
after voting on the topic ends.
Rule 46 – Conduct during voting

After the President has announced the commencement of voting, no representatives
shall interrupt the voting except on a point of order in connection with the actual
process of voting.
For purposes of this rule, there shall be no communication among delegates, and if
any delegate leaves the Committee room during the voting procedure, they will not
be allowed back into the room until the Committee has concluded voting procedure.
Should a delegate who is also serving as Head Delegate leave the room, they may
reenter, but they may not retake their seat and participate in the vote.
Rule 47 – Division of proposals and amendments

Immediately before a proposal comes to a vote, a representative may move that parts
of a proposal should be voted on separately. If there are calls for multiple divisions,
those shall be voted upon in an order to be set by the President where the most
radical division will be voted upon first. The request for division shall be voted
upon, requiring the support of a majority of those present and voting to pass.
Permission to speak on the motion for division shall be given only to two speakers in
favor and two speakers against. If the motion for division is carried, those parts of
the proposal that are approved shall then be put to a vote. If all operative parts of the
proposal have been rejected, the proposal is considered rejected entirely.
For purposes of this rule, most radical division means the division that will remove
the greatest substance from the draft resolution, but not necessarily the one that will
remove the most words or clauses. The determination of which division is most
radical is subject to the discretion of the Secretariat, and any such determination is
final. For the purposes of the Security Council, draft presidential statements and
draft press statements may not be divided.
Rule 48 – Amendments
An amendment is a proposal that adds to, deletes from, or revises part of another
proposal. Friendly amendments are agreed to by all sponsors of a proposal and are
automatically incorporated into a proposal. For unfriendly amendments, permission
to speak on the amendment shall be given only to two speakers in favor and two
speakers against. An amendment to a draft resolution can add, change, or delete
operative clauses (including sub-clauses), but cannot in any manner add, amend,
delete, or otherwise affect preambular clauses. An amendment may not divide out all
operative clauses of a draft resolution. The President may limit the time allotted to
speakers under this rule. The content of these speeches is substantive in nature,
while the time allotted is the same as procedural speeches and is set at 15 seconds.
Rule 49 – Voting on amendments
When an amendment is moved to a proposal, the amendment shall be voted on first.
When two or more amendments are moved to a proposal, the amendment furthest
removed in substance from the original proposal shall be voted on first and then the
amendment next furthest removed therefrom, and so on until all the amendments
have been put to a vote. Where, however, the adoption of one amendment
necessarily implies the rejection of another amendment, the latter shall not be put to
the vote. If one or more amendments are adopted, the amended proposal shall then
be voted on. For purposes of this rule, furthest removed in substance means the
amendment that will have the most significant impact on the draft resolution. The
determination of which amendment is furthest removed in substance is subject to the
discretion of the Secretariat, and any such determination is final.
Rule 50 – Order of voting on proposals

If two or more proposals, other than amendments, relating to the same question, they
shall, unless the Committee decides otherwise, be voted on in the order in which
they were submitted.
7. Credentials and Representation

Rule 51 – Credentials
The credentials of representatives and the names of members of a delegation shall be
submitted to the Secretary-General prior to the opening of a session.
Rule 52 – Authority of the General Assembly

The Committee, with the exception of the Security Council, shall be bound by the
actions of the General Assembly in all credentials matters and shall take no action
regarding the credentials of any member.
Rule 53 – Representation on the Security Council (Security Council only)
Each member of the Security Council shall be represented at the meetings of the
Security Council by an accredited representative. The Head of Government or
Minister of Foreign Affairs of each member of the Security Council shall be entitled
to sit on the Security Council without submitting credentials. Any Member of the
United Nations, not a member of the Security Council and any state not a Member of
the United Nations, if invited to participate in a meeting or meetings of the Security
Council, shall submit credentials for the representative appointed by it for this
purpose.
8. Participation of Non-Members Committee

Rule 54 – Participation of non-Member States

The Committee shall invite any Member of the United Nations that is not a member
of the Committee and any other state to participate in its deliberations on any matter
of particular concern to that state. A state thus invited shall not have the right to
vote, but may submit proposals which may be put to the vote on request of any
member of the body concerned.
If the Committee considers that the presence of a member invited, according to this
rule, is no longer necessary, it may withdraw the invitation. Delegates invited to the
Committee according to this rule should also keep in mind their role and obligations
in the Committee that they were originally assigned to.
Rule 55 – Participation of national liberation movements

The Committee may invite any national liberation movement recognized by the
General Assembly to participate, without the right to vote, in its deliberations on any
matter of particular concern to that movement.
Rule 56 – Participation of non-governmental organizations and

intergovernmental organizations
Representatives of non-governmental organizations/intergovernmental organizations
accorded consultative Observer status by the Economic and Social Council, or of
other non-governmental organizations/intergovernmental organizations designated
on an ad hoc or a continuing basis by the Committee on the recommendation of the
Bureau of the Economic and Social Council, may participate with the procedural
right to vote, but not the substantive right to vote, in the deliberations of the
Committee on questions within the scope of the activities of the organizations.
E. The Discussion Forum

Caucus is when a group of people, or delegates, less formally discuss something. It can
be moderated or unmoderated. An un-moderated caucus is basically the same thing as
informal debate. It offers the chance for delegates to collaborate, negotiate and formulate
draft resolutions. During the moderated caucus, the chair calls on the delegates to speak one
by one. During the un-moderated caucus, the delegates can work together in small groups. To
hold a caucus, a delegate must make a motion, and then the committee must pass the motion.
In most cases, more than half of committee time is used for the un-moderated caucus. There
are several tips to prepare for the caucus:
1. It is advisable to have ideas of what you want to accomplish in your mind. Decide
what you are willing to negotiate and what you are not.
2. You will need support. The easiest way to find allies is to find delegates in your
regional bloc. Don't hesitate to disclose your ideas, and make sure to say when an idea
they have is against your country's policy.
3. Negotiate. Make sure that you don't give out something too important. Also, you need
to listen because by listening to others you will be added to the discussion.
4. Remember. Although you are passionate, don't be rude and don't interrupt. Be calm
and professional and please show respect.
5. When talking among your small group, write down all the ideas. Don't wait for the
last minute. Use time effectively, make sure that you have enough to hear everyone's
ideas.
6. Establish a connection with other delegates instead of calling them by their countries.
It is respectful, and a pretty good strategy for getting people on your side.
Chapter V
Position Paper and Working Paper
A. Position Paper

A position paper is also known as Policy Paper, are strategic documents that give an
overview of the MUN countries position.
1. Composition

❏ Topic background

We need to be aware of what our topic is. The topic background should define
any essential keywords related to the proposed issue and provides a brief
summary of the background issue and the potential consequences of ignoring
the issue.
❏ Past International Actions

This element of the essay refers to UN action which has been taken and made or
an effort your country specifically has taken in order to fight against the issue.
❏ Country policy

As a country representative, all members should declare his/her country policy

to take further actions regarding the issue.
❏ Possible solutions

We also need to provide some possible solutions to deal with this issue. this is
essential where we must propose them to become a resolution.
❏ Sources

We have to provide trusted sources to support our explanation and to strengthen

our idea related to the issue.
2. Sample of Position Paper

Committee: Commission on Human Rights
Topic: Violence against Women
Country: The Kingdom of Denmark
Delegate: William Hayward Wilson, Shea University
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states, "no one

shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading
treatment or punishment." Although this doctrine was adopted
in 1948, the world has fallen quite short of this goal. Violence
against women pervades all states and it is the duty of the
international community to ensure that all persons are afforded
equality and respect. Despite cooperative efforts at combating
gross human rights abuses, such as the adoption of the
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, the
United Nations has not been able to alleviate the injustice
women worldwide experience daily.
The Kingdom of Denmark believes that in order to end

violence against women, nations must look to empower women
in all aspects of society. This includes promoting equal gender
roles in government, civil society, education, and business.
However, Denmark also recognizes the need to combat human
rights abuses against women as they occur, and no nation is
immune to gender violence.
In 2002, the Danish Government launched an extensive action

plan to combat domestic violence against women. The plan
includes measures to help treat abused women, identify and
prosecute the perpetrators, and incorporate professional
medical and psychological staff into the rehabilitation process.
The action plan currently reaches out to both governmental and
nongovernmental groups on the local level throughout the
nation.
The Danish Centre for Human Rights in Copenhagen,

Denmark's foremost national human rights institution, also
promotes and protects human rights. Based on the Centre's
research, Denmark's parliament can promote human
rights-based legislation and education/awareness programs
throughout the nation. The Centre also addresses the UN
Commission on Human Rights annually regarding human
rights developments in Denmark and internationally. Denmark
has no record of committing major human rights violations,
most importantly any targeted at women. In its 2003 Annual
Report, Amnesty International also found no human rights
violations against Danish women.
Women are invaluable to Denmark’s society and have achieved

significant economic and social gains in the 20th century.
Currently, 75 percent of medical students in Denmark are
women.
Denmark is confident that this Commission can bring about an

end to violence against women without compromising the
sovereignty of member states. Education remains perhaps the
most useful tool in protecting victims of gender-based violence.
Governments, UN agencies, and nongovernmental
organizations (NGOs) can plan a coordinated campaign that
educates national populations on the various ways women are
violently targeted. Similarly, harmful traditions, such as honor
killings and female genital mutilation, must be stopped by
reforming traditional views of women in society. Children of
both sexes need to be taught at an early age to value the rights
of women in order to prevent such violence in their generation.
Another way to stop gender violence would be to reproach

member states that consistently violate treaties such as the
Convention on Political Rights of Women(1952), the
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
against Women (1979), and the Declaration of the Elimination
of Violence against Women (1993). Although this Committee
cannot impose sanctions, it can pass resolutions verbally
condemning states that commit human rights violations. The
UN High Commissioner for Human Rights can also meet with
representatives of governments that violate the above treaties to
discuss possible solutions.
In order to prevent gender violence, nations must work together

to build a culture of support, equality, and community. As such,
the Kingdom of Denmark looks forward to offering its support,
in whatever form possible, to nations firmly committed to
ending violence against women in all its forms.
B. Working Paper

1. Title: Working Paper #.#

Delegates consistently confuse the United Nations numbering system. It's pretty
basic, guys. The first # starts at one and escalates as new working papers enter the floor.
2. Sponsors

To be considered as a sponsor, a member state must directly contribute to the

drafting of a WP. By becoming a sponsor, a member state officially declares that it
agrees with the ENTIRE working paper-- all statements, actions, claims, and
commitments as well as incredibly mundane concepts, like word choice and tone.
3. Signatories

Signatoriship simply means that a member state would like to see the Working Paper
introduced to the floor. Signatories do not need to endorse any part of a particular WP.
However, signatories must embrace all concepts of a Working Paper once it reaches
resolution status.
4. Preambulatory Clauses

Preambulatory clauses are shorter versions of the first and third part of a position
paper. They refer to the background and provide justification for the actions that
sponsors later suggest. It always begins with verbs, which should be italicized.
5. Appropriate UN Bodies

Between the Preambulatory Clauses and Operative Clauses lies the name of the
appropriate UN body, which is followed by a semi-colon. For example, if the simulation
were on the Security Council it would say "The United Nations Security Council;" If it
were on UNICEF, it would instead say "The United Nations Children's Emergency
Fund."
6. Operative Clauses

