Concrete Code Check15 En1991 Enu

Concrete Code Check EN-1992
Design and code-checks of concrete members (Scia Engineer 15.0 and newer version)
Contacts 9
Abstract 10
Concrete in Scia Engineer 15 11
Command properties 15
Command properties 15
Name 15
Selection 15
Type of loads 16
Filter 16
Print Combination key 16
Values 17
Extreme 17
Output 17
Drawing setup 17
Section 17
Action buttons 17
Concrete member data 18

1D member data 18
Properties of 1D Member data 19
Solver settings 20
Design defaults 27
Beam slab 33
Column 35
Concrete settings (structure) 39

Concrete settings dialogue 39
Find 39
View 39
Filters 42
Default 43
Concrete settings - Values 43
Solver settings 43
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Concrete settings - Design Defaults 72
Design defaults 72
Output 88
Numerical output 88
Numerical output 88
Graphical output 94
Graphical output 94
Design 96
Design of reinforcement 96
Longitudinal reinforcement 96
Shear reinforcement 97
Internal forces - theory 97
Introduction 97
Parameters influence the calculation 98
Additional tensile forces caused by shear and torsion (shifting of bending moments) 107
Determination whether member is in compression 108
First order bending moments with imperfection 108
Calculation of second order effects 111
Design of reinforcement for rectangular section 114
Design of reinforcement for circular section 115
Design of reinforcement for other cross-sections 116
Checks for all type of cross-sections 117
Literature 120
Slenderness 120
Introduction 120
Buckling data 121
Creep coefficient 121
Estimation of ratio of longitudinal reinforcement 122
Calculation of slenderness 122
Calculation of limit slenderness 123
Warning and errors 126
Abbreviations 126
Literature 127
Reinforcement design - theory 127
-3-
Chapter 0
Introduction 127
Design of longitudinal reinforcement 130
Design of shear reinforcement 140
Torsional longitudinal reinforcement 152
Practical reinforcement 154

Input of practical reinforcement 154
Check 155
Checks 155
Stiffness 155
Introduction 155
Assumptions 158
Theory 159
Setup 162
Errors and warnings 162
Capacity - response (ULS) 163
Introduction 163
Assumptions and limitations 163
Theoretical background 163
Effective depth of cross-section 167
Inner lever arm 167
National annexes 169
Capacity - diagram (ULS) 170
Introduction 170
Assumptions 170
Setup 178
National annexes 181
Shear + torsion (ULS) 181
Introduction 181
Equivalent thin-walled closed cross-section 181
Parameters influencing the calculation 184
Determination stirrups around section 185
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Calculation number of stirrup link (number of cuts) 185
Stirrup for torsion 186
Calculation of average characteristics of shear reinforcement 187
Calculation characteristic of shear reinforcement 187
Calculation procedure 188
Width of cross-section for shear check 192
Effective depth of cross-section for shear check 192
Inner lever arm for shear check 193
Calculation basic characteristics for shear 194
Shear check 194
Calculation of basic characteristics 197
Torsion check 198
Check of interaction shear and torsion 202
Warnings, errors and notes 202
Abbreviations 203
Literature 203
Stress limitations (SLS) 203
Introduction 203
Assumption and limitations 203
Setup 208
National annexes in stress limitation 210
Errors, Warnings, Notes 211
Crack width (SLS) 212
Introduction 212
Value of strength for calculation of cracking forces 212
Check of normal stresses (occurrance of crack width) 212
Type of strength for calculation of cracking forces 213
Use of effective modulus of concrete 213
Type of maximal crack width 214
Type of strength for calculation of cracking forces 214
Parameters influencing the calculation 215
Calculation of mean strain in the reinforcement and concrete 215
-5-
Chapter 0
Calculation of maximum crack spacing 218

Calculation of crack width in direction of principal stresses 220
Check of normal stresses (occurring of crack width) 220
Calculation of mean strain in the reinforcement and concrete 221
Calculation of maximum crack spacing 224
Calculation of crack width 226
Abbreviations 227
Abbreviations 228
Literature 229
Literature 229
Deflections (SLS) 229
Introduction 229
Assumption 230
Theory 231
Setup 233
Errors, Warnings, Notes 235
Detailing provisions 236
Introduction 236
Assumption 237
Minimal clear spacing of bars 8.2(2) 237
Maximal percentage of shear reinforcement (6.2.3(3)) 238
Minimal mandrel diameter (8.3(2)) 238
Minimal reinforcement area (9.2.1.1(1)) 239
Maximal area of reinforcement (9.2.1.1(3)) 240
Minimal percentage of shear reinforcement (9.2.2(5)) 240
Maximal longitudinal spacing of stirrups based on shear (9.2.2(6)) 241
Maximal longitudinal spacing of stirrups based on shear (9.2.3(3)) 242
Maximal centre-to-centre bar distance based on torsion (9.2.3(4)) 243
Maximal clear spacing of bars (Code independent) 243
Unity check calculation 243
Minimal bar diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (9.5.2(1)) 244
Minimal area of longitudinal reinforcement (9.5.2(2)) 244
Maximal area of longitudinal reinforcement (9.5.2(3)) 245
-6-
Minimal number of bars in circular column (9.5.2(4)) 245
Minimal bar diameter of transverse reinforcement (9.5.3(1)) 246
Maximal longitudinal spacing of stirrups (9.5.3(3)) 246
Maximal centre-to-centre bar distance (9.3.1.1(3)) 246
Concrete settings 247
Concrete settings for beams 249
Check min. bar distance 249
Minimal bar distance 249
Check max. bar distance 250
Maximal bar distance 250
Check max. bar distance (torsion) 250
Maximal bar distance (torsion) 251
Check min. reinforcement area 251
Check min. reinforcement area for secondary member 251
Check max. reinforcement area 252
Check min. mandrel diameter 252
Check max. longitudinal spacing (shear) 252
Check max. longitudinal spacing (torsion) 252
Check max. transverse spacing (shear) 253
Check min. percentage of stirrups 253
Check max. percentage of stirrups 253
Settings for beam slabs 253
Settings for columns 255
Maximal bar distance 256
Check max. bar distance (torsion) 257
Maximal bar distance (torsion) 257
-7-
Chapter 0

Check min. bar diameter 258
Check min. number of bars in circular column 259
Min. number of bars in circular column 259
Check min. mandrel diameter 259
Check max. longitudinal spacing 259
Check min. bar diameter 260
Min bar diameter 260
Min bar diameter 260
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Contacts
SCIA nv SCIA Nederland B.V.
Industrieweg 1007 Wassenaarweg 40
3540 Herk-de-Stad 6843 NW ARNHEM
Belgium Netherlands
Nemetschek do Brasil Nemetschek Scia North America

Rua Dr. Luiz Migliano, 1986 - sala 702 , CEP 7150 Riverwood Drive
SP 21046 Columbia, MD
05711-001 São Paulo United States
Brazil
SCIA France sarl Nemetschek Scia Swiss Branch Office

Centre d'Affaires, 29 Grand' Rue Dürenbergstrasse 24
59100 Roubaix 3212 Gurmels
France Switzerland
SCIA CZ s.r.o. Brno SCIA CZ s.r.o. Prague

Slavíčkova 827/1a Evropská 2591/33d
638 00 Brno 160 00 Praha 6
Czech Republic Czech Republic
SCIA SK, s.r.o.

Murgašova 1298/16
010 01 Žilina
Slovakia
Scia Datenservice Scia Software GmbH

Dresdnerstrasse 68/2/6/9 Technologie Zentrum Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Str. 76-80
1200 WIEN 44227 Dortmund
Austria Germany
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© Copyright 2015 SCIA nv. All rights reserved.
Document created: 02 / 12 / 2015

SCIA Engineer 15.2
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Chapter 1
Abstract
SCIA Engineer 15 brings completely new solution for 1D concrete members. New technologies of the Open design,
powered by our SCIA Design Forms platform, have allowed for a complete revision of the design and checking of reinforced
concrete 1D members. This allows to us the use of all well know features of this platform such as very nice and detailed lay-
outs of calculation, using equations in output etc. Beside this, we offer more - rearrangement of the service tree, new con-
crete setup and member data and couple of new checks. Described solution works for all kind of shapes of non- prestressed
cross-section (e.g. with holes) subjected to all types of loading (e.g. biaxial shear combined with torsion). Generally these
new module provides the following advantages:
l high performance - design and checks run very fast using parallel process providing results in very small calculation
time
l transparency - detailed output enables to verify each intermediate steps of check using formulas with values and proper
units; assisting in dealing with EN 1992-1-1
l dynamic figures - drawing of stress-strain state of cross-section, reinforcement pattern or interaction diagram
l smart settings - new revised global and member settings, including 'quick search' function
l general solution
l supporting interaction of all internal forces (N, My , Mz , Vy , Vz , T);
l supporting arbitrary cross-section shapes including openings & arbitrary reinforcement positions
l revised and updated generic functions for design & checking of reinforced concrete columns & beams
l code compliance - supporting compliance with EN 1992-1-1:2004/AC:2010-11, corrigendum including National
Annexes (currently 18 NA´s).
The revised design and checks functions are developed within the Scia Design Forms environment. This platform is linked
as post-processor to Scia Engineer. The new reporting style makes use of its advantages regarding the presentation of res-
ults. Next to text and tabular output, also formulas, code references, dynamic images and diagrams are included to increase
the insight in the calculation!
The Concrete Toolbox is the new 'calculation heart', used by the Scia Design Forms. It contains a set of code- independent
functions for the design and checking of reinforced concrete members. It makes use of advanced generic algorithms, how-
ever in full compliance with e.g. the Eurocode assumptions. This means they are valid for arbitrary cross-section shapes and
reinforcement positions. They also support the interaction of any mixture of internal forces (N, My , Mz , Vy , Vz , T).
There are also some limitations. New concrete checks do not support the following items:
l numerical cross-section
l cross-section with more components
l phased cross-section
l member or cross-section with different material than concrete material – composite cross-section
l different reinforcement materials in one section
l concrete ribs are not supported
- 10 -
Concrete in Scia Engineer 15

New version of Concrete module is placed in completely different part of the main program tree. This module is situated in
Concrete 15 new command in the tree.
Nevertheless, existing old solution for concrete design and check is still available. The functionality of existing concrete
checks is activated in Project data - Functionality - Old concrete checks (see the following figure).
- 11 -
Chapter 2
Both items in the tree are visible in this case.
- 12 -
When we go into concrete tree we can also see completely different arrangement of the tree. The concrete tree is split into
four parts:
l Settings - global and local settings

l Concrete settings (structure) - see chapter "Concrete settings (structure)" on page 39
l Reinforcement drawing settings
l Settings per member
l 1D member data (see 05_Concrete_member_data.htm)
l 1D buckling data
l Reinforcement design - 1D members
l Internal forces
l Slenderness
l Reinforcement design - design of longitudinal and shear reinforcement (see
l Input of real reinforcement
l Checks
l Internal forces
l Slenderness
l Stiffnesses
l Capacity - response (ULS)
l Capacity - diagram (ULS)
l Shear + Torsion (ULS)
l Interaction N+M+V+T (ULS)
l Stress limitation (SLS)
l Crack width (SLS)
l Deflection (SLS)
l Detailing provisions
- 13 -
Chapter 2
- 14 -
Command properties
Command properties
Command properties
Concrete checks run from the new commands mentioned in chapter "Concrete in Scia Engineer 15" on page 11. The com-
mand for these checks includes standard items where it is possible to select member, type of load, filter, extreme and others.
The description of all values is the following.
Name
User is allowed to name the Check. It might be very useful for better specification and orientation, especially in engineering
report. Default name is always name of the command in the tree.
Selection
This attribute influences the total amount of members, which will be taken into the concrete checks. There are four pos-
sibilities to be chosen from:
l All – all active 1D members will be checked

l Current – only selected 1D members will be checked
l Advanced – user may define the selection more specifically with relation to previous selection
- 15 -
Chapter 3
l Named selection – only 1D members from certain named selection, will be checked. new attribute “Named selection” will
appear in the properties
Type of loads
By this attribute user defines the type of the load for checks. There are three possibilities to choose from:
l Combinations – user may choose from all combinations

l Load cases – user may choose from all load cases
l Class – user may choose from all result classes
In dependence on selected type of the load, new attribute Combination or Load cases or Class will appear right under this
attribute. User may select desired Combination, Load case or Class from filtered list here.
Filter
It is possible to define filter for adjusting already selected type of selection. This will affect the number of 1D member taken
into the check. User may select one from the following possibilities:
l No – no filter will be applied

l Wildcard – user may define the attributes for selection by himself
l Material – user may select specific material
l Cross-section – user may select specific cross-section
l Layer – user may select desired layer
Again, after selection one possibility a new appropriate attribute will be displayed right under, for further selection.
Print Combination key