Operative clauses are simply the requests, recommendations, demands, and actions
of the committee. Operative clauses are numbered and begin with a verb in the singular
present form. Verbs are underlined. When an operative clause has multiple parts, break it
up into bullets using standard number/letter note-taking format. An example is pictured
below.
Sample of Working Paper
Sponsors: The Republic of the Congo, Qatar,
Argentina
Signatories: Tanzania, Ghana, Peru, Japan
Deeply Concerned about the atrocities committed in
the Darfur region of Sudan,
Recognizing the ideals of both the Darfur Peace

Agreement and the United Nations Security Council
Resolution 1706,
Respecting the national sovereignty of the Sudanese

state,
Commending the noble efforts of the current African

Union peace-keeping outfit,
Alarmed at the threat of sanctions against the

Sudanese state,
Cognizant to the dangers associated with inactivity,
The United Nations Security Council;
1. Zestfully Pledges to continue efforts to peacefully

influence the Sudanese government in order to further
advanced cooperation between the member state and
the international community,
2. Recognizes the challenges facing the current

African Union peace-keeping outfit and;
a. Commends the actions of the Sudanese government

in extending the African Union mandate,
b. Pledges to increase the flow of monetary aid to the

African Union peace-keeping outfit,
c. Encourages the international community to provide

training and necessary equipment including, but not
limited to, fuel, transportation devices, and advanced
communication devices,
3. Refers to the issues surrounding refugees to the
UNHCR,
4. Acknowledges the blatant disregard of the current

cease-fire and thus,
a. Proposes the creation of an Arms for Seeds

exchange, for the purpose of supplying struggling
farmers with desperately needed supplies in exchange
for their weaponry and,
b. Reiterates United Nations Security Council

Resolution 1706 Operative Clause 8a, which
establishes buffer zones pursuant to the Darfur Peace
Agreement,
5. Pledges to remain actively seized on the issue.
Chapter VI
Resolutions
A. Constructing Resolutions

A resolution is a document that contains all the issues that the committee wants to solve
and the proposed solutions to that issue. It is called a resolution because that is what the
United Nations calls the documents they produce. Technically, the resolution should be called
a draft resolution before it is voted upon and then called a resolution after it is successfully
passed during voting bloc. Specifically, resolutions are usually written during un-moderated
caucus (sometimes called informal caucus) where delegates are free to roam around the
committee to collaborate on ideas with each other All the speeches, debate, negotiation, and
teamwork is supposed to lead up to a resolution which contains all the proposed solutions to
the issue. The resolutions that the majority of the committee agrees upon will be passed
during voting bloc and the sponsors will be informally commended for building consensus on
good ideas. Most conferences allow multiple resolutions to pass as long as they do not
contradict each other, but a few conferences allow only one resolution to pass. A resolution is
essentially one very long sentence, broken down into small parts, that describes why a
committee wants to take action, and which actions it wants to take. There are three main parts
to a draft resolution: the heading, the preamble, and the operative clauses.
1. Heading

The heading contains four pieces of information: the committee name, the sponsors,
the signatories, and the topic. The committee name and topic should be self-explanatory.
The sponsors are the authors of the resolution. The signatories are other delegates in the
committee who do not necessarily agree with the resolution but would like to see it
debated. Most conferences require a minimum number or percentage of sponsors and
signatories (or a combination of both) before a resolution can be presented, this
encourages consensus-building. You will also notice some numbering this is usually
provided by the committee chair and is just a way to number the different resolutions,
usually by the order they are received or approved so that delegates can easily
differentiate or reference them.
2. Preambulatory Clauses

The pre-ambulatory clauses state all the issues that the committee wants to resolve
on this issue. It may state reasons why the committee is working on this issue and
highlight previous international actions on the issue. Pre-ambulatory clauses can include:
❏ Past UN resolutions, treaties, or conventions related to the topic.

❏ Past regional, non-governmental, or national efforts in resolving this

topic.
❏ References to the UN Charter or other international frameworks and

laws.
❏ Statements made by the Secretary-General or a relevant UN body or

agency.
❏ General background info formation or facts about the topic, its

significance, and its impact.

It’s very simple to write a pre-ambulatory clause. First, take a statement that you
want to write about (perhaps an issue you want to solve or a specific fact from one of the
five bullet points above). You then take that statement, combine it with an underlined
pre-ambulatory phrase, and end it with a comma.
B. Operative Clauses

Operative clauses contain all the solutions that the sponsor(s) of the resolutions proposed.
These clauses set out actual solutions and initiatives for the committee to undertake. They
implement new policies or make a statement. It is important that each clause should aim to
solve a specific aspect of the issue, and not be too broad. To that effect, operative clauses can
be broken down into smaller sub-clauses. It’s very simple to write an operative clause. First,
take a solution that you want to include in the draft resolution. You then take that solution,
combine it with an underlined operative phrase, and end it with a semicolon (the last
operative clause ends with a period). Operative clauses are also numbered. This differentiates
them from pre-ambulatory clauses, helps show logical progression in the resolution, and
makes the operative clauses easy to refer to in speeches and comments.
C. The Layout

(Address the appropriate committee or General Assembly)

(State the question or topic)
(List of co-sponsors)
(List of co-submitters)
Pre-ambulatory Clauses: Separate pre-ambulatory clauses with

commas. Use the verbs provided to begin each pre-ambulatory
clause. The pre-ambulatory clauses define the present situation
and the UN's or the submitter's position on the issue. (These do
not need to be very long)
Operative Clause: Separate operative clauses with semicolons.

Use the verbs provided to begin each operative clause.
Operative clauses are the policy portion of the resolution, they
describe the plan of action, the proposed solution. Each clause
should not be a collection of unrelated statements on a broad
topic but should deal with one aspect of the problem.
D. The Format

Every format of each MUN are different so here we used the example format from
Hague International Model United Nations (THIMUN) and Malaysian Model United
Nations.
❏ The header (forum; question of; submitted by; and committee name example

The General Assembly) should be correct. This is the first thing everyone reading
a resolution sees, so it needs to be done correctly in order for the format to be
clear. Take care of the fact that the topic and submitter’s delegation is done
correctly. Remember that there are no co-submitters on the header.
❏ Appropriate pre-ambulatory and operative clause terms must be included. Make

sure that there are no amendments to “strike” a clause just because one of the
terms are meant for the Advisory Panel/Security Council only. Do not repeat the
terms without using additional words such as “further,” or “strongly.”
❏ Only one period should be in the whole entire resolution. This is the first rule of

resolution writing that MUN delegates learn, so periods scattered around the
resolution would be very distracting.
❏ Numbering: Numbering is the messiest part of formatting, especially with the

clauses, sub-clauses, and sub-sub clauses.

❏ Content is important – make sure there are no vulgar words, inappropriate

acronyms, or solutions that might be offensive to other nations or conference

participants.
❏ The font is important as well – Times New Roman size 12, 1.0 space is

standard. Make sure that pre-ambulatory clause terms are italicized and operative
clause terms are underlined.
The other aspect of formatting includes the finer details, such as (but not limited to):
❏ Semicolons separating operative clauses;

❏ Colons separating operative clauses and sub-clauses/sub-sub clauses;

❏ Writing phrases out before adding an acronym (e.g. United Nations would be

listed in its full form, prior to using the UN as an acronym);

❏ The lack of a comma after each sub-clause (new formatting rules);

❏ First letters of sub-clauses and sub-sub clauses not capitalized;

❏ Operative clause numbers align with pre-ambulatory clauses;

❏ Hanging and indents

❏
If you are well versed with Microsoft Word, we can number clauses, sub-clauses, and
sub-sub clauses using indents and hanging.
❏ Clauses: 0 indentation, 0.63 hanging

❏ Sub-Clauses: 1.37cm indentation to the left, 0.63 hanging

❏ Sub-Sub Clauses: 2.54cm indentation to the left, 0.63 hanging.

E. Do’s and Don’ts

Do be the first to introduce the draft resolution and answer the first question. When you
start off speaking during both the introduction and the Q and A portion of the
presentation, it leaves a strong first impression on the delegates and the dais and makes
you look like a confident leader. In addition, it puts you in the position to set the tone for
your draft resolution.
Do not be rude. Many delegates will go into presentation period and act very aggressive,
cutting each other off and trying to answer all the questions. This comes off as
undiplomatic to other delegates and the dais. Other delegates will not be inclined to join
your bloc if it doesn’t look cooperative and the dais will not appreciate the blatant
disregard for professionalism and will take it into consideration when for awards. If there
is a member of your bloc who is being rude during the presentation period, call them out
on it by requesting the speaker to let other delegates answer the rest of the questions.
Do divvy up questions. If who answers which question is not decided beforehand, the
presentation period can quickly dissolve into chaos, with delegates fighting to answer a
question. The best way to go about q and a is by instituting the rule “if the question is
about your clause, you answer it.” This simple rule ensures that there will be no drama
during Q and A. It also ensures that the delegate who knows the most about the specific
topic referenced in a question as it pertains to the draft resolution, answers it.
Furthermore, if you have written the majority of the draft resolution, the rule puts you in
a position to answer a majority of questions without having to fend off other delegates in
your bloc.
Do not merge with delegates who will try to overpower you in the presentation period.
After mergers, Q and A is where the leaders of the merged blocs come into light. If you
set yourself up for an aggressive Q and A, you are setting yourself up for failure. When
merging looks for delegates who will compromise and collaborate with your bloc. In
addition, look for draft resolutions that are less comprehensive than your draft resolution
in both scope, length, and quality. This ensures that your merged working paper will
include more of your clauses and thus you will be in a position to answer more of the
questions during the Q and A if you implement the aforementioned rule.
Do call on delegates in your bloc to ask questions during Q and A. For the delegates in
your bloc who did not come up for Q and A, the best way to keep them involved is by
working with them to prepare questions beforehand. These questions should give you the
opportunity to highlight the key elements of your draft resolution.
The presentation and Q&A portion of a conference are where many gavels are earned.
Take the time beforehand to set yourself up well by contributing substantive ideas to your
paper and following the above rules. Respect and professionalism will be reciprocated, and
success at this time will be rewarded at closing ceremonies.
❏ Several Bad Clauses

Asks for the government of the Russian Federation to withdraw all nuclear
weapons;
- This is an example of a bad clause because it is vague. It kind like to asks the Russian

Federation to withdraw their weapons now, without specific time span.
Calls the UN to collect $500,000,000 from the Russian Federation for holding
nuclear weapons;
- As the specific amount of funding cannot be discussed in MUN, it is not appropriate

and an example of a bad clause.
❏ Useful Preambulatory Clauses

To begin a perambulatory clause, some words can be reused by adding “further” or

“deeply” such as, “noting” can be reused by becoming “further noting” or “concerned
by” can be reused by becoming “deeply concerned by”.
❏ Useful Operative Clauses

To begin an operative clause, some words can be reused by adding “further” or

“strongly” such as, “requests” can be reused by becoming “further requests” or “asks”
can be reused by becoming “strongly asks.”
Chapter VII
The Process
(this part is not a must part, can be checked at Word File due to containing some table)
A. Lobbying

B. The Approval Panel Process

C. The Debate Process

D. Voting Procedures

E. Debate Process in Ad Hoc Committee

F. Amendments in Ad Hoc Committee

G. Voting Procedures in Ad Hoc Committees

Chapter VIII
Equipment and Attire
A. Attire

During a MUN Conference, one will be expected to dress in formal clothing and act
professionally, as though being a member of Parliament The Dress code for MUN
conferences are strictly formal. One will be expected to dress in suits (if male) or in equally
formal clothing (if female).
1. Male Clothing

During the Conference, male attendees are expected to dress in the clothing as shown above
and to the right. The minimal requirement at a conference is to wear a pair formal pants and
shirt, with dark shoes and a blazer; however it is advised that male attendees dress in proper
suits with a tie. As conference attendees would receive a lot of paper due to notes,
resolutions, conference manuals, program of events booklets and the MUN conference’s
newspaper, it is advised that attendees carry a bag or a briefcase to the conference as that
would allow one to carry all of the various documents accumulated during the course of the
conference.
2. Female Clothing

During the Conference, female attendees are expected to dress in the clothing as shown
above and to the right.The minimal requirement at a conference is to wear a pair of formal
pants or skirt and top, with dark shoes. Female attendees are expected to respect that when
wearing a skirt, the end of the skirt should be placed no higher than five inches above the
knees due to needing to keep a professional atmosphere at the conference. In regard to the
choice of shoes, female attendees are advised to resist wearing high heels and choose flat
heeled shoes as the course of the the conference requires a large amount of walking, but it is
not discouraged, as the choice is for the attendee to make. As conference attendees, you will
receive a lot of paper due to notes, resolutions, conference manuals, program of events
booklets and the MUN conference’s newspaper, it is advised that attendees carry a bag or a
formal tote bag to the conference as that would allow one to carry all of the various
documents accumulated during the course of the conference.
● Don’ts:

- Dress in casual clothing

- Have obscene facial and body piercing or tattoos that are visible

- Have unnatural colored hair (dyed hair is allowed provided that it's of

natural color
- Wear military clothing

- Wear sports/active clothing

- Dress in national costume

B. Equipment

Below are several items that the delegates need to bring during the conference.
1. A Conference Folder is used because one would need to have a way of holding all of

their documents that have been accumulated during the conference and other material like
a USB stick, pens etc.
1. The Notepad is necessary during a MUN conference as one would write down notes
and points mentioned by other delegates for the purpose of contributing to the debate
and to refer back to when making a speech on the resolution or asking a question to
another delegate.
2. Pens are an obvious essential tool to write with, however, several pens are good to
bring, as during the course of the lobbying process, when signing onto other
resolutions, having pens available speed the process and help to get more signatures
as you show yourself as a resourceful delegate to others.
3. Notepaper is needed during the conference, as it is a way for delegates to
communicate to one another privately during the debate and allows each other to
exchange views on the issue and gain an understanding from the standpoint of others.
4. The USB Stick is necessary during the lobbying stage. When it would come to
merging resolutions, there is not enough time to retype a whole clause, but rather copy
it from one soft copy resolution and paste it into the other and then make the required
changes. The same reasoning applies when one is the main submitter as the majority
of the resolution comes from the main submitter’s own resolution.
5. A Laptop is a good piece of equipment to bring, as you can store your information,
speeches and suggestive clauses on it. Many conferences provided wireless internet,
which allows you to refer to your research or websites during a debate to enhance
your contributions for debate. Although conferences have computers for you to work
on, where you can merge resolutions together, by bringing your own laptop it can
speed that process as you won’t need to wait for an available computer when you are
in a rush or if the computer room is busy
Chapter IX
Roles at Model United Nations
A. Delegates

A delegate in a Model United Nations conference is a participant who represents a

country other than their country of origin and deliberates on issues from the country's
perspective, and not from delegate's perspective or point of view. In other words, during the
conference, a delegate will act as an accredited diplomat of the nation or organization they
are representing and will debate upon the topic of the committee or council they will be
placed in, while always respecting the Rules of Procedure.
B. Secretary-General

The United Nations Charter describes the Secretary-General—also referred to as the

S.G.—asthe "chief administrative officer" of the Organization. Equal parts diplomat and
advocate, civil servant and CEO, the Secretary-General is a symbol of the UN ideals and a
spokesman for the interests of the world's position of the Secretary-General in a Model
United Nations Conference. The SG is responsible for all administrative and public relations
related tasks, holds the responsibility to monitor all operations and supervises all Board
Members and the rest of the staff prior to and during the conference. The SG is considered
the Captain on Board, but their work – the overall supervision of the conference – is
facilitated by the rest of the members of the Secretariat, namely the Deputy Secretary
Generals and the President of the General Assembly.
C. Ambassador

The Ambassador are those who represent a country for permanently to UN Secretariat.
D. Opening Speeches

Usually delivered by the Secretary-General of UN
E. Notepaper

They would be responsible to organize all paper resulted during MUN.
F. Student Officer

Those are responsible to manage student’s affair before MUN agenda running.
G. Administration Staff

The administrator takes concern on whatsoever the needs of every single delegate's
necessities before, during and after MUN.
H. MUN Press

The Media Team or MUN Press is responsible for the daily news of MUN. The members
of the media team will play the role of both journalists and photographers. Duties include
taking pictures during the debates and ceremonies, writing reports and updating the social
media pages. At the end of the MUN conference, the member of the media team will publish
an online newspaper.
I. Executive

The executive is a chairperson that responsible for the overall supervision of the
council/committee they have been appointed to. Prior to the conference, all chairperson is
responsible for the preparation of the Study Guides, for the correction of the delegates'
Position Papers and for facilitating the delegate's preparation in general. During the
conference, Chairpersons chair and supervise all the sessions of their committees and ensure
their smooth running. In MUN, each committee has the main chair and a Co-Chair, while
only the security council has a President. The differences among these positions can be easily
understood.
J. Conference Staff

All staff members play an important role in a MUN conference since they are responsible
for running all the errands during the sessions, such as delivering the diplomatic notes from
delegate or taking care of technical issues. Bearing in mind their contribution to the overall
success of the conference, they should be treated with the ultimate respect, just like all other
members of MUN’s staff.
K. President of the General Assembly (PGA)

The PGA is the guardian of the General Assembly (GA) Rules of Procedure but has no
say in the actual decision-making of the GA. In this role, the PGA, opens and closes each GA
plenary meeting, rules on points of order, and presides over discussions in plenary meetings.
In addition, the PGA organizes thematic debates and plays an important role in raising the
public visibility of the GA.
L. Vice-Presidents (VPs) of the General Assembly (while the GA elects 21 VPs,

the number can be adjusted to the size of the conference)

The Vice-Presidents replace the president of the General Assembly, when he is absent, as
Acting President. The Acting President has the same powers and duties as the President and
remains under the authority of the General Assembly. An Acting President does not vote. If
need be, the Acting President has to designate another member of his delegation to vote in his
place. The VPs are frequently tasked by the PGA with the facilitation of complex
negotiations. In this capacity, the Vice–President will conduct consultations on a specific
assignment and chair informal meetings of the plenary at ambassadors and experts level.
M. Chair of a General Assembly Main Committee (up to a maximum of six, the

number will depend on which GA Main Committees are included in the

simulation)
The Chair or Chairperson declares the opening and closing of meetings of the committee.
In these meetings, he directs the discussions, makes sure that the rules are observed, accords
the right to speak, puts forward questions, and announces decisions. The Chairperson has
complete control of the proceedings at any meeting and has the responsibility of maintaining
order at all times. Because the Chairperson represents the whole Committee, he/she cannot
simultaneously represent one of the participating delegations. Chairpersons are expected
to cease operating as a member of their national delegation as long as they are acting as
Chairman and do not vote. If, as is often the case, they are a delegation leader, another
member of that delegation must take over the role of speaking and voting on behalf of the
delegation. The Chairman should speak and act impartially on behalf of the Committee as a
whole and not seek to promote any national or personal views.
N. Vice-Chairs (while the GA elects 18, three per Committee, this number can be

adjusted according to the size of the conference)

In the event that the Chairperson is not available for a meeting or any part of the meeting, the
Vice-Chairperson shall take his/her place. While acting as Chairperson, the Vice-Chairperson
shall have the same powers and duties as the Chairperson.
O. Rapporteur (up to a maximum of six, the number will depend on which GA

Main Committees are included in the simulation)

Although report writing is left to the Secretariat, the Rapporteur takes responsibility for
reviewing the report on the Committee's work drafted by the Secretary at the end of each
session of the GA and presenting it at the closing Plenary meeting. As the Chair and
Vice-Chair, the Rapporteur is elected but sits alongside the Chair on the podium.
Chapter X
Model United Nations Vocabularies
A. Model United Nations Vocabularies

A vocabulary is a set of familiar words within a person's language. The Vocabulary

MUN is a set of words for MUN conference, neither in terms of speech or writing.
Abstain: During a vote on a substantive matter, delegates may abstain rather than vote yes or
no. This generally signals that a state does not support the resolution being voted on, but does
not oppose it enough to vote no.
Adjourn: All UN or Model UN sessions end with a vote to adjourn. This means that the
debate is suspended until the next meeting.
Agenda: The order in which the issues before a committee will be discussed. The first duty
of a committee following the roll call is usually set to the agenda.
Amendment: A change to a draft resolution that will be voted. It must be submitted to the
Chair in writing.
Background guide: A guide to a topic being discussed in a Model UN committee usually

written by conference organizers and distributed to delegates before the conference. The
starting point for any research before a Model UN conference.
Caucus: A break in formal debate in which countries can more easily discuss a topic. There
are two types: moderated caucus and regular caucus.
Chair: A member of the dais that moderates debate, keeps time, rules on points and motions,
and enforces the rules of procedure. Also known as a Moderator.
Dais: The group of people – usually high school, educators, or college students, in charge of
a Model UN committee.
Decorum: The order and respect for other that all delegates to a Model UN conference must
exhibit. The president will for decorum when he/she feels that the committee is not being
respectful of a speaker, of the dais, or of their roles as ambassadors/delegates.
Delegate: A student acting as a representative of a member state or observer in a Model UN

conference.
Delegation: The entire group of people representing a member state or observer in all
committee at the Model UN conference.
Director: A member of the dais that oversees the creation of working papers and draft
resolutions, acts as an expert on the topic, makes sure delegates accurately reflect the policy
of their countries, and ensures that decorum is maintained during caucuses.
Draft resolution: A document that seeks to fix the problems addressed by a Model UN
committee. If passed by the committee, the draft resolution will become a resolution.
Flow of debate: The order in which events proceed during a Model UN conference.
Foreign policy: The vision and proposals of a country towards all the topics in the
international community. It’s the way in which a country responds to different international
topics.
Formal debate: The "standard" type of debate at a Model UN conference, in which delegates
speak for a certain time in an order based on a speakers' list.
Gavel: A tool, shaped like a small wooden hammer that the Chair uses to keep order within a
Model UN conference.
Member state: A country that has ratified the Charter of the United Nations and whose
application to join has been accepted by the General Assembly and Security Council.
Currently, there are 192 member states.
Moderated Caucus: A type of caucus in which delegates remain seated, and the Chair calls
on them one at a time to speak for a short period, enabling an exchange of positions from
countries.
Motion: A request made by a delegate that the committee as a whole should do something.
Observer: A state, national organization regional organizationor non-governmental
organization that is not a member of the UN General assembly participate in its debates.
Operative clause: The part of a resolution that describes how the UN will address a problem.
It begins with an action verb (decides, establishes, recommends, etc.)
On the floor: At a Model UN conference, when a working paper or draft resolution is first
written, it may not be discussed in the debate. After it is approved by the Director and
introduced by the committee, it is put "on the floor" and may be discussed.
Placard: A piece of cardstock with a country’s name on it that a delegate raises in the air to
signal to the Chair that he or she wishes to speak.
Point: A request raised by a delegate for information or for an act relating to that delegate.
Examples include a point of order and a point of personal privilege.
Position Paper: A summary of a country’s position on a topic, written by a delegate before a