When this check box is set ON then key of used combination is printed below current table. This item is available only for
Brief output and for combination or class (not for loadcase).
- 16 -
Command properties
Values
Each design or check includes its own values. Usually Unity check is the first typical value for all checks. There is also pos-
sibility to see More component.
Extreme
This attribute defines which results should be shown in Preview window or document. User may choose from three pos-
sibilities:
· No – results for all members and sections will be displayed on selected 1D members; in case of envelope combination all
combinations are displayed
· Section – results for all section which are defined (see next chapter for type of section)
Output
This attribute defines type of numerical output. There are available three levels of numerical outputs:
l Brief – one table for all checks with the unity checks, default Engineering Report table.
l Standard – more detailed output coming from Scia Design Forms.
l Detailed – very deep output coming from Scia Design Forms
Drawing setup
By selecting edit button for this parameter, a 1D results display dialogue will be open. Here user may specify the rep-
resentation of check results on 1D member. This dialogue is a standard dialogue for graphical presentation of results on 1D
member. The most important settings are the following:
l Limits – maximal and minimal values which should be drawn

l Description – which information is required to be printed (values, section, loadcase or combination and units)
l Angle of text – angle of text related to centreline of the member
l Setup for more components
l same scale or height
l spaces between diagrams and shifting of the first diagram
Section
When the extreme section is selected then there are four types of section which can be evaluated.
l All – all section are evaluated

l Ends – only end section on member are evaluated
l Inputted – only user defined sections are evaluated
l Inputted + Ends – user defined and end section are evaluated
Action buttons
There are two buttons in the lower part of the Properties dialogue.
l Refresh – this button starts the process of check itself and it is needed to press this button to refresh previous checked res-
ults and to get new results, based on chosen attributes)
l Preview – this button opens Preview window with tables containing results of finished check
- 17 -
Chapter 4
Concrete member data
1D member data
These settings overwrite the global settings for a specific member. Member data can easily be copy-pasted to similar mem-
bers. There is differentiation based on type of member (beam, column, beam slab). As in the case of setup, Member data
has been also restyled. Local settings contains a contain about the same input parameters and calculation settings as the
global settings in setup. Moreover, user can set his/her own value of limit deflection and limit width of crack, define more
environmental classes than just one as in previous version.
Old concrete member data
- 18 -
Concrete member data in version 15
Properties of 1D Member data

1D Member data are arranged similarly as Concrete settings (structure). Generally, there are the following items.
l Name – name of the member data

l Member - name of the associated member
l Member type - generally member data can be set for Beam, Columns and Beam Slab differently.
l Advanced mode - some items are visible only in advanced mode
l Solver settings
l Design defaults
- 19 -
Chapter 4
Solver settings
General
Creep
Type input of creep coefficient
Type of calculation creep coefficient:
Description - user value - creep coefficient inputted directly by the user
- auto - creep coefficient is calculated automatically by the program
Default Combo box ; Type = Auto / User input; default = Auto
φ
Code Annex B.1
Level Standard
Member 1D member (Beam / Column / Beam Slab)
Relative humidity
Description Relative humidity of ambient environment
Default Edit box; RH = 50%
Code Annex B.1
Level Advanced
Figure 1D member (Beam / Column / Beam Slab)
Age of concrete at loading

Description Age of concrete at loading of the member
Default Edit box; t0 = 28days
Code Annex B.1
Level Advanced
Age of concrete at the moment considered

Age of concrete at the moment considered. It means, time, which creep
Description
coefficient is calculated for.
Default Edit box; t = 1825days
Code Annex B.1
Level Advanced
- 20 -
SLS
Use effective modulus of concrete
Possibility to use effective E modulus of concrete. It means the long-
Description term behaviour of concrete is covered in the analysis of the crack width,
stress limitations and stiffness calculation.
Default Check box, default NO
Code 7.1(2)
Level Advanced
Internal forces
Isolated member
The geometric imperfection is calculated as for isolated member, if this
Description
parameter is ON
Default Check box; default True
Code 5.8.8.2
Level Advanced
Member Column
Determination of unfavourable direction

Determination of the direction for calculation of second order effect and
geometrical imperfection effect and geometrical imperfection according
to conditions 5.38a a 5.38b
- Auto: automatic calculation of direction for taking into account second
order effect and geometrical imperfection according to conditions 5.38a
Description a 5.38b
- Uniaxial: second order effect and geometrical imperfection is taken
into account only in one (more unfavourable direction)
- Biaxial: second order effect and geometrical imperfection is taken into
always in both directions
Default Combo box Auto / uniaxial / biaxial; default Auto
Code 5.8.9
Level Advanced
Member Column
Internal forces ULS

Use minimum value of eccentricity
The minimum value of eccentricity is taken into account for calculation
Description
first order eccentricity, if this parameter is ON.
- 21 -
Chapter 4
Default Check box default True

Code 6.1.4
Level Advanced
Member Column
Use geometric imperfection

The geometric imperfection is taken into account for calculation first
Description
order eccentricity, if this parameter is ON.
Default Check box, default True
Code 5.2.5
Level Standard
Member Column
Use second order effect

The second order effect is taken into account, if slenderness is greater
Description
than limit slenderness and this parameter is ON.
Code 5.8.8
Level Standard
Member Column
Estimation ratio of longitudinal reinforcement for recalculation

Estimation ratio of longitudinal reinforcement for calculation mechanical
reinforcement ratio in design of reinforcement. Mechanical ratio is cal-
Description
culated for calculation limit slenderness (chapter 5.8.3.1(1) and second
order effect - method based on nominal curvature (formula 5.36)
Default Edit box; default µs = 1 %
Code 6.2.3
Level Advanced
Member Column
Take into account additional tensile force caused by shear force

If the check box is ON , the additional tensile force caused by shear force
Description
is taken into account by using shift rules
Code 9.2.1.3(2)
Level Standard
Member Beam / Beam Slab
- 22 -
Design As
Design method (beams)
Method for design of longitudinal reinforcement for beams and beams
Description
slab
Combo box; Auto / Uniaxial around y / Uniaxial around z / Biaxial;
Default
Default Auto
Code -
Level Advanced
Design method (columns)

Description Method for design of longitudinal reinforcement for columns
Default
Default Auto
Code -
Level Advanced
Member Column
Interaction diagram
Interaction diagram method
Possibility to set method for evaluation of results using interaction dia-
gram:
- NRd - assuming MEd is constant
Description - MRd - assuming NEd is constant

- NRdMrd - - assuming eccentricity is constant
- Mrdy - assuming MEdz is constant
- Mrdz - - assuming MEdy is constant
Default Combobox NRd / MRd / NRdMrd / Mrdy / Mrdz, default NRdMRd
Code 6.1
Level Standard
Shear
Type calculation / input of angle of compression strut
Type calculation of angle of between of compression strut and member
Description axis for shear check
- Auto: automatic calculation of minimum angle based on condition
- 23 -
Chapter 4
VEd<=VRd.max
- User(angle) : the value is inputted by the user as angle
- User(cotangent) : the value is inputted by the user as cotangent of the
value
Combo box, Auto / User (angle) / User (cotangent); default User
Default
(angle)
Code 6.2.3
Level Standard
Shear between web and flange

Input type for angle between compression strut and member axis for lon-
gitudinal shear check
Description - User(angle): the value is inputted by the user as angle
- User(cotangent): the value is inputted by the user as cotangent of the
value
Default Combo box, User (angle) / User (cotangent); default User (angle)
Code 6.2.4(4)
Level Advanced
Angle of compression strut

Angle between compression strut and member axis for longitudinal
Description shear check; editable only if type of calculation of compression strut
angle is User (angle)
Default Edit box, θf = 40deg
Code 6.2.4(4)
Level Advanced
Cotangent angel of compression strut

Cotangent of the angle between compression strut and member axis
Description for longitudinal shear check; editable only if type of calculation of com-
pression strut angle is User (cotangent)
Default Edit box, cot θf =1,2
Code 6.2.4(4)
Level Advanced
- 24 -
Torsion
Equivalent thin walled cross-section
Type of equivalent thin- walled cross- section used for calculation of
Description
cross-section capacity in torsion
Combo box; Automatic / From stirrups from torsion / From effective
Default CSS / From effective rectangular CSS; / User input of thin-walled closed
cross-section; default Automatic
Code 6.3.1(3)
Level Advanced
Area of thin walled closed cross-section

An area of thin walled closed cross-section enclosed by the centre- lines
of the connecting walls, including inner hollow areas; visible only if Equi-
Description
valent thin walled cross-section is set to User input of thin-walled closed
cross-section
Default Edit box; default 0mm2
Code 6.3.1(3)
Level Advanced
Outer circumference of the cross-section

Outer circumference of the cross-section; visible only if Equivalent thin
Description walled cross-section is set to User input of thin-walled closed cross- sec-
tion
Code 6.3.1(3)
Level Advanced
Effective wall thickness

Thickness of equivalent thin-walled cross- section. It may be taken as
A/u, but should not be taken as less than twice the distance between
Description edge and centre of the longitudinal reinforcement; visible only if Equi-
valent thin walled cross-section is set to User input of thin-walled closed
cross-section
Code 6.3.1(3)
Level Advanced
- 25 -
Chapter 4
Cracking forces
Type of strength for calculation of cracking forces
Type of tensile strength of concrete used for calculation of cracking
Description forces in SLS checks (stresses and deflections). It is possible to select
between fctm (Table 3.1) and fctm,fl (Clause 3.1.8).
Default Combobox fctm / fctm,fl (default fctm )
Code 7.1(2)
Level Advanced
Value of strength for calculation of cracking forces

Value of strength of concrete used for calculation of cracking forces in
SLS checks (stresses and deflections). It is possible to select between
a) 0MPa - first crack appears when tensile stress is reached in concrete
Description
cross-section
b) fcteff - first crack is appears when effective tensile strength is reached
in cross-section
Default Combo box 0MPa/ fctm,eff (default fct,eff )
Code 7.1(2)
Level Advanced
Crack width
Type of maximal crack width
Possibility to automatically determined crack width according to expos-
Description ure class, combination and type of structure or to set user defined value
of crack width
Default Combo box; Auto / User; default Auto
Code 7.3.1(5)
Level Standard
User defined value of crack width

Description User defined crack width
Default Edit box; winp = 0,3mm
Code 7.3.1(5)
Level Standard
- 26 -
Deflections
Maximal total displacement L/x; x =
Maximal total (nonlinear+creep) displacement allowed for 1D member
Description
expressed as span / depth ratio
Default Edit box; xtot = 250
Code 7.4.1(4)
Level Standard
Maximal additional displacement L/x; x =

Maximal additional (total - immediate) displacement allowed for 1D
Description
member expressed as span / depth ratio
Default Edit box; xadd = 500
Code 7.4.1(5)
Level Standard
Design defaults
Minimal concrete cover

Different surfaces
If YES, then the minimal concrete cover is calculated independently per
Description
surface and all items for concrete cover are split into lower and upper
Default Edit box , default = 50 years
Code -
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Beam / Beam Slab)
Structural class
Design working life is information used for determination of minimal con-
Description
crete cover
Code 4.4.1.2(5), table 4.3N
Level Standard
Figure -
- 27 -
Chapter 4
Design working life

Description
crete cover
Code 4.4.1.2(5), table 4.3N
Level Standard
Figure -
Risk of corrosion attack

Corrosion induced by carbonation
Exposure class caused by carbonation is used for determination of min-
Description
imal concrete cover in Table 4.4N
Default Combo box;None / X0 /XC1 / XC2 / XC3 / XC4; default =XC3
Code 4.4.1.2(5), table 4.3N
Level Standard
Figure -
Corrosion induced by chlorides