Model UN conference.
Preambulatory Clause: The part of a resolution that describes previous actions taken on the
topic and reasons why the resolution is necessary. It begins with a participle or adjective
(noting, concerned, regretting, aware of, recalling, etc.).
Procedural: Having to do with the way a committee is run, as opposed to the topic being
discussed. All delegates present must vote on procedural matters and may not abstain.
Unmoderated Caucus: A type of caucus in which delegates leave their seats to mingle and
speak freely, enabling the free sharing of ideas to an extent not possible in a moderated
caucus. An unmoderated caucus is frequently used to sort countries into blocs and to write
working papers and draft resolutions. This time may be also used to free the room.
Quorum: The minimum number of delegates needed to be present for a committee to meet.
In the General Assembly, a quorum consists of the majority of members to pass a resolution
or written paper.
Resolution: A document that has been passed by an organ of the UN that aims to address a
particular problem or issue.
Right of Reply: A right to speak in reply to a previous speaker’s comment, invoked when a
delegate feels personally insulted by another’s speech.
Roll call: The first order of business in a Model UN committee, during which the Chair reads
aloud the names of each member state in the committee. When the name of a delegate’s
country is called, he or she may respond “the delegation of (name of country) present and
voting.”
Rules of Procedure: The rules by which a Model UN committee is run.
Second: To agree with a motion being proposed. Some motions must be seconded before
they can be brought to a vote.
Secretariat: The staff of a Model UN conference.
Signatory: A country that wishes a draft resolution to be put on the floor and signs the draft
resolution to accomplish. Usually, Model UN conferences require some minimum number of
sponsors and signatories for a draft resolution to be approved.
Simple majority: Half plus one of the numbers of delegates in a committee. The number of
votes needed to pass most motions.
Speakers’ List: A list that determines the order in which delegates will speak. When a new
topic is opened for discussion, the Chair will create a speakers’ list by asking all delegates
wishing to speak to raise their placards and calling on them one at a time.
During a debate, a delegate may indicate that he or she wishes to be added to the speakers' list
by sending a note to the Chair.
Sponsor: One of the writers of a draft resolution.
Veto: The ability, held by China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and
the United States, to prevent any draft resolution in the Security Council from passing by
voting no.
Vote: A time at which delegates indicate whether they do or do not support a proposed
action. Votes are non-binding.
Working Paper: It is documented delegates write that contains ideas on how to resolve an
issue, and it is frequently the precursor to a draft resolution.
Voting procedure: The period at the end of a committee session during which delegates vote
on proposed amendments and draft resolutions. Nobody may enter or leave during this time.
Delegates are permitted from communicating with each other or using technology.
B. Phrases in Model United Nations

These are some of the commonly used phrases during MUN conferences, usually
universally used wherever the conference is held.
Decorum, delegates!”, or “Order! Order, delegates!”
§ “
Decorum is a Latin word meaning manners. When the chair knocks the gavel and
says "Decorum", it means that all delegates have to keep the manners and order of
the session. It's the same when the chair says "Order".
All those in favor?” often followed by “… please raise your placards.”
§ “
This phrase is used when the chair is to conduct a voting process. Commonlythe
chair will use this pattern of a sentence;
§ “
The motion is in order. Any other motions on the floor?”
This phrase is used by the chair when the delegates are allowed to propose any
motions.
The expected response is on the form of motions from the Delegates, for example:
§ “
Is there any motions on the floor?”
§ "
The Delegates of India would like to propose a moderated caucus for 10
minutes with 1-minute speaking time to discuss the presence of UN

Peacekeeping force in Lebanon."
§ “
The motion is in order. Any other motions on the floor?”
When the chair agrees that the motion may be proposed, the chair usually will say “the
motion is in order”. If not, the chair will say “the motion is not in order”, or often use the
phrase “I have to rule this dilatory.”
❏ Types of Point

1. Point of Information: A question, normally after a delegate has delivered

his speech. This is your chance to attack or enhance the speech made by a
delegate.
2. Point of Personal Privilege: Ask the Chairs to change something making

you uncomfortable, such as temperature, technical issues, or inability to

hear the speaker. This is the only point that may interrupt a speaker.
3. Point of Parliamentary Procedure: When you think something that is

outside or proper parliamentary procedure.

4. Point of Inquiry: A question directed to the Chairs about MUN

procedure.
5. Point of Clarification: A point normally made by the Chairs to clarify

something, such as a fact.

❏ Types of Motion

1. Motion for a Moderated Caucus: A form of continuous debate in which

speakers give their positions on the topics at hand. Normally, you must give
a purpose, speaking time, and total time when making this motion.
2. Motion for an Unmoderated Caucus: An informal form of debate where

delegates are free to leave their seats and discuss with other delegates. This
motion is normally made when it is time to merge or write draft resolutions.
3. Motion to Move into Time Against: This motion is made when those

planning on speaking against a resolution wish to speak.

4. Motion to Move into Time For: This motion is made when those

planning on speaking in favor of a resolution wish to speak.

5. Motion to Move into Voting Procedure: When a delegate feels the topic

has already been thoroughly discussed, he motions to move into voting

procedure so that whatever was being discussed is put to a vote.
6. Motion to Table a Resolution: This motion is to put aside the resolution

at hand to discuss it at a later time. This is normally done if the resolution

isn’t producing debate or if the committee is running out of time and you
want your resolution to be discussed.
7. Motion for Division of the House/Motion to Vote by Roll Call: This

motion is granted by the Chairs if voting by placards seems inaccurate or if

the vote was very close. Delegations vote one-by-one and abstentions are
not in order.
8. Motion to Adjourn: Motion to finish the current committee session.

9. Motion to Recess: End of the conference.

10. Right of Reply: A formal request to speak after another delegate has
offended you or your delegation. This must be submitted in writing to the
Chairs.
❏ Voting

Voting is a method for a group, such as a meeting or an electorate, to make a

collective decision or express an opinion, usually following discussions, debates or
election campaigns. There are three ways a committee moves into Voting Procedure:
1. Natural Exhaustion of the Secondary Speaker’s List: when there are no

states remaining on the Secondary Speaker’s List, it is assumed all formal

debate has concluded, and the committee moves automatically, without a
vote, into Voting Procedure.
2. Motion to Close the Speaker’s List and Exhaustion of the List:

Another way a committee can speed up their entrance to Voting Procedure

is to move to close the secondary speaker’s list. If this motion passes, no
state may add their name to the Speaker’s List.
3. Motion to Close Debate: Finally, a state may move to close debate. This

is a procedural motion and requires 2/3 of the committee to vote in favor. A

dais may allow for up to two speakers in favor and two speakers against.
Upon passing, the committee moves directly into Voting Procedure.
❏ Types of Yielding

Yielding happens when a speaker decides to give up the remaining time in his or her
speech. Typically, the three types of yields:
1. Yield to the Chair means you give up the rest of your time,

2. Yield to another delegate means you give up the rest of your time to

another delegate, or
3. Yield to questions from other delegates or Yield to comments to your

speech by other delegates. Questions are also sometimes called Points of

Information.
Appendix
Appendix I
Summary of Committee Proceedings –– Chair’s Script (Adams, 2015):

Start Committee – Session I
Call committee to order, welcome, and assign seats
Detailed staff introductions
Review parliamentary procedure
Parliamentary procedure practice (fun simulation)
Agenda Setting
Set speaking time
Take speakers list
Listen to speeches about preferred agenda
After a number of speeches, entertain and vote on motions to adopt the agenda
Topic Discussion – Session II and III

Roll and seating
Take speakers list
Substantive debate 15 minutes of opening speeches
Speeches may only pertain to topic at hand
Speaker may yield time to chair, questions, or one other speaker
Resolutions – discuss format, chair approval, typing, and introduction
Bring up the idea of caucuses
Unmoderated caucuses
Moderated caucuses
Hold formal and informal debate
Topic Discussion – Sessions IV and V

Roll and seating
Take speakers list
Substantive debate on draft resolutions
Speeches may only pertain to topic at hand
Speaker may yield time to chair, questions, or one other speaker
Suggest using Q&A moderated caucuses
Vote on resolutions one at a time – for each resolutions, first vote on amendments, then on
the resolution itself
Select Delegates for High Level Meeting
Special debate (after thorough discussion on both topics and time still remains)
Flow of Debate – Appendix

Manage the speakers’ list
Opening and closing debate on a topic
At the beginning of each committee session, take roll. Reorganize seating plan occasionally.
After each of the five committee sessions, discuss which delegates performed the best in each
session, then fill out the award form and take it to Office of Delegate Services (ODS, UC
329)
During the last session, if more than 10 minutes remains after assigning speakers for the High
Level Meeting, move on to the special debate.
If you have a question or problem, send your runner to ODS with a note for the Secretary
General-Internal (______________) or Assistant Secretary General-Internal (__________),
or call them at __________ or ___________. If you can’t reach them, send a note to ODS.
Reminder of Roles
-CHAIR: The Chair is in charge of all committee proceedings. S/he will open and close all
committee sessions, interpret and ensure the observance of the Rules of Procedure and
Delegate Code of Conduct, determine whether points and motions are in order, accord the
right to speak, keep track of speaking time, approve working papers and amendments,
announce the results of votes, etc. During caucuses, the Chair will help the delegates find
allies, draft working papers, and propose amendments.
-VICE CHAIR or CO CHAIR : The Vice Chair is responsible for assisting the Chair. S/he
will take attendance, keep a written record of the committee proceedings, keep track of
delegate participation for awards, help the chair approve working papers and amendments,
count votes, etc. During caucuses, the Vice Chair will help the delegates find allies, draft
working papers, and propose amendments. Once delegates have begun to submit working
papers, the vice chair’s primary responsibility (taking precedence over the others) will be to
evaluate and approve working papers to become draft resolutions.
-RAPPORTEUR: The Rapporteur is responsible for assisting the Chair and the Vice Chair.
S/he will post the agenda, current motions, the speakers list, draft resolutions, and
amendments. The Rapporteur will also help the chair approve working papers and
amendments, count votes, etc. During caucuses, the Rapporteur will help the delegates find
allies, draft working papers, and propose amendments. The Rapporteur will also aid in
keeping a record of committee proceedings while the vice chair evaluates working papers.
-EXPERT/RUNNER: Whenever possible, each committee will also have an expert/runner.
Expert duties include helping the vice chair approve working papers and amendments,
making presentations during debates on the issues, and helping delegates find allies, draft
working papers, and propose amendments during caucuses. Runner duties include printing
and distributing draft resolutions and delivering messages from the Chair to the Conference
Staff, from delegates to the Committee Staff, from delegates to Home Government, and (at
the discretion of the Chair) from one delegate to another.
-EX COMM MEMBER: Each committee will have one Ex Comm member to assist the chair
and all other committee staff and to give the final approval on all working papers submitted
to become draft resolutions. Ex Comm members also have administrative duties in the Office
of Delegate Services (ODS) and at Home Government.
Starting Committee - Chair Scripts

Session I I. Call Committee to Order, Welcome, and Assign Seats Bang gavel 3 times
I call the (COMMITTEE NAME) to order. Welcome to the ______ Committee. I am your
chair, (your name) This is your vice-chair, (their name) This is your rapporteur, (their name)
These are your expert/runners, (their names) We are your committee staff, or dais. We will
begin by taking roll and assigning seats. Everyone, please stand up and step to the side of the
room. When the first country name is called, the delegate should say “present” and walk to
the seat designated by the rapporteur. (Chair calls names and Vice Chair marks attendance
sheet.
II. Detailed Staff Introductions (10 minutes)