Exposure class caused by chlorides is used for determination of minimal
Description
concrete cover in Table 4.4N
Default Combo box; None / XD1 / XD2 / XD3; default =None
Code 4.4.1.2(5), table 4.3N
Level Standard
Figure -
Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water

Exposure class caused by chlorides from sea water is used for determ-
Description
ination of minimal concrete cover in Table 4.4N
Default Combo box; None / XS1 / XS2 / XS3; default =None
Code 4.4.1.2(5), table 4.3N
Level Standard
Figure -
- 28 -
Free / thaw attack

Description Additional Exposure class caused by freezing or thawing
Default Combo box; None / XF1 / XF2 / XF3; default =None
Code 4.4.1.2(12)
Level Standard
Figure -
Chemical attack
Description Additional Exposure class caused by chemical attack
Default Combo box; None / XA1 / XA2 / XA3; default =None
Code 4.4.1.2(12)
Level Standard
Figure -
Risk of abrasion attack

Description Additional Exposure class caused by abrasion attack
Default Combo box; None / XM1 / XM2 / XM3; default =None
Code 4.4.1.2(13)
Level Advanced
Figure -
Possibility of special control

Special geometric control
To take into account additional deviation to nominal concrete cover
Description
caused by special geometric control
Default Check box; default = True
Code 4.4.1.3(3)
Level Advanced
Figure -
Special quality control

Description
caused by special concrete quality control
- 29 -
Chapter 4
Default Check box; default = True

Code 4.4.1.2(5)
Level Advanced
Figure -
Risk of casting on atypical surface

Description
caused by casting on atypical surface
Combo box; Standard / Against prepared ground / Again soil / Uneven
Default
surface default = Standard
Code 4.4.1.3(4)
Level Advanced
Figure -
Concrete characteristic
Type of concrete
Description
caused by production type
Default Combo box; In-situ / Prefabricated ; default = In-situ
Code 4.4.1.3(1P, 3)
Level Advanced
Figure -
Beam
Longitudinal
Material
Description Information about material of longitudinal reinforcement
Default Link to library; default taken from setting in Project data
Code -
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Beam
- 30 -
Upper
Diameter of upper reinforcement
Description Information about diameter of upper of reinforcement
Default Edit box; default ds,u = 16mm
Code -
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Beam
Type of cover of upper reinforcement

Description Information about type of cover of upper reinforcement
Default Combo box; Auto / User; default = Auto
Code 4.4.1
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Beam
User defined concrete cover of upper reinforcement

Possibility to define concrete cover of upper reinforcement; this
Description
item is visible only if the item above is set to User
Default Edit box; cu = 30mm
Code 4.4.1
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Beam
Lower
Diameter of lower reinforcement
Description Information about diameter of lower of reinforcement
Default Edit box; default ds,l = 16mm
Code -
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Beam
Type of cover of lower reinforcement

Description Information about type of cover of lower reinforcement
- 31 -
Chapter 4

Code 4.4.1
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Beam
User defined concrete cover of lower reinforcement

Possibility to define concrete cover of lower reinforcement; this item is
Description
visible only if the item above is set to User
Default Edit box; cl = 30mm
Code 4.4.1
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Beam
Side
Type of cover of side reinforcement
Description Information about type of cover of side reinforcement
Code 4.4.1
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Beam
User defined concrete cover of side reinforcement

Possibility to define concrete cover of sidereinforcement; this item is vis-
Description
ible only if the item above is set to User
Default Edit box; cs = 30mm
Code 4.4.1
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Beam
Stirrups
Material
Description Information about material of stirrups reinforcement
- 32 -
Code -
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Beam
Diameter of stirrups
Description Information about diameter of stirrups
Default Edit box; dss = 8mm
Code -
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Beam
Number of cuts
Description Information about number of cuts for shear reinforcement
Default Edit box; ns = 2
Code -
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Beam
Angle
Angle between shear reinforcement and the beam axis perpendicular
Description
to the shear force
Default Edit box; α = 90deg
Code -
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Beam
Beam slab
Longitudinal
Material
Description Information about material of longitudinal reinforcement
Code -
- 33 -
Chapter 4
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Beam slab
Upper
Code -
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Beam slab

Code 4.4.1
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Beam slab

Possibility to define concrete cover of upper reinforcement; this item is
Description
Code 4.4.1
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Beam slab
Lower
Code -
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Beam slab
- 34 -

Code 4.4.1
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Beam slab

Description
Code 4.4.1
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Beam slab
Column
Longitudinal
Material
Description Information about material of main reinforcement
Code -
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Column
Main
Diameter of main reinforcement
Description Information about diameter of main of reinforcement
Default Edit box; default ds,m = 16mm
Code -
Level Standard
Figure
Member Column
- 35 -
Chapter 4
Type of cover of main reinforcement

Description Information about type of cover of main reinforcement
Code 4.4.1
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Column
User defined concrete cover of main reinforcement

Possibility to define concrete cover of main reinforcement; this item is vis-
Description
Default Edit box; cm = 30mm
Code 4.4.1
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Column
Stirrups
Material
Description Information about material of stirrups reinforcement
Code -
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Beam / Column
Code -
Level Standard
Figure -
Number of cuts
- 36 -
Code -
Level Standard
Figure -
Angle
Description
to the shear force
Code -
Level Standard
Figure -
This group of items is related to user defined shear reinforcement which is considered as real inputted reinforcement on
member. This replaces user defined shear reinforcement which is not taken into account for design. Check shear and tor-
sion is not influenced by this settings.
Material
Description Information about material of inputted stirrups reinforcement
Code -
Level Advanced
Figure -
Angle
Description
to the shear force
Code -
Level Advanced
Figure -
Area of shear reinforcement per meter

Information about defined shear reinforcement taken into account as
Description
real reinforcement for shear design
Default 0 mm2
- 37 -
Chapter 4
Code -
Level Advanced
Figure -
- 38 -
Concrete settings (structure)

There is brand new Concrete settings (structure) setup for concrete members which contains all needed settings coming
from code or calculation routines. The global settings located in Concrete settings (structure) are by default valid for all mem-
bers in the project, unless they are overwritten by Settings per member - 1D member data. A lot of input parameters and cal-
culation settings are collected here, reflecting the complexity of the Eurocode.
Concrete settings dialogue

This dialogue is split into two main parts. The left part contains the values themselves and right side includes explanatory fig-
ure with description of the value. Additionally there are several buttons for search, filtering, mode selection and default set-
tings.
Concrete settings dialogue is presented as a kind of table with 9 columns (description, symbol, value, default, unit, chapter,
code, structure and check type). Each column has enabled possibility for search. User can easily start typing at the first row
of column and see intermediate output of the search.
Find
There's also a 'Find' function, where the user can insert a search term. It brings some kind of filtering of items in the setup.
This function enables searching the defined value anywhere in the Concrete setting dialogue
View
Furthermore, very useful new thing is possibility of switch type of view of items of setup - concrete commands view, code
chapter view or list view. The first view is according to commands (Concrete commands view) used for design and check.
- 39 -
Chapter 5
View possibilities and Concrete commands view

Another view is based on numbering from design code as mentioned on the following figure.
Code chapters view

The last predefined view is the List view where all items are listed and could be alphabetically sorted.
- 40 -
List view
Additionally, the User has also possibility to create his own view based on filtered items and use them for quick changes later
on. User defined view can be crated using Save actual view and definition of the name.
Afterwards, this view is possible to select in User item. This user view is possible to save or import from the file using Save
views into file, and Import views from file.
- 41 -
Chapter 5
User defined view

Finally, there is possibility to see only changed items using option Show only changed items.
Filters
The user can choose between a Standard or Advanced level, which filters the amount of data. The example is visible on
group Solver settings - General.
Standard view
- 42 -
Advanced view
Default
Finally, when the user wants go back to predefined values it is possible to easily press button default and all settings are
restored.
Concrete settings - Values

Generally, the items in Concrete settings are spit into two main groups:
l Solver settings
l Design defaults
Solver settings
General
Limit value of unity check
Description Limit value of unity heck when the check is still OK
Default Edit box , default = 1,0
Code -
Level Standard
Figure -
Value of unity check for not calculated unity checks

Value of unity check which is presented when the unity check is not pos-
Description
sible to calculated due to some errors during calculation
- 43 -
Chapter 5
Default Edit box; default = 3,0

Code -
Level Advanced
Figure -
The coefficient for calculation effective depth of cross-section

The coefficient for calculation effective depth of cross- section from
depth of cross-section, if effective depth of cross- section is not possible
Description
to calculate from plane of equilibrium (tensile reinforcement or com-
pressive concrete fibre was not found)
Default Edit box; default Coeffd = 0,9
Code -
Level Advanced
Figure
The coefficient for calculation of inner lever arm

The coefficient for calculation inner lever arm from effective depth of
crosssection, if effective inner lever arm is not possible to calculate from
Description
plane of equilibrium (tensile reinforcement or compressive concrete
fibre was not found)
Default Edit box Coeffz = 0,9
Code -
Level Advanced
Figure
- 44 -
The coefficient for calculation force, where member as under compression

The coefficient for calculation force, where member is considered as
Description
under compression. If NEd <= Ncom => member under compression
Default Edit box Coeffcom = 0,1
Code -
Level Advanced
Figure
Creep
Type input of creep coefficient
Type of calculation creep coefficient:
Description - user value - creep coefficient inputted directly by the user
- auto - creep coefficient is calculated automatically by the program
Default Combo box ; Type = Auto / User input; default = Auto
φ
Code Annex B.1
Level Standard
Figure -
Relative humidity
Description Relative humidity of ambient environment
Default Edit box; RH = 50%
Code Annex B.1
Level Advanced
Figure -
Age of concrete at loading

Description Age of concrete at loading of the member
Default Edit box; t0 = 28days
Code Annex B.1
Level Advanced
Figure -
- 45 -
Chapter 5
Age of concrete at the moment considered

Age of concrete at the moment considered. It means, time, which creep
Description
coefficient is calculated for.
Default Edit box; t = 1825days
Code Annex B.1
Level Advanced
Figure -
SLS
Use effective modulus of concrete
Possibility to use effective E modulus of concrete. It means the long-
Description term behaviour of concrete is covered in the analysis of the crack width,
stress limitations and stiffness calculation.
Code 7.1(2)
Level Advanced
Figure
Internal forces
Use equivalent first order value
The first order moment is taken into account as equivalent first order
Description
moment, if this parameter is ON.
Default Check box , default True
Code 5.8.8.2(2)
Level Advanced
Figure
- 46 -

Determination of the direction for calculation of second order effect and
geometrical imperfection effect and geometrical imperfection according
to conditions 5.38a a 5.38b
- Auto: automatic calculation of direction for taking into account second
order effect and geometrical imperfection according to conditions 5.38a
Description a 5.38b
- Uniaxial: second order effect and geometrical imperfection is taken
into account only in one (more unfavourable direction)
- Biaxial: second order effect and geometrical imperfection is taken into
always in both directions
Default Combo box Auto / uniaxial / biaxial; default Auto
Code 5.8.9
Level Advanced
Figure
Internal forces ULS

Take into account additional tensile force caused by shear force
If the check box is ON , the additional tensile force caused by shear force
Description
is taken into account by using shift rules
Code 9.2.1.3(2)
Level Standard
Figure -
- 47 -
Chapter 5
Use minimum value of eccentricity

The minimum value of eccentricity is taken into account for calculation
Description
first order eccentricity, if this parameter is ON.
Code 6.1.4
Level Advanced
Figure

Description
Code 5.2.5
Level Standard
Figure -

The second order effect is taken into account, if slenderness is greater
Description
than limit slenderness and this parameter is ON.
Code 5.8.8
Level Standard
- 48 -
Figure
Estimation of longitudinal reinforcement for recalculation internal forces

Estimation ratio of longitudinal reinforcement for calculation mechanical
reinforcement ratio in design of reinforcement. Mechanical ratio is cal-
Description
culated for calculation limit slenderness (chapter 5.8.3.1(1) and second
order effect - method based on nominal curvature (formula 5.36)
Default Edit box; default µs = 1 %
Code 6.2.3
Level Advanced
Figure -
Internal forces SLS
Description
Code 5.2.5
Level Standard
Figure -
Design As
Coefficient for reduction of strength of the concrete in compressive concrete
Coefficient for reduction of strength of the concrete in compressive con-
Description crete which is used for calculation design value of resistance of concrete
compressive strut nRd = Acc ·Redfcd·fcd
Default Edit box, default Redfcd = 0,85
- 49 -
Chapter 5
Code -
Level Advanced
Figure -
Limit ratio of bending moment for uni axial method

Limit ratio of bending moments for using uniaxial design method. If ratio
of bending moments is lesser than limit ratio, uniaxial design method is
Description used and smaller value of bending moment and shear force is neg-
lected.
Ratiouni = min ( MEdy / MEdz ) / max ( MEdy / MEdz )
Default Edit box, Ratio lim = 0,1
Code -
Level Standard
Figure -
Design method (beams)

Method for design of longitudinal reinforcement for beams and beams
Description
slab
Default
Default Auto
Code -
Level Advanced
Figure -
Design method (columns)

Description Method for design of longitudinal reinforcement for columns
Default
Default Auto
Code -
Level Advanced
Figure -
Interaction diagram
Interaction diagram method
Possibility to set method for evaluation of results using interaction dia-
gram:
Description
- NRd - assuming MEd is constant
- MRd - assuming NEd is constant
- 50 -
- NRdMrd - - assuming eccentricity is constant

- Mrdy - assuming MEdz is constant
- Mrdz - - assuming MEdy is constant
Default Combobox NRd / MRd / NRdMrd / Mrdy / Mrdz, default NRdMRd
Code 6.1
Level Standard
Figure
Division of strain
Calculation precision for one of the diagram “branches” during gen-
eration of interaction diagram. The value means how many times the
Description
strain plane is readjusted from the position of section under full com-
pression to the position of section under full tension
Default Edit box; 200
Code -
Level Advanced
Figure
- 51 -
Chapter 5
Number of points in vertical cut

Number of directions in which the interaction diagram is calculated (num-
Description
ber of “branches”) during generation of interaction diagram
Default Edit box; 36
Code -
Level Advanced
Figure
Shear
Type calculation of angle of between of compression strut and member
axis for shear check
- Auto: automatic calculation of minimum angle based on condition
Description VEd<=VRd.max
- User(angle) : the value is inputted by the user as angle
- User(cotangent) : the value is inputted by the user as cotangent of the
value
Combo box, Auto / User (angle) / User (cotangent); default User
Default
(angle)
Code 6.2.3
Level Standard
Figure
- 52 -

Angle between of compression strut and member axis for shear check;
Description editable only if type of calculation of compression strut angle is User
(angle)
Default Edit box, θ = 40deg
Code 6.2.3
Level Standard
Figure

Cotangent angle between of compression strut and member axis for
Description shear check; editable only if type of calculation of compression strut
angle is User (cotangent)
Default Edit box, cot θ =1,2
Code 6.2.3
Level Standard
Figure
Shear between web and flange

Input type for angle between compression strut and member axis for lon-
Description gitudinal shear check
- User(angle): the value is inputted by the user as angle
- 53 -
Chapter 5
- User(cotangent): the value is inputted by the user as cotangent of the

value
Default Combo box, User (angle) / User (cotangent); default User (angle)
Code 6.2.4(4)
Level Advanced
Figure

Angle between compression strut and member axis for longitudinal
Description shear checkk; editable only if type of calculation of compression strut
angle is User (angle)
Default Edit box, θf = 40deg
Code 6.2.4(4)
Level Advanced
Figure

Cotangent of the angle between compression strut and member axis
Description for longitudinal shear check; editable only if type of calculation of com-
pression strut angle is User (cotangent)
Default Edit box, cot θf =1,2
Code 6.2.4(4)
Level Advanced
Figure
Torsion
Equivalent thin walled cross-section
Type of equivalent thin- walled cross- section used for calculation of
Description
cross-section capacity in torsion
Default Combo box; Automatic / From stirrups from torsion / From effective
- 54 -
CSS / From effective rectangular CSS; default Automatic

Code 6.3.1(3)
Level Advanced
Figure -
Stress limitation
Indirect load
When the stress in reinforcement is caused by the indirect load
Description (imposed deformation) then the stress should not exceed different max-
imal value
Code 7.2(5)
Level Advanced
Figure
Cracking forces
Type of tensile strength of concrete used for calculation of cracking
Description forces in SLS checks (stresses and deflections). It is possible to select
between fctm (Table 3.1) and fctm,fl (Clause 3.1.8).
Default Combobox fctm / fctm,fl (default fctm )
Code 7.1(2)
Level Advanced
- 55 -
Chapter 5
Figure

Value of strength of concrete used for calculation of cracking forces in
SLS checks (stresses and deflections). It is possible to select between
a) 0MPa - first crack appears when tensile stress is reached in concrete
Description
cross-section
b) fcteff - first crack is appears when effective tensile strength is reached
in cross-section
Default Combo box 0MPa/ fctm,eff (default fct,eff )
Code 7.1(2)
Level Advanced
Figure -
Deflection
Maximal total displacement L/x; x =
Descrip- Maximal total (nonlinear+creep) displacement allowed for 1D member
tion expressed as span / depth ratio
Default Edit box; xtot = 250
Code 7.4.1(4)
Level Standard
- 56 -
Figure
Maximal additional displacement L/x; x =

Descrip- Maximal additional (total - immediate) displacement allowed for 1D mem-
tion ber expressed as span / depth ratio
Default Edit box; xadd = 500
Code 7.4.1(5)
Level Standard
Figure
Detailing provisions
Longitudinal reinforcement
Check min. bar distance
Setting if minimal clear bar distance of longitudinal reinforcement for
Description
beam is checked or not.
Default Checkbox YES
Code 8.2(2)
- 57 -
Chapter 5
Figure
Minimal bar distance

Additional limit for minimal clear bar distance of longitudinal rein-
Description
forcement for beam
Default Edit box slb,min = 20mm
Code 8.2(2)
Figure
Check max. bar distance

Setting if maximal clear bar distance of longitudinal reinforcement for
Description
Default Checkbox NO
Code Code-independent
Figure
- 58 -
Maximal bar distance

Additional limit for maximal clear bar distance of longitudinal rein-
Description
forcement for beam
Edit box slb,max = 350mm; this item is visible only if check box above is
Default
set ON
Figure
Check max. bar distance (torsion)

Setting if maximal centre- to- centre bar distance of longitudinal rein-
Description forcement for beam based on torsion requirement is checked or not.
This value is checked if torsional moment exists in cross-section only.
Code 9.2.3(4)
Figure
Maximal bar distance (torsion)

Maximal centre- to- centre bar distance of longitudinal reinforcement
Description for beam based on torsion requirement. This value is checked if tor-
sional moment exists in cross-section only.
Edit box slbt,max = 350mm; this item is visible only if check box above is
Default
set ON
Code 9.2.3(4)
- 59 -
Chapter 5
Figure
Check min. reinforcement area

Setting if minimal reinforcement area of longitudinal reinforcement for
Description
Code 9.2.1.1(1)
Figure
Check min. reinforcement area for secondary member

Description secondary beam is checked or not. Settings for secondary member is
defined in Concrete member data
Code 9.2.1.1(1)
Figure -
Check max. reinforcement area

Setting if maximal reinforcement area of longitudinal reinforcement for
Description
- 60 -
Code 9.2.1.1(3)
Figure
Stirrups
Check min. mandrel diameter
Setting if minimal mandrel diameter of stirrups for beam is checked
Description
or not
Default Checkbox NO
Code 8.3(2)
Figure -
Check max. longitudinal spacing (shear)

Setting if maximal longitudinal spacing of stirrups based on shear
Description
requirements is checked or not.
Code 9.2.2(6)
Figure
Check max. longitudinal spacing (torsion)

Setting if maximal longitudinal spacing of stirrups based on torsion
Description
- 61 -
Chapter 5

Code 9.2.3(3)
Figure
Check max. transverse spacing (shear)

Setting if maximal transverse spacing of stirrups based on shear
Description
Code 9.2.2(8)
Figure
Check min. percentage of stirrups

Description Setting if minimal percentage of stirrups for beam is checked or not.
Code 9.2.2(5)
Figure -
Check max. percentage of stirrups

Description Setting if maximal percentage of stirrups for beam is checked or not.
- 62 -
Code 6.2.3(3)
Figure -
Beam Slab
Longitudinal
Description
beam slab is checked or not.
Code 8.2(2)
Figure

Description
forcement for beam slab
Code 8.2(2)
Figure

Setting if maximal centre- to- centre bar distance of longitudinal rein-
Description forcement for beam slab is checked or not. Only principal reinforcement
is checked
- 63 -
Chapter 5

Code 9.3.1.1(3)
Figure

Description
Code 9.3.1.1(1)
Figure

Description
Code 9.3.1.1(1)
- 64 -
Figure
Column
Main
Description
column is checked or not.
Code 8.2(2)
Figure

Description
forcement for column
Default Edit box slc,min = 20mm
Code 8.2(2)
- 65 -
Chapter 5
Figure

Setting if maximal clear bar distance of longitudinal reinforcement for
Description
Default Checkbox NO
Figure

Additional limit for maximal clear bar distance of longitudinal rein-
Description
forcement for column
Edit box slc,max = 350mm; this item is visible only if check box above is
Default
set ON
Figure
- 66 -

Setting if maximal centre- to-centre bar distance of longitudinal rein-
Description forcement for column based on torsion requirement is checked or not.
This value is checked if torsional moment exists in cross-section only.
Code 9.2.3(4)
Figure

Maximal centre- to- centre bar distance of longitudinal reinforcement
Description for column based on torsion requirement. This value is checked if tor-
sional moment exists in cross-section only.
Edit box slct,max = 350mm; this item is visible only if check box above is
Default
set ON
Code 9.2.3(4)
Figure

Description
Code 9.5.2(2)
- 67 -
Chapter 5
Figure

Description
Code 9.5.2(3)
Figure
Check min. bar diameter

Setting if minimal bar diameter of longitudinal reinforcement for
Description
Code 9.5.2(1)
- 68 -
Figure
Check min. number of bars in circular column

Description Setting if minimal number of bars in circular column is checked or not.
Code 9.5.2(4)
Figure
Min. number of bars in circular column

Minimal number of bars in circular column is checked or not. This item is
Description
viable if the item above is set YES
Default Edit box; nlc,min = 4 bars
Code 9.5.2(4)
- 69 -
Chapter 5
Figure
Transverse
Setting if minimal mandrel diameter of stirrups for column is checked
Description
or not
Default Checkbox NO
Code 8.3(2)
Figure -
Check max. longitudinal spacing

Description Setting if maximal longitudinal spacing of stirrups is checked or not.
Code 9.5.3(3)
Figure

Setting if minimal diameter of longitudinal bar in column is checked or
Description
not.
- 70 -

Code 9.5.3(1)
Figure
Min bar diameter

User defined minimal diameter of longitudinal bar in column; visible if
Description
checkbox above is YES
Default Edit box; dsc,min = 6mm
Code 9.5.3(1)
Figure
Min bar diameter

User defined minimal diameter of longitudinal bar in column as mul-
Description tiplication factor of maximal diameter of longitudinal reinforcement; vis-
ible if checkbox above is YES
Default Edit box; x dsc = 25%
Code 9.5.3(1)
- 71 -
Chapter 5
Figure
Concrete settings - Design Defaults

Design defaults
Minimal concrete cover

Design working life
Description
crete cover
Default Edit box , default =50 years
Code 4.4.1.2(5), table 4.3N
Level Standard
Figure -
Risk of corrosion attack

Corrosion induced by carbonation
Exposure class caused by carbonation is used for determination of min-
Description
imal concrete cover in Table 4.4N
Default Combo box;None / X0 /XC1 / XC2 / XC3 / XC4; default =XC3
Code 4.4.1.2(5), table 4.3N
Level Standard
Figure -
Corrosion induced by chlorides

Exposure class caused by chlorides is used for determination of minimal
Description
concrete cover in Table 4.4N
- 72 -
Default Combo box; None / XD1 / XD2 / XD3; default =None

Code 4.4.1.2(5), table 4.3N
Level Standard
Figure -
Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water

Exposure class caused by chlorides from sea water is used for determ-
Description
ination of minimal concrete cover in Table 4.4N
Default Combo box; None / XS1 / XS2 / XS3; default =None
Code 4.4.1.2(5), table 4.3N
Level Standard
Figure -
Free / thaw attack