Again, we want to welcome you to (COMMITTEE NAME). As the staff of this committee,
we will do all we can to make this conference an interesting and memorable experience for
you.
III. Review Parliamentary Procedure (Typically 10 minutes, including time for questions)
A. Please turn to the parliamentary procedure short form in the middle of your delegate
handbook. If you are unsure of the rules and want to ask me how to do something, please
raise your placard. I will call on you and you can say, “Point of Parliamentary Inquiry.” This
is how you can ask me questions about rules, points, or motions. Again, the words to use are
“Point of Parliamentary Inquiry.”
Here are some quick reminders about the rules shortform: Please note that the points and
motions are listed in order of precedence, which indicates which one will get priority if
several are made at the same time. Points and motions marked “interrupt” can be made at any
time. All others can be made only when the chair asks for points or motions. Before any point
or motion can be made, the chair must recognize you. Once you have been recognized by the
chair, you can make a motion by standing and stating that your country moves to do X. In
other words, you should use the verb form of the word motion. For instance, “Cambodia
moves to suspend the meeting for 15 minutes for an unmoderated caucus to discuss working
papers.”
B. I will now review some common and important rules in parliamentary procedure. As
stated, the rules are listed in order of precedence on the short form. Delegates may not use
motions not listed on the short form. a. The first motion I want to bring to the committee’s
attention is the Motion to Change the Speaking Time. This committee has a standard
speaking time of 1 minute. Thus, the committee will return to the 1 minute speaking time
whenever it begins discussing a new subject, such as the agenda or a new topic. You may
make a Motion to Change the Speaking Time during topic discussion. This requires one pro
and one con speaker.
C. Third I would like to distinguish between motions to suspend a meeting, adjourn debate,
and close debate.
i. A Motion to Suspend the Meeting should be used at any time that we break from formal
debate. For instance, a motion to suspend the meeting will be used for moderated caucuses,
unmoderated caucuses, breaks, lunch or dinner, or at the end of each day.
There are two types of caucuses: unmoderated and moderated:

1. During an unmoderated caucus, the meeting is suspended for a set amount of time, and
delegates are free to engage in informal discussion about draft resolutions and working
papers.
2. During a moderated caucus, the meeting is suspended for a set amount of time, and the
chair moderates a session in which delegates either:
a. Engage in popcorn-style debate. Delegates raise their placards to be recognized by the
chair to make short speeches for an amount of time specified in the motion to suspend the
meeting.
b. Hold a Q and A session of one or more speakers. Speakers must agree to be questioned
before the committee votes on the motion to suspend debate. When the caucus is over, we
will return to the speakers’ list for the topic.
ii. A Motion to Adjourn Debate will end discussion of the current topic and move on to a new
topic. In order to prevent moving into voting procedures on the final topic, a motion to
adjourn debate should be followed by a Motion to Reconsider a previous topic.
iii. A Motion to Close Debate will end the topic and move on to the voting process. “I will
accept this motion after draft resolutions have been thoroughly debated in the committee.
d. Finally, we will discuss a Motion to Appeal the Decision of the Chair. This can be used if
you think I have made a decision in contradiction to the interest of the members of this
committee.
e. I may rule a motion dilatory (out of order) if I feel it is inappropriate at that point in the
committee. e. Are there any questions at this time?
IV. Parliamentary Procedure Practice (fun simulation) (30 minutes)

a. Simulating Setting the Agenda
We will begin with a practice simulation of setting the agenda. First, we will start a speaker’s
list to discuss the agenda . For this practice simulation the speaking time is set at 30 seconds.
Please raise your placard if you wish to be on the speaker’s list and keep it up until I have
called your country. (Go slowly so Rapp can write country names.) I encourage delegates to
join the speakers list during this exercise. It will help you get used to speaking in front of
your fellow delegates before we begin discussing the actual committee agenda and topics.
The delegate from __________ is recognized for 30 seconds. (During this exercise most
speeches will be impromptu and will fall well below the speaking time. As a result, you can
allow 4-7 speakers before asking for motions to provide students with the chance to get
comfortable speaking).
We will now vote on these motions to adopt the agenda in the order that they were received.
This is a procedural vote; all delegates must vote (no abstentions). This motion requires a
simple majority to pass. We will vote on each proposed agenda in the order it was proposed.
The first proposed agenda to obtain a simple majority will pass. For the sake of keeping this
exercise short please vote for the first agenda order. In the actual committee, you may vote
for whichever agenda order you want. The agenda for Committee _____ is set as _______.
Just for your information, the speaking time and speaker’s list will be erased whenever we
enter a new topic, e.g. after setting the agenda. (Rapp erases all other motions, renumbers the
topics I and II, and erases the speakers list). Are there any questions at this time?
b. Simulating topic discussion We will now discuss Topic X.

Now we will start a speaker’s list to discuss Topic X. Please raise your placard if you wish to
be on the speaker’s list and keep it up until I have called your country. (Go slowly so Rapp
can write country names on board.) If you would like to be added to the speaker’s list later, or
added again after you have spoken, please send a note to the Rapp and we will add you to the
board. Now we will hear speeches about Topic X The delegate from __________ is
recognized for 30 seconds. (Allow several delegates to speak without interruption by waiting
to move on to caucuses) Repeat: The delegate from __________ is recognized for 30
seconds. Explain: Now that we have heard a number of speeches, delegates may wish to
caucus. As we discussed, there are two types of caucuses: unmoderated and moderated. Can
any delegate describe these two different types of caucuses to the assembly? (1. During an
unmoderated caucus, the meeting is suspended for a set amount of time, and delegates are
free to engage in informal discussion with one another to negotiate and draft working papers.
I will now entertain a motion for an unmoderated caucus of 20 minutes to draft working
papers on Topic X . Are there any points or motions? (A llow delegates to make the motion.
Correct them if they are wrong. The proper format should be similar to: “[delegate’s country]
moves to suspend the meeting for a 20 minute unmoderated caucus to draft working papers
on Topic X”)
Thank you delegate, that motion is in order. Are there any other points or motions at this
time? Seeing none, we will now vote on an unmoderated caucus of 20 minutes to draft
working papers on Topic X. All those in favor of a 20 minute unmoderated caucus, please
raise your placards.(Rapporteur and vice chair help chair count. )
All those opposed? By a vote of ____ yes and ____no, this motion passes/fails.
Explain: If this were an actual committee session, we would now have a 20 minute
unmoderated caucus. During that time, you would find allies and start drafting working
papers. We’re not going to do that now, though. Instead I want to quickly review the format
of resolutions… (Project the sample resolution from the M MUN website)
We are now projecting the sample resolution. At this point you should be familiar with the
basic format of resolutions, but I want to remind you of a few key points. Following an
introduction with the committee name, you will insert preambulatory clauses. Each of these
should reference the past work of Member States or provide an overview of the issue. Each
clause should begin with a one to two word preambulatory phrase (e.g. alarmed by, believing,
aware of, etc.).
After the perambulatory clauses, you will add operative clauses. You should use operative
clauses to take action on the issue. Remember to number each operative clause and indent
each clause by a half-inch. Sub-clauses should be lettered and below the numbered main
clause. Each of the main clauses should begin with a one to two word operative verb phrase
(e.g. believes, supports, urges, etc.). Note that each clause should have its own separate idea,
and operative clauses may have subclauses to provide more specific details on an action. The
Dais will require each resolution to have at least four preambulatory and four operative
clauses, but most comprehensive resolutions will include more than four.
Are there any questions at this time?
c. Practicing debating resolutions

For the purpose of this practice simulation, we will assume that one working paper on Topic
X has been written and approved by the Dais. We are now projecting the text of that
resolution for you to read. Please take a moment to read the resolution. (allow 5 or so minutes
for delegates to read)
Once a resolution has been approved by the Dais, it is ready to be debated by the Committee.
This can be done using speeches in the formal meeting and Q&A sessions during moderated
caucuses. These speeches should express support for or concern about specific clauses in
resolutions.
In addition, speeches may propose amendments to draft resolutions. Some
recommendations I would make for debating resolutions are:
1. During formal debate, mention and describe your resolution in your speeches and
encourage delegates to examine, discuss, and provide input or feedback on specific
provisions of your draft resolution.
2. Make a motion to hold a Q&A style moderated caucus, in which sponsors read or describe
their resolutions, then answer questions and respond to concerns about the resolution’s
content. During unmoderated caucuses, seek out other delegates to discuss your working
papers and draft resolutions, and speak with others who have documents you would like to
read. When reading other delegates’ resolutions, provide feedback, such as why your country
does or does not support the content or wording of a resolution, and provide suggestions on
what needs to be added before your country would support a resolution. We will now take a
moment to practice debating draft resolutions. When giving a speech that either supports or
disagrees with a resolution, you should introduce your speech by referring to the resolution
using its code (e.g. GA1/FunTopicI/A). Also, you should highlight what clauses or parts of
the resolution your country does or does not like and why.
Keeping these kinds of questions in mind, I need two delegates to volunteer to present 1 pro
speech and 1 con speech on the projected practiced resolution. Who would like to give a
speech supporting the resolution? (select delegate),
Who would like to give a speech respectfully critiquing the resolution? (select delegate)
Thank you delegates.
We will give these two delegates some time to write their speeches by holding a short 1
minute Q&A with the vice chair regarding the draft resolution. We will assume that a motion
has been made to suspend the meeting for a 1 minute moderated Q&A session with the vice
chair, and that the motion has passed. We will now have Q&A with the vice chair for a few
minutes. (Carry out Q&A session)
We are now returning to the formal meeting. We will first hear the speech in favor of the
resolution. [pro country] you are recognized for 30 seconds. (delegate speaks) Thank you
delegate. We will now hear a speech against the resolution. [con country] you are recognized
for 30 seconds. (delegate speaks)
Thank you delegate. This brings us to the end of our practice simulation, are there any
questions before we move on?
IV. Set the Agenda