Description Additional Exposure class caused by freezing or thawing
Default Combo box; None / XF1 / XF2 / XF3; default =None
Code 4.4.1.2(12)
Level Standard
Figure -
Chemical attack
Description Additional Exposure class caused by chemical attack
Default Combo box; None / XA1 / XA2 / XA3; default =None
Code 4.4.1.2(12)
Level Standard
Figure -
Risk of abrasion attack

Description Additional Exposure class caused by abrasion attack
Default Combo box; None / XM1 / XM2 / XM3; default =None
Code 4.4.1.2(13)
Level Advanced
Figure -
- 73 -
Chapter 5
Possibility of special control

Risk of casting on atypical surface
Description
caused by casting on atypical surface
Combo box; Standard / Against prepared ground / Again soil / Uneven
Default
surface default = Standard
Code 4.4.1.3(4)
Level Advanced
Figure -
Concrete characteristic
Type of concrete
Description
caused by production type
Default Combo box; In-situ / Prefabricated ; default = In-situ
Code 4.4.1.3(1P, 3)
Level Advanced
Figure -
Beam
Longitudinal
Upper
Code -
Level Standard
- 74 -
Figure
Member Beam

Code 4.4.1
Level Standard
Figure
Member Beam

Description
Code 4.4.1
Level Standard
- 75 -
Chapter 5
Figure
Member Beam
Lower
Code -
Level Standard
Figure
Member Beam

Code 4.4.1
- 76 -
Level Standard
Figure
Member Beam

Description
Code 4.4.1
Level Standard
Figure
Member Beam
Side
Type of cover of side reinforcement
Description Information about type of cover of side reinforcement
- 77 -
Chapter 5
Code 4.4.1
Level Standard
Figure
Member Beam
User defined concrete cover of side reinforcement

Possibility to define concrete cover of sidereinforcement; this item is vis-
Description
Default Edit box; cs = 30mm
Code 4.4.1
Level Standard
Figure
Member Beam
Stirrups
- 78 -

Code -
Level Standard
Figure
Member Beam
Number of cuts
Code -
Level Standard
Figure
Member Beam
Angle
Description
to the shear force
- 79 -
Chapter 5

Code -
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Beam
Beam slab
Longitudinal
Upper
Code -
Level Standard
Figure
Member Beam slab

Code 4.4.1
Level Standard
- 80 -
Figure
Member Beam slab

Description
Code 4.4.1
Level Standard
Figure
Member Beam slab
Lower
Code -
- 81 -
Chapter 5
Level Standard
Figure
Member Beam slab

Code 4.4.1
Level Standard
Figure
Member Beam slab

Description
Code 4.4.1
- 82 -
Level Standard
Figure
Member Beam slab
Column
Longitudinal
Main
Diameter of main reinforcement
Description Information about diameter of main of reinforcement
Default Edit box; default ds,m = 16mm
Code -
Level Standard
Figure
Member Column
- 83 -
Chapter 5
Type of cover of main reinforcement

Description Information about type of cover of main reinforcement
Code 4.4.1
Level Standard
Figure
Member Column
User defined concrete cover of main reinforcement

Possibility to define concrete cover of main reinforcement; this item is vis-
Description
Default Edit box; cm = 30mm
Code 4.4.1
Level Standard
Figure
Member Column
- 84 -
Stirrups
Code -
Level Standard
Figure
Member Column
Number of cuts
Code -
Level Standard
Figure
Member Column
- 85 -
Chapter 5
Angle
Description
to the shear force
Code -
Level Standard
Figure -
Member Column
Default sway type

Sway around y axis
Yes indicates, that the members are prone to sway (unbraced) around
y axis of LCS of the member. This setting is used in calculation of slen-
Description
derness and internal forces 1D, if in Buckling data or Buckling data lib-
rary if possibility “Setting” is selected.
Default Check box ; Default True
Code -
Level Standard
Figure
Sway around z axis

Yes indicates, that the members are prone to sway (unbraced) around
z axis of LCS of the member. This setting is used in calculation of slen-
Description
derness and internal forces 1D, if in Buckling data or Buckling data lib-
rary if possibility “Setting” is selected.
Default Check box ; Default True
Code -
Level Standard
- 86 -
Figure
- 87 -
Chapter 6
Output
Numerical output
Numerical output
Results are displayed in a numerical as well as a graphical way, including dynamic images of interaction diagrams and stress
/ strain distributions.
Level of output detail
The level of output detail can be chosen in the Properties menu (Output). Generally, there are three levels of output
l Brief output - lists the unity check values of the selected members, or the required area of reinforcement. It is a simple
table for all checks with the unity checks, default Engineering Report table.
l Standard - more detailed output coming from Scia Design Forms
l Detailed - first gives an overview of the input data, then followed by a detailed calculation - very detailed output coming
from Scia Design Forms. It also includes dynamic images displaying:
l Drawing of cross-section including reinforcement layout
l Stress and strain distributions in different limit states
l 2D prints of 3D interaction diagrams
Example of Brief output
- 88 -
Output
Example of Standard output
- 89 -
Chapter 6
Example of Detailed output
- 90 -
Output
- 91 -
Chapter 6
- 92 -
Output
- 93 -
Chapter 6
Graphical output
Graphical output
Graphical output depends on amount of selected component. When only on value is chosen then only one value is drawn
without any additional text or information. When more values are chosen then all selected values are drawn parallel to
centreline of the beam with some predefined space between diagrams (for general drawing settings refer to "Displaying the
internal forces"). Additionally, each diagram is described by the explanatory text. Hereafter, you can find the graphical out-
put for Check response Unity_check; (εcc ) or (σcc ) .
- 94 -
Output
Drawing Unity check - check response
Drawing More component- check response

Generally, the colours of graphical drawing also depend on selection type and range of value (min, max) which is set in
Drawing setup.
l When the values without unity checks are chosen, then colours are the following
lValue below min – red colour
l Value in range – grey colour
l Value above max – blue colour
l When the values with unity checks are chosen, then colours are the following
lValue below min – grey colour
l Value in range – green colour
l Value above max – red colour
- 95 -
Chapter 7
Design
Design of reinforcement
First you get an overview of the input data for the design:
l Internal forces, displaying the characteristic and design values.

For member type 'column', the design values of the bending moments include the 2nd order bending moments (if
required) and the moments due to geometric imperfections.
For member type 'beam', the design values of the bending moments include the shifting of the moment line - to take the
additional tensile force due to shear into account.
l Slenderness calculation (for member type 'column'), determining if 2nd order effects need be taken into account.
The design of longitudinal reinforcement to resist N, My and Mz is done according to the Ultimate Limit State requirements.
Design method is selected based on type of member (beam x column) and according to the acting load. There is not any
limit for type of cross-section (formerly for columns rectangle and circle) nor for load type (formerly for beams - My or Mz ).
In case the required area of reinforcement exceeds the available space on one layer, more layers (with adapted lever arm)
are automatically generated. Designed reinforcement is automatically recalculated to real bars afterwards.
- 96 -
Design
Shear reinforcement
The design of shear reinforcement to resist Vy and Vz is done according to the ULS requirements. Formerly, there was pos-
sibility to design shear reinforcement just for Vy or Vz .
Internal forces - theory

Introduction
The internal forces, which are used for design and checks of concrete members can be different as internal forces cal-
culated from FEM analysis. The differences may be caused by:
l for compression member (column)

l taken into account eccentricities caused by imperfections
l taken into account second order eccentricity
- 97 -
Chapter 7
l for beams and beams as slab

l taken into account additional tensile forces caused by shear and torsion (shifting of bending moments)
. The following preconditions are used for calculation :
l The shifting of bending moments is taken into account only for beams and beams as slab and in both directions
l The second order effect and geometrical imperfection are calculated only for column in compression
l Cross-section with one polygon and one material is taken into account for calculation second order effect and imper-
fection in version SEN 15
l The material of all reinforcement bars have to be same in SEN 15
Parameters influence the calculation
Coefficient for calculation of effective depth of cross-section

Coefficient for calculation effective depth of cross-section can be set and loaded from concrete setting (Advanced level).
Default value is 0.9. This coefficient is used for calculation of the effective depth of cross-section - it is used if the effective
depth cannot be calculated from the plane of deformation or if it is calculated using the simplified formula
d = Coeff d ⋅ h
where
is height of cross-section in direction, which effective depth of cross-section is cal-

h
culated in
Coefficient for calculation of lever arm

Coefficient for calculation inner lever arm can be set and loaded from concrete setting (Advanced level). Default value is 0.9.
This coefficient is used for calculation of the inner lever arm of cross- section- it is used if the lever arm cannot be calculated
form the plane of deformation or if it is calculated using the simplified formula
z = Coeffz ⋅ d
- 98 -
Design
where
is effective depth of cross-section calculated in direction, which inner lever arm of

d
cross-section is calculated in
Angle between concrete compression strut and beam axis
Angle between concrete compression strut and beam axis perpendicular to the shear force can be calculated automatically
or input by user in SEN depending on parameter Type calculation/input angle of compression strut. This parameter
can be changed in Concrete setting (if 1D concrete member data is not defined) or in 1D concrete member data. There are
the following options:
l Auto - angle of compression strut is calculated automatically as minimal value between θmin and θmax to condition accord-
ing to equation 6.29 in EN 1992-1-1
T Ed V Ed
+ ≤1
T Rd ,max V Rd ,max
where
TEd the design torsional moment

T
the design torsional resistance moment
Rd,max
VEd the design resultant of shear forces
V design value of the maximum shear force which can be sustained by the mem-
Rd,max
ber, limited by crushing of the compression struts
l User(angle) - angle of compression strut be input directly by the user as an angle. If the inputted value is outside of the
interval θmin and θmax , the minimal or maximum value is taken into account for calculation
- 99 -
Chapter 7
l User(cotangent) - angle of compression strut be input directly by the user as cotangent of the angle. If the inputted value
is outside of the interval θmin and θmax , the minimal or maximum value is taken into account for calculation.
Minimal and maximal angle of compression strut is parameter of national annex and can be
edit in Manager of national annex
Angle of shear reinforcement

There are differences in using of angle of shear reinforcement in calculation between design of reinforcement and check.
l Design - angle of shear force for member =Beam, can be set directly in Concrete setting (if 1D concrete member data is
not defined) or in 1D concrete member data , see pictures below. For member = Column, the angle most shear rein-
forcement is always 90 degree and can not be changed.
Concrete setting 1D concrete member data
- 100 -
Design
l Check - angle of stirrups is loaded from inputted shear reinforcement. There is possible to input shear reinforcement only
with angle 90 degree in SEN 15
Type of member can be defined in properties of member via parameter Type or directly in
1D concrete member data
Use equivalent first order value

This setting allows to user set, if equivalent bending moment according to 5.8.8.2(2) in EN 1992- 1- 1 will be taken into
account for calculation first order eccentricity. This setting can be done in Concrete setting for Advanced mode. The code
EN 1992-1-1 recommend use equivalent first order moments, therefore this value is set to Yes by default.
Coefficient for calculation of force at which member is in compression

Coefficient for calculation forces, when member is in compression can be set and loaded from concrete setting (Advanced
level). Default value is 0.1. This coefficient is used for determination, if member is in compression, which is necessary for cal-
culation second order effect, imperfection and minimal eccentricity. Member is in compression, if condition below is satisfy
NEd > −Coeff com ⋅ f cd ⋅ A c
where
NEd design axial lod

fcd design value of concrete compressive strength
Ac is cross-sectional are of concrete cross-section
- 101 -
Chapter 7
Isolated member
Check box for determination, if the member is isolated member or not. Default setting is determined automatically by pro-
gram and the member is isolated, if to this member are not linked the others members. This setting can be changed in 1D
concrete member data for Member type =Column (Advanced mode). This setting is used for calculation length of the
member for calculation geometrical imperfection, clause 5.2(6) in EN 1992-1-1.
- 102 -
Design
Buckling data
The detailed description of inputting buckling data and way of calculation buckling data are described in [3]. There is
described general functionality, but for concrete member there are additional parameters for definition of buckling data.
These additional data are important for calculation eccentricities caused by imperfection (see clause 5.2(5) in EN 1992-1- 1)
and they can be defined in tab-sheet Buckling data in dialogue Buckling and relative lengths (member properties >
parameter Buckling and relative length > button Edit ).
There are following additional data:
l Combo box Tot. height – this combo allows to set type of calculation of total height of building or length of the isolated
columns. There are two items in combo box:
o Calculate – the tot height. will be calculated automatically as sum of lengths of the all members in buckling system
o User – the value can be input directly by the user. The input value will be taken into account if Calculate = User
l edit box Tot. height – this edit box allows to input total height of building or length of the isolated columns directly by the
user. The input value will be taken into account if item User is set in combo box Tot. Height.
l edit box my - is the number of vertical members contributing to the total effect of the imperfection perpendicular to y axis
of LCS. It means, that value is used for recalculation of bending moment around y axis. Only one value can be set for all
columns in buckling system
l edit box mz - is the number of vertical members contributing to the total effect of the imperfection perpendicular to z axis
of LCS. It means, that value is used for recalculation of bending moment around z axis. Only one value can be set for all
columns in buckling system
The important parameter for calculation of buckling data is type of structure (braced or
unbraced). The global type of structure can be set in Concrete Setting (Design defaults
> Default sway type) . For example , the structures is braced perpendicular to y axis of
GCS , if parameter Sway around y axis =NO (it means the structure is not prone to sway
perpendicular to y axis)
- 103 -
Chapter 7