Now that everyone is familiar with parliamentary procedure, we will set the actual agenda for
XXX Committee.
A. Open Speakers’ List to Discuss the Agenda
Now we will start a speaker’s list to discuss the agenda. The committee will have a standard
speaking time of 1-minute, once the committee begins discussing the first topic, you may
change the speaking time if you think that it is necessary.
I encourage all delegates to join the speakers list at this time. Making a speech on the agenda
enables other delegates to identify early you as a potential resolution cosponsor or signatory.
called your country. (Go slowly so Rapp can write country names)
B. Procedural Debate about the Order of the Agenda (15 minutes)
Now we will hear speeches about the order of the agenda.
At this time you should focus your speeches on informing your fellow delegates of your
desired agenda, and providing reasons for your preferred agenda order. See the delegate script
for a detailed example and breakdown of speeches on the agenda.
We will begin with 15 minutes of opening speeches.
(GA Committees: Listen to 15 minutes of speeches on the agenda order before asking for
points or motions. Using the 1-minute speaking time, this should allow approximately 15
delegates to speak, but you may allow more if some of the delegates do not speak for the
entire minute.)
(Security Council:Listen to all of the delegates in the committee. Each of the delegates
should come prepared with a one-minute speech.
(This should take approximately 15 minutes.)
The delegate from __________ is recognized for ____ seconds. (Vice chair should make a
note of each delegate who speaks. Rapp should erase names as they speak.)
C. Motion to Adopt the Agenda (approx. 5 minutes or less) I will now entertain
motions to adopt the agenda. In making this motion, please specify your preferred agenda
order (for example 2, 1). (Collect all motions for agenda order. With 2 topics, there are 2
possible combinations.)
(Rapp: write these on the board in the order submitted).
Are there any other motions that take precedence?
Seeing none, we will now vote on these motions to adopt the agenda.
This is a procedural vote; all delegates must vote (no abstentions).
This motion requires a simple majority to pass.
We will vote on each proposed agenda in the order it was proposed. The first
proposed agenda to obtain a simple majority will pass.
We will not vote on the others. The agenda for Committee _____ is set as _______.
(Rapp erases all other motions, renumbers the topics I, II, and erases the speakers list).
Overview of the Conference Schedule (10 minutes)
Overview at the End of Session I Explain: Now that we have reviewed parliamentary
procedure and set the agenda, I will provide an overview of the remaining conference before
we suspend the meeting for the first break. You can find a schedule with descriptions of the
activities in each session in your delegate handbook. I will begin with the events scheduled
for today.
In a few minutes, we will have a break for lunch, which will last until we begin with session
II at 1pm.
Each session will begin with a few moments for roll and seating. The next session, Session II,
will focus on Topic X (the first topic) of this committee. During this session, the committee
will begin with 15 one-minute opening speeches. Afterwards, I suggest that you begin
drafting working papers on Topic X.
I will rule caucuses longer than 25 minutes dilatory. Please have your working papers for
Topic X submitted by the end of Session II, so that the Dais can review the documents and
inform you of any necessary changes before the dais will approve your working papers as
draft resolutions. A 10 minute break will follow session II.
After roll, Session III will focus on Topic Y (the second topic) and will begin with 15 one
minute speeches. Again, I suggest that you make a motion to hold an unmoderated caucus to
begin drafting working papers on Topic Y after the speeches.
Remember, I will rule caucuses longer than 25 minutes dilatory. Please have your working
papers for Topic Y submitted by the end of Session III, so that the Dais can review the
documents and inform you of any necessary changes before the dais will approve them. A 10
minute break will follow session III.
After roll, Session IV will return to Topic X (the first topic), this time to debate the accepted
draft resolutions from Session II. You will have approximately one hour to gain support for
your draft resolutions and evaluate the draft resolutions of others to either create amendments
or decide how you will vote. I will provide further information on debating resolutions at the
beginning of Session IV.
For now, as mentioned earlier, I want to emphasize that you should use Session IV to discuss
and debate draft resolutions in speeches, moderated caucuses (especially Q&A sessions), and
unmoderated caucuses. We will then close debate on Topic X and vote on draft resolutions
for the topic. At the end of the session, the dais will select 1 pro and 1 con speaker for each
resolution on Topic X. A break for dinner will follow Session IV.
Tomorrow, return to this room by 9:15am for Session V of this committee. Session V will
return to Topic Y (the second topic), this time to debate the accepted draft resolutions from
Session III. Again, you will have approximately one hour to gain support for your draft
resolutions and evaluate the draft resolutions of others to either create amendments or decide
how you will vote.
Are there any questions regarding the schedule?

(Entertain a motion to suspend the meeting for lunch)
Topic Discussion – Sessions II and III
(Discussing/drafting working papers on Topic 1 and Topic 2) **Before you begin Session II,
make a note of when your guest speaker is scheduled to present. Use this to adjust the session
schedule and breaks. The length of each topic discussion session (Sessions II-IV) should still
reflect its length in the schedule, but you may have to alter the time of Session II and another
session depending on when your guest is scheduled to present. Breaks should remain 10
minutes long and Session IV should end at 6:15 for dinner**
I. Take Roll and Assign Seats (5 minutes in each session)

Committee is now back in session.
We will begin by taking roll and assigning seats.
(You may change the order of seat assignments to encourage countries to sit near other
delegates and bring some delegates closer to the front)
When I call the name of your country, state that you are present. The Rapp will show you
where to sit.
II. Open Speaker’s List

Now we will start a speaker’s list to discuss Topic X.
Each topic has a standard speaking time of 1-minute. If you feel you need to adjust this time
to facilitate debate, you may make a Motion to Change the Speaking Time.
Again, I encourage all delegates to join the speakers list at this time. By giving an opening
speech on the topic, you can express your general position on the issue and propose
resolution ideas. This will build support for your ideas and help delegates with similar ideas
identify you as a potential cosponsor or signatory.
called your country. (Go slowly so Rapp can write country names on board.)
III. Substantive Debate on the Topic (Opening Speeches – approx. 15 minutes in each
session)
We will now move into substantive debate on Topic X/Topic Y.
(You should allow for approximately 20-25 minutes of speeches in each committee session.
In Session I and Session II you will begin with 15 or more opening speeches (for 15 minutes)
without interruption.
(Security Council: all delegates in the SC are required to give an opening speech during this
time). Later, after students have caucused (section V below), you will allow for 4-7 additional
speeches before asking for points or motions. In general this should add an additional 5-10
minutes between caucusing to meet the suggested time for speeches above.
We will move to the speakers’ list for opening speeches.
The delegate from __________ is recognized for ____ seconds.
(Vice chair should make a note of each delegate who speaks, as well as delegates who are
especially knowledgeable, articulate, or diplomatic. Also keep track of delegates who make
helpful procedural motions)
(Speeches may only pertain to topic at hand.)
(Speaker may yield time to chair, questions, or one other speaker.) (Complete the 15
minutes of opening speeches before moving on)
IV. Explain the Procedures for Resolutions
Please note the following procedures for resolutions:
This year, you will type resolutions on either one of the committee computers located
in this room, or on your own computer. Each of the committee computers has
a resolution template preloaded, please remember not to save your resolutions
over the template. If you are using your own computer, the template is also
available on the MMUN website or on the committee flash drives. When you
want to use a flash drive to transfer files or obtain a template, sign your name
on the flash drive form, and wait for the Dais to call you to receive the flash
drive. You must also check the flash drive out when you take it, and sign it
back within a few minutes. This means you will use the flash drive to transfer
files and return the flash drive immediately after the transfer.
To be approved by the dais, a working paper must be in the proper format, pertain to
the topic at hand, be written in diplomatic language, reflect an understanding
of the topic, and add something new to the Committee’s previous work on the
topic.
Working papers must have a minimum of four preambulatory clauses and four
operative clauses. Working papers must have X sponsors and X
signatories(combined total of 25% of committee membership).
Again, this year MMUN has provided computers in this room for you to draft
working papers. You may also use your own computer to draft working
papers. Please use Microsoft Word to draft the documents. The committee
computers have the resolution process attached to the table next to them.
Please review this document as you complete your working papers and submit
them for approval.
The Dais will be circulating to help you with resolutions and check to ensure that
computers are being used for committee work.
Once you have a working paper with the requisite number of sponsors and signatories,
inform the Vice Chair. The Vice Chair will give you a flash drive to save your
document. Once you have saved the document on the flash drive, return it to
the Vice Chair for approval.
If the Dais approves your working paper, the paper will be numbered and sent to be
printed and distributed to the committee (numbering is Committee
Name/Topic Number/Resolution Number, for example GA Plen/I/2).
If the Dais believes the document is incomplete, it will leave comments on the
document and the Vice Chair will return the flash drive to you. Save the
document with the comments from the flash drive to your computer, and
return the flash drive to the Vice Chair.
(Note to the Dais: you may want to have a staff member retrieve flash drives from groups if
groups do not return them shortly after receiving their document with comments.)
Once a working paper has been approved as a draft resolution and printed, the chair will
introduce it to the committee by reading the name and number of the resolution. Runners will
then pass it out to committee members. We will take time to discuss draft resolutions in
Sessions IV and V.
(**Note to Dais: The vice chair will evaluate and make comments on draft resolutions, which
the Excomm liaison will review and approve. Runners are responsible for printing. See the
Dais Version of the Resolution Process Guide for detailed instructions**)
V. Suggest a Caucus
Now that we have heard a number of speeches, delegates may wish to caucus. Are there any
questions involving caucuses? Specifically the difference between moderated and
unmoderated?
Remember to indicate which type of caucus you would like to have (moderated or
unmoderated) and how long you would like that caucus to last.
In these first two sessions, I suggest that you suspend the meeting for unmoderated
caucuses to begin drafting your working papers. Also, use speeches as an
opportunity to share your country’s perspective, so that other countries with
similar views can find you during unmoderated caucuses. Remember that I
will rule a motion to suspend the meeting for an unmoderated caucus greater
than 25 minutes dilatory.
(Note to the chair: Keep unmoderated caucuses between 20-25 minutes. You may accept
shorter unmoderated caucuses depending on the purpose of the caucus and the time
remaining in committee. Always bring committee back to formal debate before suspending
for a break, lunch, dinner, or the end of the day.)
VI. Caucusing and formal debated to draft and submit papers on (Topic 1 in Session II
and Topic 2 in Session III) (60 minutes in each session)
Are there any points or motions?
(At this point a delegate should motion for a caucus. If not, entertain a motion after several
speakers. Remember to rule caucuses longer than 25 minutes dilatory and to bring the
committee back into formal debate before suspending the meeting for breaks.)
Seeing none, we will go on to next speaker…
(Returning from Caucus)
We are now returning to the formal meeting.
We will move on to the next speaker. The delegate from __________ is recognized for ____
seconds.
(Speaker may yield time to chair, questions, or one other speaker.)
(Remember, after students have caucused, you should allow 4-7 additional speeches
before asking for points or motions. In general this should add an additional 5-10
minutes between caucusing to meet the suggest time for speeches noted in section III
above.)
Are there any points or motions? Seeing none, we will go on to next speaker…
**Remember to bring the committee back to formal debate and close the session with a
Motion to Suspend the Meeting before moving to breaks**
Draft Resolution Debates
Sessions IV and V I. Take Roll and Assign Seats (5 minutes in each session)
Committee is now back in session.
We will begin by taking roll and assigning seats.
(You may change the order of seat assignments to encourage countries to sit near other
delegates and bring some delegates closer to the front)
When I call the name of your country, state that you are present. The Rapp will show you
where to sit.
Overview at the Beginning of the Second Day (Explain in Session V on Tuesday) Before the
committee commences, I will provide a brief overview of today’s schedule.
In this session, the committee will return to Topic Y (the second topic), this time to debate
the accepted draft resolutions from Session III.
Again, you will have approximately one hour to gain support for your draft resolutions and
evaluate the draft resolutions of others to either create amendments or decide how you will
vote. As with Session IV yesterday, I want to emphasize that you can accomplish this by
discussing and debating draft resolutions in speeches, moderated caucuses (especially Q&A
sessions), and unmoderated caucuses.
The committee will then close debate on Topic Y and vote on draft resolutions for the topic.
At the end of the committee, the dais will select 1 pro and 1 con speaker for each resolution
on Topic Y that passes. We will adjourn committee at approximately 11:15.
This year, …….MUN will hold a High Level Meeting of the General Assembly Plenary in
the Dennison Theatre, following the lunch break, and beginning at 12:30. This will not
merely be a closing awards ceremony, but a final session to debate and hold a GA Plenary
vote on the final resolutions. After a fifteen minute break, __MUN will close with the final
awards ceremony.
Are there any questions regarding today’s schedule?
II. Open Speaker’s List
Now we will start a speaker’s list to debate Draft Resolutions Topic X/Topic Y. Each topic
has a standard speaking time of 1-minute. If you feel you need to adjust this time to facilitate
debate, you may make a Motion to Change the Speaking Time (detailed instructions below).
I encourage all delegates to join the speakers list at this time. At this stage in the committee
you can use formal speeches to describe, request feedback, and build support for your
resolutions. In doing so, you will increase the chance that other delegates will understand
your resolution and its aims, provide input, and possibly decide to support your document,
which will increase the number of countries voting in favor of your resolution.
called your country.
(Go slowly so Rapp can write country names on board.)
III. Encouraging Debate on Accepted Draft Resolutions