This setting allows user to set, if geometrical imperfection will be taken into account for ULS or SLS. This setting can be done
in Concrete setting (if 1D concrete member data is not defined) or directly in 1D concrete member data for Member type
=Column
The imperfection shall be taken into account in ultimate limit states and need not be considered for serviceability limit states,
see clause 5.2(2P) and 5.2(3) in EN 1992-1-1, therefore default setting in SEN is:
l ULS - use geometric imperfection = Yes , it means geometric imperfection will be taken into account
l SLS - use geometric imperfection = No , it means geometric imperfection will not be taken into account
Use minimum eccentricity

User can set whether the minimum first order eccentricity calculated according to clause 6.1(4) in EN 1992-1-will be taken
into account in the calculation of the first order eccentricity with geometrical imperfection for ULS. This setting can be done in
Concrete setting (if 1D concrete member data is not defined) or directly in 1D concrete member data for Member type
=Column by using Advanced mode/level
- 104 -
Design

This setting allows user to set if second order effect will be taken into account . This setting can be done in Concrete setting
(if 1D concrete member data is not defined) or directly in 1D concrete member data for Member type =Column
If check box Use second order effect = Yes, then the second order effect will be taken into account, if conditions below
are satisfied:
l the combination for ULS is used

l Member type = Column and only in case that column is in compression see,"Determination whether member is in com-
pression" on page 108
l calculated slenderness is greater than limit slenderness, see"Introduction" on page 120
Design defaults
Design defaults is a special group of properties for, where user can define the basic parameters (diameter of longitudinal
and shear reinforcement, type of value of concrete cover...)for design of longitudinal and shear reinforcement.This setting
can be done in Concrete setting (if 1D concrete member data is not defined) or directly in 1D concrete member data. Th
- 105 -
Chapter 7
Concrete setting 1D concrete data
Three type of 1D members with different design defaults parameter are supported in SEN 15:
l Beam - member predominantly loaded by bending moments, for which longitudinal and shear reinforcement can be
designed. There are the following parameters:
l Longitudinal reinforcement
l diameter of upper/lower reinforcement
l type of cover of upper and lower reinforcement (auto or user defined value)
l type of cover of side reinforcement (upper, lower or user define value)
l material of longitudinal reinforcement (only in 1D concrete data)
Stirrups
l diameter of stirrups
l number of cuts (number of shear links)
l angle of shear reinforcement
l material of shear reinforcement (only in 1D concrete data)
l basic (user defined stirrup) - where user can defined user value of area of shear reinforcement per meter with some
angle and material of this reinforcement.
l Beam as slab- member predominantly loaded by bending moments for which shear reinforcement is not designed (for
example cut of 2D member).There are the following parameters:
l Column- member predominantly in compression for which longitudinal and shear reinforcement can be designed. There
are the following parameters:
- 106 -
Design

Stirrups
Design defaults in concrete setting:

l There is possibility to define design defaults for all types of 1D member (beam, column, beam slab)
l the material of longitudinal and shear reinforcement is not possible to input/edit in this setting, but material is loaded from
project data and it is same for all type of members
Design defaults in 1D concrete member data

l only design defaults of selected type of member can be edited in this setting
l material of shear and longitudinal reinforcement can be edited directly in concrete member data

This setting allows user to set in which direction second order moment and geometrical imperfection will be taken into
account. This setting can be done in Concrete setting (if 1D concrete member data is not defined) or directly in 1D concrete
member data for Member type =Column in case of Advanced mode/level
Additional tensile forces caused by shear and torsion (shifting of bending

moments)
Additional tensile forces caused by shear and torsion is taken into account is SEN15 by using simplified calculation based on
shifting of bending moments according to clause 9.2.1.3(2). Shifting of bending moment is calculated only for beams and
beams as slab.
Distance for shifting is calculated for both axes and depends on the type of member
l for beams
a = z ⋅ (cot( θ ) − cot( α )) / 2
l for beams as slab

a= d
- 107 -
Chapter 7
where
z is inner lever arm of cross-section z = Coeffz· Coeffd·h(b)
d is effective depth of cross-section d = Coeffd·h(b)

coefficient for calculation effective depth of cross-section "Coef-
Coeff
ficient for calculation of effective depth of cross-section" on page
d 98
Coeff
coefficient for calculation inner lever arm of cross-section
z
dimension of cross-section in center of gravity of css in z(y) dir-
h (b)
ection in LCS of cross-section
angle between the concrete compression strut and the beam axis
θ perpendicular to the shear force "Angle between concrete com-
pression strut and beam axis" on page 99
angle between shear reinforcement and the beam axis per-
α
pendicular to the shear force
Automatic calculation of angle between the concrete compression strut and beam axis is
calculated by simplified method for shifting with the following simplifications:
l shear of member for calculation value VRd.max is calculated as minimum width of cross-section at whole cross-section
perpendicular to direction of shear forces
l value Ak and uk for calculation of TRd.max is calculated for effective rectangular cross-section, which has the same cross-
sectional area and same perimeter as inputted cross-section
Determination whether member is in compression

The second order effect, minimal eccentricity and geometrical imperfection are taken into account only for member =
Column, which is in compression. Column is in compression if conditions below is satisfied
NEd > −Coeff com ⋅ f cd ⋅ A c
where
NEd design axial lod

coefficient for calculation force for determination, of member is in compression
Coeff
or not, see "Coefficient for calculation of force at which member is in com-
com pression" on page 101
Ac is cross-sectional are of concrete cross-section
First order bending moments with imperfection

The calculation of first order moment is calculated only for Member type = Column and it in case, that columnis in com-
pression see,"Determination whether member is in compression" above and it runs according to the following procedure:
- 108 -
Design
l first order eccentricity without effect of imperfection is calculated,

l eccentricity caused by imperfection is calculated ,
l first order eccentricity including effect of imperfection is calculated.
Calculation of first order eccentricity without effect of imperfection

There are two options for calculation first order moments and eccentricity in SEN depending on check box Use equivalent
first order value,see "Use equivalent first order value" on page 101
l the equivalent first order bending moments are taken into account. It means, that bending moments will be same at whole
length of the member. This option is used if check box Use equivalent first order value = Yes in Concrete setting (if
1D concrete member data is not defined) or in 1D concrete member data
M oez M oey
e oy = , e oz =
N Ed N Ed
l the first order eccentricity is calculated from bending moments in current section. It follows, that bending moments in each
section can be different. This option is used if check box Use equivalent first order value = No in Concrete setting (if
1D concrete member data is not defined) or in 1D concrete member data
Mz My
e oy = , e oz =
N Ed N Ed
where
e0,y(z) the 1st order eccentricity in direction of y (z) axis of LCS

My(z) the 1st order moment around of y (z) axis of LCS
NEd the design axial force in calculated section of the column (in Scia Engineer value N)
e0e,y(z) the 1st order equivalent eccentricity in direction of y (z) axis of LCS
M0e,y(z) the 1st order equivalent moment around of y (z) axis of LCS
The 1st order equivalent moment is calculated according to clause 5.8.8.2 (2) in EN 1992-1-1
M0,ey = max (0,6*M02,y +0,4*M01,y; 0,4* M02,y )
M0,ez = max (0,6*M02,z +0,4*M01,z; 0,4*M02,z )
where
M01y(z) is first end bending moments around y(z) axis of LCS with lesser absolute value as second end bending moment.
|M01y(z)|< |M02y(z)| The same values are used for calculation limit slenderness
M02y(z) is second end bending moments around y(z) axis of LCS with greater absolute value as first end bending moment.
|M02y(z)|≥ |M01y(z)| The same values are used for calculation limit slenderness
The user (real) reinforcement defined via REDES and free bars are not taken into account
for calculation effective depth of cross-section for design reinforcement to column ( Type
of check = Design ULS in service Internal forces)
Calculation of eccentricity due to imperfection

The imperfection in SEN is represented by an inclination according to clause 5.2(5) in EN 1992-1-1. The imperfection shall
be taken into account in ultimate limit states and need not be considered for serviceability limit states, see clause 5.2(2P) and
5.2(3) in EN 1992-1-1. User can set independently if the imperfection will be taken into account for ULS or SLS, see .
- 109 -
Chapter 7
The inclination is calculated around both axes ( axis y and z) of LCS according to formula:
where
F0 is the basic value of inclination. The value is National parameter, it means that value can be different for each country.
The value can be set in Manager for national annex > EN 1992-1-1 > General > ULS > General > Theta_0 )
α h is the reduction factor for length of column or height of structure. The value is calculated according to formula
α m,y(z) is the reduction factor for numbers of members calculated according to formula
l is length of column or height of structure depending on, if the member is isolated or not, see "Isolated member" on page
102
l isolated member l= L, where L is length of the member

l not isolated member l= H, where H is total height of building (buckling system). This height can be defined in Buckling
data, see "Buckling data" on page 103
my (mz ) is the number of vertical members contributing to the total effect of the imperfection perpendicular to y(z) of LCS. It
means, that value is used for recalculation of bending moment around y(z) axis of LCS. These value can be defined in Buck-
ling data, see "Buckling data" on page 103
The effect of imperfection for isolated column and for structure is taken into account always as an eccentricity according to
clause 5.2(7a) in EN 1992-1-1.
where
Fi,y(z) is the inclination around y(z) axis of LCS (perpendicular to y (z) axis of LCS)
l0,y(z) is the effective length of the member (column) around y(z) axis of LCS (perpendicular to y (z) axis of LCS), which can
be defined in Buckling data, see "Buckling data" on page 103
The direction (sign) of value of eccentricity caused by imperfection has to be same as dir-
ection (sign) of first order eccentricity.
Minimum first order eccentricity

The minimum first order eccentricity is calculated according to clause 6.1(4) in EN 1992-1-1.
e 0,min, y = max ( b
30
, 20mm ), e 0,min, z = max ( h
30
, 20mm )
where
- 110 -
Design
e0,min,y(z) is minimum first order eccentricity in direction of y (z) axis of LCS

b dimension of cross-section in centre of gravity in direction of y axis of LCS
h dimension of cross-section in centre of gravity in direction of z axis of LCS
The minimum eccentricity is taken into account,if check box Use minimum value of eccentricity =Yes ,see
The direction (sign) of minimum first order eccentricity has to be same as direction (sign) of
first order eccentricity
Calculation of first order eccentricity including effect of imperfection

First order eccentricity including effect of imperfection is calculated according to formula below
eoEd,y(z) = e0,y(z) + ei,y(z) > e0,min,y(z)
where
is the 1st order eccentricity in direction of y (z) axis of LCS ,see "Calculation of
e0,y(z)
first order eccentricity without effect of imperfection" on page 109
is eccentricity caused by imperfection in direction of y (z) axis of LCS, see "Cal-
ei,y(z)
culation of eccentricity due to imperfection" on page 109
e
is minimum first order eccentricity in direction of y (z) axis of LCS, see "Min-
0,min,y imum first order eccentricity" on the previous page
(z)
After calculation of first order eccentricity including effect of imperfection, the 1st order moment, including the effect of imper-
fections around y (z) axis of LCS is calculated:
M0Ed,y(z) = NEd* eoEd,z(y)
Calculation of second order effects

The EN 1992-1- 1 defines several methods for analysis of second order effects with axial load (general method, simplified
method based on nominal stiffness, simplified method based on nominal curvature...). The SEN allows making analysis of
second order effect by using the following methods:
l General method - equilibrium and resistance is verified in the deformed state, deformations are calculated taking into
account the relevant effects of cracking, non-linear material properties and creep, see clause 5.8.2(2) in EN 1992-1-1,
l Simplified method based on nominal curvature according to EN 1992-1-1, clause 5.8.8
The second order effect by simplified method is taken into account:
l for ultimate limit state

l only for Member type = Column and it in case, that column is in compression see,"Determination whether member is in
compression" on page 108
l check box Use second order effect in switched ON, see
l calculated slenderness is greater than limit slenderness, see"Introduction" on page 120
Calculation of second order moment

Nominal second order moment is calculated according to clause 5.8.8.2(3) in EN 1992-1-1
- 111 -
Chapter 7
M2,y(z) = NEd* e2,z(y)

where
NEd is the design axial force in calculated section of the column (in SEN value N)
e2,z(y) is the second order eccentricity in direction of z (y) axis of LCS
The second order eccentricity are calculated according to formulas below
l >l Use second order effect Second order eccentricity

z(y) z(y),lim
(1 / r ) z (y ) ⋅ l 0z (y ) 2
YES YES e 2y (z ) =
c z (y )
YES NO
NO YES e =0
2y(z)
NO NO
where
(1/r)y
the curvature around y(z) axis of LCS (perpendicular to y (z) axis of LCS) , see
(z)
is the effective length of the member (column) around y(z) axis of LCS (per-
l0,y(z)
pendicular to y (z) axis of LCS), see "Buckling data" on page 103
is a factor depending on the curvature distribution around y(z) axis of LCS
according to clause 5.8.8.2(4) in EN 1992-1-1.
cy(z) l for constant first order bending moment (non zero) at whole length of the
column and in case that equivalent bending moment is taken into account
(see"Use equivalent first order value" on page 101 ) , value 8 is used
l otherwise value 10 is used
slenderness ratio around y(z) axis of LCS, see "Calculation of slenderness" on
ly(z)
page 122
ly limit slenderness ratio around y(z) axis of LCS, see "Calculation of limit slen-
(z),lim
derness" on page 123
The direction (sign) of final value of second order eccentricity has to be same as direction
(sign) of first order eccentricity
Calculation of curvature
The curvature for calculation of second order eccentricity is calculated according to clause 5.8.8.3 in EN 1992-1-1.
(1/r)y(z) = Kr*K ,y(z)*(1/r0)y(z)
f
where
is a correction factor depending on

Kr axial load, see clause 5.8.8.3 (3) in EN
1992-1-1. This factor depends on rel-
- 112 -
Design
). The formula below can be used for

symmetrical cross- section and sym-
metrical reinforcement. For unsym-
metrical cross- section and
reinforcement the simplification accord-
ing to [4] is used nad value Kr = 1
is factor for taking into account of

creep around y(z) axis of LCS , see
clause 5.8.8.3 (4) in EN 1992- 1- 1.
This factor depends on effective creep
K ,y(z)
f ratio ( ϕef ) and factor (β y(z) ) depend-
ing on slenderness
is the basic value of curvature around y

(1/r0)y(z)
(z) axis of LCS.
It follows that the calculation of curvature depends on many parameters and factors, but the most important are the fol-
lowing:
l relative normal force, see "Relative normal force" on page 126

l mechanical ratio of reinforcement, see "Mechanical reinforcement ratio"
l effective creep ratio, see "Effective creep ratio" on page 124
l slenderness of the column, see "Coefficient Beta" below
l effective depth of cross-section,see "Design of reinforcement for rectangular section" on the next page
l basic value of curvature, see "Basic value of curvature" on page 118
Coefficient Beta
Slenderness of the column for calculation of factor K ,y(z) is taken into account by parameter (by(z)) , which is calculated
f
according to formula:
where
fck is characteristic value of concrete compressive strength

ly is slenderness ratio around y(z) axis of LCS, see "Calculation of slenderness" on
(z) page 122
Effective depth of cross-section

Effective depth of cross- section is used for calculation of basic value of curvature and it is calculated according to clause
5.8.8.3(2) in EN 1992- 1-1. The EN 1992-1-1 does not give rules when the reinforcement is not symmetrical but according
to [4] the following rules are used for calculation effective depth :
- 113 -
Chapter 7
l for symmetrical reinforcement and in case if all reinforcement is not concentrated on opposite sides, but part of it is dis-
tributed parallel
l for other cases (deign of reinforcement)

d y = b − as, dz = h − as
l for other cases (check) - the effective depth is calculated from plane of equlibrium or by simplified calculation, if this value
cannot be caluclated from this plane, see "Coefficient for calculation of effective depth of cross-section" on page 98
where
the radius of gyration of the total reinforcement area in direction of y(z) axis of
isy(z)
LCS
b dimension of cross-section in centre of gravity in direction of y axis of LCS
h dimension of cross-section in centre of gravity in direction of z axis of LCS
asy
distance of centre of tensile reinforcement from tensile edge of css
(z)
Calculation the radius of gyration of the total reinforcement and distance of centre of tensile reinforcement from tensile edge
depends on shape of cross-section and if the internal forces are calculated for design of reinforcement or for checks.. It
means, this value can be different for design of reinforcement and for checks.
The user (real) reinforcement defined via REDES and free bars are not taken into account
for calculation effective depth of cross-section for design reinforcement to column
Design of reinforcement for rectangular section

Total area of reinforcement
As =µ .Ac
s
Calculation of ratio of reinforcement in y and z direction
if σy = 0 MPa and σz =0, then ratioy = ratioz =0.5
Calculation area of reinforcement in direction of y(z) axis of LCS

As,y(z) = ratioy(z )*As
Distance of centre of tensile reinforcement from tensile edge of cross-section
a s = c nom + d ss + 0, 5 ⋅ d sm
Position of reinforcement from centroid of concrete cross-section in direction of y (z)

z sy = 0, 5 ⋅ b − a s , z sz = 0, 5 ⋅ h − a s
Second moment of reinforcement area
- 114 -
Design
Radius of gyration of the total reinforcement area
where
estimation ratio of longitudinal reinforcement

from recalculation internal forces for design, see
µ
s "Estimation of ratio of longitudinal reinforcement"
on page 122
Ac cross sectional area of concrete
the bending stress in concrete calculated for
uncracked concrete cross- section according to
formulas:
sy(z)
1st order moment around of y (z) axis of LCS (in

My(z) SEN value My(z)) without imperfection and min-
imum value of eccentricity
section modulus of concrete cross- section
around y (z) axis of LCS
Wc,y(z)
b width of rectangular cross-section

h height of the rectangular cross-section
nominal concrete cover, see "Design defaults" on
cnom
page 105
diameter of longitudinal main reinforcement of
dsm
the column, see "Design defaults" on page 105
diameter of transverse reinforcement (stirrup) of
dss
Design of reinforcement for circular section

As =µ .Ac
s
a s = c nom + d ss + 0, 5 ⋅ d sm
- 115 -
Chapter 7

z s = 0, 5 ⋅ D − a s
where

µ
on page 122
D diameter of circular cross-section
cnom
page 105
dsm
dss
Design of reinforcement for other cross-sections

As =µ .Ac
s
Area of reinforcement in each edge

Asi = As /nedge

a s = c nom + d ss + 0, 5 ⋅ d sm

z sy (z )i = dist y (z )i − a s

n 2
Isy (z ) = ∑ i =edge
1 A si ⋅ z sz ( y )
i
- 116 -
Design
where

µ
on page 122
nedge number of edge of cross-section
distance from the middle of the i-th edge to centre
disty(z) of gravity of cross-section in direction of y(z) axis
of LCS
cnom
page 105
dsm
the column,see "Design defaults" on page 105
dss
Checks for all type of cross-sections

where
the cross-sectional area of i-th bar of rein-

A1si
forcement
the position of i-th bar of reinforcement from-
zs,y(z)i centre of gravity of cross-section in direction of y
(z) axis of LCS
- 117 -
Chapter 7
Basic value of curvature

There is rule for calculation basic curvature only for symmetrical cross-section with symmetrical reinforcement. In EN 1992-
1-1, where the formula below should be used:
ε yd
(1 / r o) y (z ) =
0, 45 ⋅ d z (y )
For unsymmetrical cross- section with unsymmetrical reinforcement according to recommendation of [4] the following for-
mula should be used
ε yd + ε cu
(1 / r o) y (z ) =
d z (y )
where
strain in reinforcement at reaching design

yield strength of reinforcement
l for design of reinforcement strain in rein-

forcement at reaching design yield
strength of reinforcement is calculated
from default material properties defined in
dialogue Project data according to for-
mula:
εyd
l for checks strain in reinforcement at reach-

ing design yield strength of reinforcement
is calculated from material properties of
inputted reinforcement via REDES or
Free bars according to formula:
effective depth of cross-section in direction of

y(z) axis of LCS, see "Design of rein-
dy(z)
forcement for rectangular section" on page
114
εcu ultimate compressive strain in the concrete
design yield strength of reinforcement. The
quality of reinforcement can be input in Pro-
fyd ject data or in 1D concrete member data (see
"Design defaults" on page 105), if concrete
member data is inputted
design value of modulus of elasticity of rein-
forcement. The quality of reinforcement can
Es be input in Project data or in 1D concrete
member data (see "Design defaults" on page
105), if concrete member data is inputted
- 118 -
Design
design yield strength of i-th reinforcement in

fydi the cross- section inputted via REDES or
Free bars
design value of modulus of elasticity of i-th
Esi reinforcement in the cross-section inputted
via REDES or Free bars
Calculation of unfavourable direction

The minimum eccentricity, geometrical imperfection and first order moments including imperfection are calculated in both
directions. The second order effect depending on comparison of slenderness and limit slenderness can be calculated too in
both directions. The column will deflect under the action of the first-order moments and accidental moment. It proposed that
the second order moments will occur in whichever direction the deflection due to first-order moment as a proportion of the
effective length of the column is the greatest. It is assumed, though this is not stated in the code, that the accidental moment
and second-order moments will only occur in one direction and not in both direction at once. Therefore it is possible in Scia
Engineer, to define unfavourable direction, it means direction in which direction second order moment and geometrical
imperfection will be taken into account, see
There are 3 possibilities:
l Auto - the direction for calculation second order effect and geometrical imperfection is determined automatically accord-
ing to conditions 5.38a and 5.38 b in EN 1992-1-1
The uni axial calculation for automatic determination is taken into account, if conditions below are satisfied, otherwise
biaxial calculation will be used
λy  λy   (e 0Edz + e 2z ) / heq   (e 0Edy + e 2y ) 

 λ ≤ 2 and  λ ≤ 2 and  e ≤ 0.2 or  ≤ 0.2
 ( 0Edy + e 2y ) / b eq
( e e )
 z   z    0Edz + 2z 
l Uniaxial - second order effect and geometrical imperfection is taken into account only in one direction (more unfavourable
direction). In case, that more unfavourable direction can not be assigned (accidental bending moments, effective length
and css properties are the same in both directions), the second order effect and geometrical imperfection will be taken
into account in both directions.
l Biaxial - second order effect and geometrical imperfection is always taken into account in both directions
There are no rules for determination of unfavourable direction in EN 1992- 1- 1, therefore in Scia Engineer is used pro-
cedure described in [5], where unfavourable direction is determined according to equation below:
N Ed ⋅ e 0 Edz ⋅ λ y
ηy =
eq
N Ed ⋅ e 0 Edy ⋅ λz
ηz =
b eq
ηy >ηz - unfavourable direction is around y axis

ηy <ηz - unfavourable direction is around z axis
ηy =ηz - both direction are taken onto account
where
NEd design axial load

e0Edy(z) first order eccentricity including effect of imperfection in dir-
- 119 -
Chapter 7
ection of y (z) axis of LCS, see "Calculation of first order

eccentricity including effect of imperfection" on page 111
the second order eccentricity in direction of z (y) axis of
e2y(z) LCS, see "Calculation of second order moment" on page
111
λ y(z) is slenderness around y (z) axzis of LCS
width of equivalent rectangular section, see clause 5.8.9
(3) in EN 1992-1-1
beq
b eq = i cy ⋅ 12
heigth of equivalent rectangular section, see clause 5.8.9