(In Session IV, before moving to speeches and debate on draft resolutions, provide the
following encouragement to your delegates during formal debate.)
Explain: Before we move to the speaker’s list, I would like to make a couple of points. If you
need to review the following points, you can find the following information in your delegate
script.
Now that draft resolutions on Topic X/Topic Y have been approved, it is time to debate the
specific provisions of each resolution. This can be done in speeches during the formal
meeting or in popcorn debate and Q&A during moderated caucuses. These speeches should
express support for or concern about specific clauses in particular resolutions. In addition,
they may propose amendments to draft resolutions. During unmoderated caucuses, delegates
should negotiate to build support for their draft resolutions and/or amendments.
As you engage in this debate, I ask you to critically yet respectfully analyze the resolutions of
other delegates. This will help each delegate better understand which resolutions their
country would actually support in voting procedures. It will also help you gain support for
your own documents. Some recommendations I would like to make for promoting your
resolutions are:
1. During formal debate, mention and describe your resolution in your speeches and
encourage delegates to examine, discuss, and provide input or feedback on specific
provisions of your draft resolution.
2. Make a motion to hold a Q&A style moderated caucus in which sponsors read or describe
their resolutions, then answer questions and respond to concerns about the resolution’s
content.
3. During unmoderated caucuses, seek out other delegates to discuss your working papers and
draft resolutions, and speak with others who have documents you would like to read. When
reading other delegates’ resolutions, provide feedback, such as why your country does or
does not support the content or wording of a resolution, and provide suggestions on what
needs to be added before your country would support a resolution. Be willing to negotiate and
compromise, but also be aware that disagreement is acceptable as long as students remain
respectful of each other and maintain a diplomatic demeanor.
Please use your time at this point to begin debating draft resolutions and consider either
friendly or unfriendly amendments that will foster wider support for your document, or make
other delegates’ resolutions more acceptable to your country.
Also, take a moment to discuss other blocs’ and delegates’ working papers, and if you see
one that has similar content to either your working paper or draft resolution, consider
discussing a merger with the sponsors of the other document. The Dais will not accept
redundant resolutions. If we become aware of two similar resolutions, we will ask the
sponsors to merge them.
Please also note the following procedures for amendments:
If you would like to amend a draft resolution, fill out an amendment form and take it
to the sponsors to see if they will accept it. If so, have them sign the form and take it to the
dais. This is a friendly amendment.
If the sponsors are not willing to accept the amendment, you can propose an
unfriendly amendment. Simply obtain X sponsors and X signatories, then take the form to the
Dais.
All amendments must be approved by the Dais.
Once the Dais has approved a friendly amendment, the chair will introduce it to the
committee by reading it aloud. Friendly amendments do not need to be voted on. They
automatically become part of the draft resolution. Once the Dais has approved an
unfriendly amendment, the Dais will number the amendment, and the chair will
introduce it to the committee by reading the amendment number and the text of the
proposed amendment. (Numbering is Committee Name/Topic Number/Resolution
Number/Amendment Number, for example GA Plen/I/2/a).
Vice Chair: keep track of all amendments and post them on the Dais or around the room.
During voting procedure, amendments will be voted on before the resolution they amend. IV.
Debating Draft Resolutions through Caucusing and Formal Debate (Approx. 60 minutes in
each session)
We will move to the speakers’ list for opening speeches.
The delegate from __________ is recognized for ____ seconds.
(Speaker may yield time to chair, questions, or one other speaker.)
(During these sessions 15-25 minutes should consist of speeches in formal debate.
You can ensure that you meet this time by listening to 5-10 speeches before
asking for points or motions at the beginning of each the 60 minutes of debate
and between caucuses.
Security Council: This will require each delegate to speak at least once if s/he uses the entire
minute in each session, though it will probably require more as speeches will likely not meet
the one-minute standard speaking time)
(Allow for the initial 5-10 speeches)
While you may use unmoderated caucuses to debate, seek input, and draft amendments for
draft resolutions at this time if you wish, I suggest that you begin with moderated caucuses,
either using popcorn style debate to make points about a particular draft resolution, or
holding a Q&A session with the sponsors of draft resolutions. Please also remember that I
will rule any motion for an unmoderated caucus greater than 25 minutes dilatory.
Are there any points or motions at this time?
Seeing none, we will move on to the next speaker.
(You may also entertain a motion for a moderated Q&A with sponsors during the 60
minutes for debate if you feel the committee is not progressing in its discussion of the
draft resolutions) (After the 60 minutes of debate, move to Voting Procedures)
V. Voting Procedures (Approx. 20-25 minutes)
i. Entering Voting Procedure (After a successful motion to close debate or if the speakers
list runs out)
Debate on Topic X is now closed. We will now enter voting procedure. Nobody may enter
the room, and nobody may leave. Runners, please bar the door. No talking, no passing notes.
ii. Standard Voting
We will vote on draft resolutions in numerical order (GA Plen/I/1 before GA Plen I/2). We
will begin by voting on Draft Resolution _______ .
All those with voting privileges may vote yes, no, or abstain (observers such as Palestine
can’t vote).
A.Vote on Amendments to First Resolution
We will now vote on the amendments to Draft Resolution ____, in the order they were
approved.
Are there any points or motions?
The only valid points and motions are:
Point of Order
Point of Parliamentary Inquiry
Motion to Appeal the Decision of the Chair
Motion to Vote by Acclamation Motion to Divide the Question – SEE BELOW Motion to
Reconsider (If there is a Motion to Divide the Question – that is, to vote on separate parts of
the amendment -- you must vote on that before voting on the original amendment; see below
for procedure.)
Seeing none, we will vote on Amendment ____.

All those in favor?(Vice Chair and Rapp should help count).
All those opposed?
Are there any abstentions?
By a vote of ____ yes, ____no, and _____ abstentions, this amendment passes/fails.
(Except in the Security Council, a simple majority of those present is all that is needed
to pass. That means Yes simply has to be larger than No. TIES FAIL. Abstentions are
irrelevant.) (In the Security Council there must be a majority AND there cannot be
any no votes from the USA, France, UK, Russia or China; abstentions are irrelevant)
B. Vote on First Resolution

Now we will vote on Draft Resolution _____ itself.
(You may also entertain a motion for a moderated Q&A with sponsors during the 60 minutes
for debate if you feel the committee is not progressing in its discussion of the draft
resolutions) (After the 60 minutes of debate, move to Voting Procedures) V. Voting
Procedures (Approx. 20-25 minutes)
i. Entering Voting Procedure (After a successful motion to close debate or if the speakers
list runs out) Debate on Topic X is now closed. We will now enter voting procedure. Nobody
may enter the room, and nobody may leave. Runners, please bar the door. No talking, no
passing notes.
ii. Standard VotingWe will vote on draft resolutions in numerical order (GA Plen/I/1 before
GA Plen I/2). We will begin by voting on Draft Resolution _______ . All those with voting
privileges may vote yes, no, or abstain (observers such as Palestine can’t vote).
A. Vote on Amendments to First Resolution

We will now vote on the amendments to Draft Resolution ____, in the order they were
approved.
Are there any points or motions? The only valid points and motions are:
Point of Order
Point of Parliamentary Inquiry
Motion to Appeal the Decision of the Chair
Motion to Vote by Acclamation Motion to Divide the Question.
Seeing none, we will vote on Amendment ____.
All those in favor?(Vice Chair and Rapp should help count).
All those opposed?
Are there any abstentions?
By a vote of ____ yes, ____no, and _____ abstentions, this amendment passes/fails.
(Except in the Security Council, a simple majority of those present is all that is needed
to pass. That means Yes simply has to be larger than No. TIES FAIL. Abstentions are
irrelevant.)
(In the Security Council there must be a majority AND there cannot be any no votes
from the USA, France, UK, Russia or China; abstentions are irrelevant)
B. Vote on First Resolution
Now we will vote on Draft Resolution _____ itself. Are there any other points or motions?
(There may be motions to divide the question differently than proposed above. If so, label
these divisions C/D, E/F, or iii/iv, v/vi, etc.)
Seeing none, we will now vote on the motion to divide the question. (If there is more
than one motion for division, the dais must determine and announce the order in
which the divisions will be voted on. Start with the division that is most
destructive to the resolution (takes out the most operative clauses) and proceed
to the division that is least destructive (takes out the fewest clauses).
Seeing none, we will proceed to vote on the motion to divide Draft Resolution ___ into
____. This is a procedural vote, so all delegates must vote (no abstentions).
If the motion passes by a majority, the question will be divided as proposed. (If there are
multiple motions for division, the first one to receive a majority passes, and the others will
not be voted on.)
All in favor of dividing Draft Resolution X into _____?

All those opposed?
All those abstaining?
By a vote of ____ yes to ____no, this motion passes/fails.
(If all of the motions to divide the question fail, the amendment/resolution stands as it
previously was and is voted on. Return to Standard Voting on the amendment/resolution.)
(If the motion to divide the question passes, the original draft resolution (GA Plen I/2) no
longer exists. Proceed as follows:
1. Name the new draft resolutions, for example GA Plen I/2/A and GA Plen I/2/B.
Use A/B regardless of whether the division was first called C/D or E/F.
2. If there were no amendments on the original draft resolution, return to Standard
Voting and vote on GA Plen I/2/A, then on GA Plen I/2/B.
3. If there were amendments on the original draft resolution, incorporate the
amendments into the new draft resolutions. For example, if GA Plen I/2 came
into voting procedure with two amendments and then was divided into two
draft resolutions each with one amendment, you would call the new
amendments GA Plen/I/2/A/a and GA Plen/I/2/B/a. Return to Standard
Voting. First vote on the amendment to the first of the two new draft
resolutions, then vote on the first of the two new draft resolutions
VI. Selecting Speakers for the High Level Meeting
**In Session V remember to complete student evaluations before selecting delegates**
(After students vote on the resolutions for Topic 1 in Session IV, and after they complete
their evaluations of the conference and staff in Session V, you will select delegates to present
pro and con speeches regarding each resolution at the High Level Meeting on Tuesday
afternoon)
As I noted earlier today, this year ___MUN will hold a High Level Meeting tomorrow/today
from 12:30-2:00pm. At this meeting, your entire delegation will vote on all of the passed
resolutions from the five __MUN committees. In addition, the meeting will feature 1 pro and
1 con speech for each resolution at __MUN this year. As a result, I need 1 pro speaker and 1
con speaker for each of the resolutions passed in this committee. The speaking time for the
High Level Meeting will be 1 minute. If you choose to give the speech, I suggest that you use
your time outside of this committee to think about why others should or should not vote for
the resolution, write your speech, practice in front of your fellow delegates, and request
constructive feedback.
Can I please have 1 pro speaker for resolution [code]
Can I please have 1 con speaker for resolution [code]
(Do not select the same delegate to speak twice. Repeat for all of the passed resolutions and
keep a record of which states will speak. You will need to call on these delegates at the High
Level Meeting).
**In Session IV, remind delegates to attend Region Night and the Ice Cream Social following
dinner, then suspend the meeting for dinner**
** In Session V, if more than 10 minutes remains, move on to section VIII. If not, adjourn the
committee and remind the delegates to be at the Dennison Theatre in the Fine Arts building
(the building where we held the opening ceremony) at 12:30 for the General Assembly
Plenary**
**After Session V, lunch will be provided for all staff. Each committee is also required to
attend a 10 minute meeting with the Faculty Advisor and TA regarding committee awards**
VII. Moving to Additional Debate Beyond the Committee Topics (Begin if the committee
has more than 15 minutes remaining in Session V after selecting speakers) (In the last
session, if more than 15 minutes remains after selecting delegates to speak at the High Level
Meeting, move to debate on either new issues for the current committee’s session, or debate
on topics for the next year)
Because this committee has completed its discussion of the topics early, we will now move
on to a special debate. In this debate you will discuss… (choose from option 1 or option 2)
Option 1: Treat the debate as though you are setting the agenda for topics to discuss next.
(Think of three topics that one would typically find within your committee’s purview, or ask
for suggestions of serious topics within your committee’s scope)
– Rapporteur writes the three topics on the board
Return to Starting Committee Section III
Part A (Set the Agenda) and follow the procedures in the script.
You may also move on to discussing the first topic if time permits and delegates agree on the
agenda order. Keep in mind, however, that delegates may be unprepared to fully discuss the
topic, so try to encourage discussion of the agenda in both formal debate and unmoderated
caucuses as long as possible.
**Keep an eye on the time, leave time for both closing debate on the special agenda debate
(Topic Discussion section VIII part A) and for moving into Voting Procedure on all
resolutions**
Option 2: Choose five or six topics out of which the delegates will have to select three to
discuss next year.
As a special final topic, we will be debating the topics for the agenda next year. This is
merely an exercise and the decisions made today do not necessarily guarantee that these
topics will actually appear on next year’s agenda.
(Think of five or six topics that one would typically within your committee’s purview, or ask
for suggestions of serious topics within your committee’s scope)
– Rapporteur writes the topics on the board
To debate this issue, the committee wil be selecting three of the five/six topics posted by the
rapporteur. We will follow the procedure used in discussing regular topics. Use speeches in
formal debate to support your three selections and explain why they should be discussed as
opposed to the alternative options. As with regular topic discussion, you may also use
moderated and unmoderated caucuses to discuss the topics we should select. During
unmoderated caucuses you may also collaborate on written explanations for your selections.
If we have time at the end of voting for resolutions on the topics from this year, we will vote
on the proposed topics for next year.
Return to Topic Discussion parts I-IV and follow the procedures for discussing a topic in the
script.
** Keep an eye on the time, leave time for both closing debate on choosing next year’s topics
(Topic Discussion section VIII part A) and for moving into Voting Procedure on all
resolutions. With this option, you may also start the voting process a few minutes early to
take a vote on the proposed agenda topics written in this special session after you have voted
for the committee’s resolutions.**
Maintaining the Flow of Debate
I. Managing the Speakers’ List and Speaking Time
If the speakers’ list is exhausted, the committee will move directly into voting on draft
resolutions. If there are no draft resolutions, it will move on to the next topic.
A. When the Speakers’ List Is Getting ShortThe Chair would like to remind delegates to
join the speakers’ list. If the list is short and insufficient discussion has occurred, you may
add delegates to the list. If the list runs out, proceed to Voting Procedures (see below)
B. Motion to Close the Speakers ListThere has been a motion to close the speaker’s list.
This motion is used to prevent any additional speakers from being added to the speakers list
on the current topic. If the motion passes, we will move directly into voting on the draft
resolutions on this topic (or onto the next topic if no draft resolutions). This motion requires 1
pro and 1 con speaker. Who would like to speak? (Take the names of the speakers)
Seeing none… ______ (pro speaker) is recognized for 30 seconds.
Thank you … ______ (con speaker) is recognized for 30 seconds.
Thank you, delegate.
Are there any other points or motions?
Seeing none, we will vote on closing the speakers’ list.
This is a procedural vote, so all delegates must vote (no abstentions).
All those in favor of closing the speakers’ list, please raise your placards.
All those opposed?
By a vote of ____ yes and ____no , this motion passes/fails.
C. Motion to Open the Speakers List
There has been a motion to open the speaker’s list. This motion is used to re-open the
speakers list if delegates feel that more substantive debate is needed on this topic before the
committee moves into voting procedure. This motion requires 1 pro and 1 con speaker.
Who would like to speak? (Take the names of the speakers)
Seeing none, we will vote on opening the speakers’ list.
All those in favor of opening the speakers’ list, please raise your placards.
All those opposed?
C. Motion to Change the Speaking Time

There has been a motion to change the speaking time. This motion is used to change the time
that each delegate on the speakers’ list has to speak during the formal meeting. This motion
requires 1 pro and 1 con speaker_.
Who would like to speak? (Take the names of the speakers)
Seeing none, we will proceed to vote on the speaking time for Topic X. (If there is more than
one motion to change the speaking time, start with the earliest motion and move to the latest.
The first to pass is the speaking time.)
This motion requires a simple majority to pass. We will now vote on the speaking
time.
All those in favor of setting the speaking time at x seconds, please raise your
placards. (Rapporteur and vice chair help chair count.)
All those opposed?
The speaking time is set at _______. (Rapp erases all other motions on the speaking
time).
II. Ending and Reopening Debate on a Topic
A. Motion to Close Debate
There has been a motion to close debate. If this motion passes, we will close debate on this
topic and move into voting procedures on all of the draft resolutions on this topic. This
motion requires two speakers in opposition.
Who would like to speak? (Take the names of the opposition speakers)
Seeing none… ______ (first con speaker) is recognized for 30 seconds.
Thank you … ______ (second con speaker) is recognized for 30 seconds.
We will now vote on closing debate.
This motion requires a 2/3 majority to pass.
All those in favor of closing debate and moving into voting procedures for draft
resolutions related to Topic X?
(To calculate number of yes votes needed for 2/3 majority: multiply the number of
delegates in the committee by 2 and divide by 3) If the motion to close debate passes:
vote on draft resolutions – see Voting Procedures (next page) If the motion to close
debate fails: go back to the speakers’ list on the topic.
B. Motion to Adjourn Debate
There has been a motion to adjourn debate on this topic. If this motion passes, we will move
onto the next topic. If this motion passes, you will need to make a successful Motion to
Reconsider to return to this topic later. This Motion to Adjourn Debate requires 2 pro and 2
con speakers and a majority vote. Who would like to speak?
(Take the names of the speakers)
Seeing none… ______ (first pro speaker) is recognized for 30 seconds to explain why s/he
supports moving on to the next topic
Thank you … ______ (first con speaker) is recognized for 30 seconds.
Thank you … ______ (second pro speaker) is recognized for 30 seconds.
Thank you … ______ (second con speaker) is recognized for 30 seconds.
Thank you, delegate. We will now vote on adjourning debate on Topic X
This motion requires a majority to pass.
All those in favor of adjourning debate on Topic X and moving onto the next topic?
C. Motion to Reconsider There is a motion to reconsider Topic X.
This motion requires two speakers in opposition.
Who would like to speak?
(Take the names of the opposition speakers)
Seeing none… ______ (first con speaker) is recognized for 30 seconds. Thank you …
______ (second con speaker) is recognized for 30 seconds. Thank you, delegate. We will
now vote on reconsidering Topic X.
This motion requires a 2/3 majority to pass.
All those in favor of reconsidering Topic X and moving onto the next topic?
(To calculate number of yes votes needed for 2/3 majority: multiply the number of
delegates in the committee by 2 and divide by 3)
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MUN GUIDELINE BY ASIA YOUTH INTERNATIONAL MODEL UNITED

A.​ United Nations

United Nations is an international diplomatic and political organization that is obliged to

resulting from membership, shall fulfill in good faith the obligations

or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of

United Nations act in accordance with these Principles so far as may be

Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic

a.​ ​Principle Structures

The Security Council is responsible for maintaining international peace and

❏​ Economic and Social Council

The Trusteeship Council was formed to supervise the government of trust

❏​ International Court of Justice

B.​ Model United Nations

Model United Nations is a simulation of a United Nations Conference attended by

2. Aims of MUN Conference

b.​ Increasing awareness of others,

c.​ The acquisition of knowledge,

d.​ The development of practical language skills.

A.​ Who Can Do MUN?

Conferences are organized by universities, high schools, non-profit organizations, and

B.​ Conference Information

-​ Washington University MUN (14-19 February 2019)

-​ Leeds University MUN (16-18 February 2019)

-​ Japan English MUN (13-15 July 2019)

-​ Rome MUN (9-12 March 2019)

of the conference (sometimes this is called Formal Caucus). Some conferences

resolution is allotted a certain amount of time to be discussed. The Main Submitter

D.​ Conference Preparation

The Position Paper is a one or two-page document that is essentially a summary of

Google, the news, Wikipedia (to frame the topic).

resolutions mentioned in your background guide, UN or NGO reports.

Delegates will be writing a document called a Resolution in committee along with

Step 1: Decide on a leadership structure for the overall conference

GA Main Committees will be simulated, how many topics will be discussed

● Logistics Committee duty is for proposes a venue, looks at housing and

transportation for delegates, proposes social events, manages the registration

of the conference in the private sector, among foundations, etc.

is all going to cost and manages the budget.

Step 2:Decide which leadership positions are needed

●​ President of the General Assembly (PGA)

● Vice-Presidents (this will depend on the size but it would be ideal to

have at least one VP from each regional group)

● Co-Chair (up to 3 per Committee depending on the size of the

●​ Under Secretary-General for Finance

●​ Under Secretary-General for Social

● Under Secretary-General for Operations (this position is critical to the

success of the conference because he/she oversees every logistical aspect

USG is important to raise the visibility of the conference by liaising with

Step 3: Promote the conference and set up a registration process

Step 6: Set a timeline for important tasks to be completed by the GA and

the provisional agenda of the [insert name of MUN] General

● Secretary-General Reports on each topic to be discussed that gives the

delegates an overview of the issue, the challenges that need to be

on what to say when managing each phase of the Committee’s work.

Step 7: Assign countries and topics to conference participants

Step 12: Recruit volunteers to assist in as many aspects of the conference as

A.​ Researching Methods

B.​ How to Research on Countries

Research on Contain about

Physical Geography 1. Official name

executive, and judiciary

Foreign Policy 1. Country’s position and

Defense and security 1. The foundation of it’s

A. United Nations

a. Principle Structures

❏ Economic and Social Council

❏ International Court of Justice

B. Model United Nations

b. Increasing awareness of others,

c. The acquisition of knowledge,

d. The development of practical language skills.

A. Who Can Do MUN?

B. Conference Information

- Washington University MUN (14-19 February 2019)

- Leeds University MUN (16-18 February 2019)

- Japan English MUN (13-15 July 2019)

- Rome MUN (9-12 March 2019)

D. Conference Preparation

● President of the General Assembly (PGA)

● Under Secretary-General for Finance

● Under Secretary-General for Social

A. Researching Methods

B. How to Research on Countries

C. How to Research on Organizations

D. Available sources for researching an Issue

E. How to Research an Issue

- Politics and Government

- Trading partners, allies, or enemies (if any)

2. The Topic

F. Researching Committees

1. Security Council

❏ The Republic of France

❏ The Russian Federation

❏ The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

2. Advisory Panel Question

3. Human Right Commission

4. Disarmament Commission

6. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

7. Special Conference

matters (http://travishsmodelun.weebly.com). The Sixth Committee of the

13. The International Criminal Court (ICC)

A. Committee Dynamics

1. Determining Agenda

2. Debate on the Agenda Topics and Motions

4. Adjournment of Debate

5. Voting Procedure

9. Methods of Voting

B. The Art of Communication

6. Moving to Caucus

7. Moderated Caucus

9. Division of the Questions (Occurs in only a few conferences)

C. Points and Motions: Order of Precedence

❏ Motion to submit a resolution.