(3) in EN 1992-1-1
heq
h eq = i cz ⋅ 12
radius of gyration of concrete cross-section in direction of y

icy(z) (z) axis of LCS, see "Calculation of slenderness" on page
122
Literature
1. EN 1992-1-1: 2004 Eurocode 2 : design of concrete structures – Part 1: General rules and rules for
building
2. ENV 1992-1-1: 1991 Eurocode 2 : design of concrete structures – Part 1: General rules and rules for
building
3. R.Matela: Input of buckling lenghts, tutoria
4. DESIGNERS’ GUIDE TO EN 1992-2 EUROCODE 2: DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
5. DESIGNERS’ GUIDE TO EN 1992- 1- 1 anmd EN 1992- 1- 2: EUROCODE 2: DESIGN OF

CONCRETE STRUCTURES.GENERAL RULES FOR BUILDINGS AND STRCUTURAL FIRE
DESIGN
Slenderness
Introduction
Slenderness and limit slenderness of the column should be checked before design or check of the members. Using of
second order effect in calculation depends on the check of slenderness, because if the check is slenderness is greater than
limit slenderness), the second order effect has to be taken into account for column calculation.
Conditions Calculation of second order effect
YES
NO
The slenderness and limit slenderness is calculated according to clause 5.8.3.1 and 5.8.3.2 in EN 1992-1-1. The following
preconditions are used for calculation :
- 120 -
Design
l The slenderness is calculated for beams and columns and for general load (N+My+Mz)
l The limit slenderness is calculated only in case that axial forces is smaller than zero (N < 0 kN)
l Cross-section with one polygon and one material is taken into account in version Scia Engineer 15
l The material of all reinforcement bars have to be same in Scia Engineer 15
Buckling data
The detailed description of inputting buckling data and way of calculation buckling data are described in [3]. There is
described general functionality, but for calculation of slenderness and limit slenderness are important the following prop-
erties
l properties for calculation effective length of the member around y and z axis
l if the member is braced (Sway = NO) or unbraced (Sway = YES ) around a and z axis
The important parameter for calculation of buckling data is type of structure (braced or
unbraced). The global type of structure can be set in Concrete Setting (Design defaults
> Default sway type) . For example , the structures is braced perpendicular to y axis of
GCS , if parameter Sway around y axis =NO (it means the structure is not prone to sway
perpendicular to y axis)
Creep coefficient
This value can be set in Concrete setting by using Advanced level or in 1D member data (advanced mode is ON), if is
defined. Creep coefficient can be calculated automatically by using input ages of concrete and relative humidity (see annex
B.1 in EN 1992-1-1), if the Type input of creep coefficient =Auto. If Type input of creep coefficient =User value.,
then creep coefficient can be input directly by the user.
- 121 -
Chapter 7
Estimation of ratio of longitudinal reinforcement

There are some values in design of reinforcement, which are dependent on area of reinforcement, for example:
l mechanical reinforcement ratio (µ) in calculation limit slenderness (clause 5.8.3.1(1) in EN 1992-1-1)
l mechanical reinforcement ratio (µ) in calculation second order eccentricity (clause 5.8.8.3(3) in EN 1992-1-1)
l radius of gyration of the total reinforcement area (is ) in calculation second order eccentricity (clause 5.8.8.3(2) in EN
1992-1-1)
l calculation of exponent of interaction formula x in biaxial bending calculation (clause 5.8.9.(4) in EN 1992-1-1)
These values should be calculated before design of reinforcement, but before design we do not know area of rein-
forcement. It follows that for calculation of this value
l area of reinforcement will be neglected,

l iterative calculation will be used or ,
l area of reinforcement will be estimated.
The third solution is implemented in Scia Engineer via parameter Estimation ratio of longitudinal reinforcement for recal-
culation internal forces, where user can set ratio of reinforcement, which will be used for calculation of the values above.This
value can be set in Concrete setting by using Advanced level or in 1D member data (advanced mode is ON), if is
defined. Total area of reinforcement is calculated according to formula:
As =µ .Ac
s
where
Ac cross-sectional area of concrete cross-section

estimation ratio of longitudinal reinforcement loaded from Con-
µ crete setting (if concrete member data is not defined ) or con-
s
crete member data
Calculation of slenderness
The slenderness (slenderness ratio) is calculated according to clause 5.8.3.2(1) in EN 1992-1-1.
where
l is the effective length of the member (column) around y(z) axis of LCS (per-
0,y
pendicular to y (z) axis of LCS), which can be defined via Buckling data, see
(z)
"Calculation of slenderness" above
i
is the radius of gyration of the uncracked concrete section in direction of y (z)
c,y axis of LCS
(z)
The simplified values and formulas for calculation of effective length for isolated columns,
braced and unbraced frames are described in clauses 5.8.3.2(2-4) in EN 1992-1-1
- 122 -
Design
The slenderness is calculated in each section, it follows that for arbitrary member and mem-
ber with haunch, the slenderness can be different along length of the member
Calculation of limit slenderness
The limit slenderness is calculated according to clause 5.8.3.1(1) in EN 1992- 1- 1. The limit slenderness and the slen-
derness are always checked separately for each direction according to 5.8.3.1(2) in EN 1992- 1- 1. The formula for cal-
culation of limit slenderness in EN 1992-1- 1 is national parameter, it means, that different formula, method or value can be
used in some countries, see concrete setup ( Manager for national annex > EN 1992-1-1 > General > ULS > General
> lambda_lim )
There are changes in calculation of limit slenderness for some national annex see the table below
National annex Calculation of limit slenderness

Standard EN 1992-1-1 λ_lim = (20*A*B*C) ⁄ √n
λ_lim = 25 ... for |n| ≥ 0,41
DIN EN 1992-1-1 NA
λ_lim = 16⁄√n ... for |n| < 0,41
CSN 1992-1-1 NA
λ_lim = (20*A*B*C) ⁄ √n ≤ 75
STN 1992-1-1 NA
- 123 -
Chapter 7
The limit slenderness calculated according to standard EN 1992-1-1 depends on:
l effective creep ratio feff (coefficient A),

l mechanical reinforcement ratio w (coefficient B),
l shape (ratio) of bending moment rm (coefficient C),
l relative normal force n.
The limit slenderness is not calculated if normal force (relative normal force) is com-
pressive.
The limit slenderness is calculated in each section, it follows that for arbitrary member,
member with a haunch, member with non- uniform normal force along the length of the
member or member in which the reinforcement is not constant over the length of the mem-
ber, the limit slenderness can vary along the length of the member.
Effective creep ratio

In Scia Engineer, for calculation of limit slenderness it is used creep ratio loaded from concrete setting (if member data is not
defined ) or concrete member data, see"Effective creep ratio" above . It means that if user wants to take into account effect-
ive creep ratio according to clause 5.8.4 in EN 1992-1-1, the value of this creep ratio has to be directly input to concrete set-
ting or to concrete member data. Otherwise, the final creep ratio will be taken into account
The coefficient A is calculated according to formula :
A = 1/1+0,2•f.
is creep ratio loaded from concrete setting (if concrete member data is not defined
f
on column) or concrete member data
Mechanical reinforcement ratio - check

Mechanical reinforcement ratio depends on total area of longitudinal reinforcement. For checks total area of reinforcement
is calculated from inputted reinforcement via REDES or Free bars. The mechanical reinforcement ratio is calculated
according to formula below. The mechanical reinforcement can be different along whole length of the column and in each
section of the member and it is calculated according to formula below:
where
cross-sectional area of i-th reinforcement in the cross-section of cur-

Asi
rent section inputted via REDES or Free bars
design yield strength of i-th reinforcement in the cross-section inputted
fydi
via REDES or Free bars inputted via REDES or Free bars
The coefficient B is calculated according to formula:
- 124 -
Design
B = √(1+2∙ω)
Mechanical reinforcement ratio - design
Mechanical reinforcement ratio depends on total area of longitudinal reinforcement. For design of reinforcement, total area
of reinforcement is calculated from estimation ratio loaded from Concrete setting (if concrete member data is not defined )
or concrete member data, see"Estimation ratio of longitudinal reinforcement" . The mechanical reinforcement ratio is the
same at whole length of the column and it is calculated according to formula:
f yd
ω = µs ⋅
f cd
where
µ it is estimation ratio of longitudinal reinforcement loaded from Concrete setting (if concrete member data is not defined )
s
or concrete member data
fyd design yield strength of reinforcement. The quality of reinforcement can be input in Project data(if concrete member data
is not defined ) or in concrete member data
The coefficient B is calculated according to formula:

B = √(1+2∙ω)
Shape of bending moment
Shape of bending moment is expressed by ratio of first order end section bending moments without influence of imper-
fection in direction of the selected local axis. The ratio of these moments (value r m ) depends on type of member and on
shape of shear force.
l if type of member is unbraced around local axis (sway= YES), then rm = 1,0
l if type of member is braced around local axis (sway= NO) and first order moments arise only from or predominantly due
to imperfections or transverse loading (maximum bending moment along the member is not at the beginning or at the
end of the member ), then rm = 1,0
l otherwise, value rm is calculated according to formula
where
M01y(z) it is first end bending moments around y(z) axis of LCS with lesser absolute value as second end bending moment. |
M01y(z) |< | M02y(z) | The same values are used for calculation oflimit slenderness.
M02y(z) it is second end bending moments around y(z) axis of LCS with greater absolute value as first end bending moment.
| M02y(z) |≥ | M01y(z) | The same values are used for calculation of limit slenderness.
rm.y(z) ratio of bending moment around y(z) axis of LCS which is used for calculation limit slenderness around y(z) axis of
LCS
The coefficient C is calculated according to formula:
- 125 -
Chapter 7
Relative normal force

Relative normal force is calculated according to formula
n = NEd / Ac •fcd
where
NEd design value of the applied axial force in compression
Ac cross-sectional area of concrete
If normal force is not uniform along the length of column or the part of the column (for arbit-
rary member and member with haunch), the maximum value of normal force at length of
column or the part of the column will be taken into account.
Warning and errors

The following errors, warnings and notes may occurre during the check of crack width
Number Type Description Description/Solution

N1/1 Note Cross-sectional area of reinforcement is calculated for defined user reinforcement.
N1/2 Note Cross-sectional area of reinforcement is calculated for inputted ratio of reinforcement.
N1/3 Note The effective creep ratio is taken into account as creep ratio.
N1/4 Note The value r is 1,0, because the member is unbraced around y axis or value M is zero.
my 02y
The value r is 1,0, because the member is braced around y and first order moments arise
N1/5 Note my
only from or predominantly due to imperfections or transverse loading.
N1/6 Note The value r is 1,0, because the member is unbraced around y axis or value M is zero.
mz 02z
The value r is 1,0, because the member is braced around y and first order moments arise
N1/7 Note mz
only from or predominantly due to imperfections or transverse loading.
N1/8 Note Limit slenderness is not calculated for tensile or zero normal force.
Slenderness around y axis is lesser than limit slenderness, it follows second order effect will
N1/9 Note
be ignored.
Second order effect has to
W1/1 Warning Slenderness around y axis is bigger than limit slenderness
be taken into account.
Slenderness around z axis is lesser than limit slenderness, it follows second order effect will
N1/1 Note
be ignored.
Second order effect has to
W1/2 Warning Slenderness around z axis is bigger than limit slenderness
be taken into account.
Abbreviations
Abbreviation Explanation
SEN Software SCIA Engineer
PNL Physical nonlinear calculation
GNL Geometrical nonlinear calculation
LCS Local coordinate system
GCS Global coordinate system
- 126 -
Design
REDES The module in SEN for inputting user reinforcement to 1D member via template
SLS Serviceability limit state
ULS Ultimate limit state
Literature
1. EN 1992-1-1: 2004 Eurocode 2 : design of concrete structures – Part 1: General rules and rules for
building
2. ENV 1992-1-1: 1991 Eurocode 2 : design of concrete structures – Part 1: General rules and rules for
building
3. R.Matela: Input of buckling lenghts, tutoria
Reinforcement design - theory

Introduction
Scia Engineer 15 allows to design reinforcement to general cross- section which is loaded by general internal forces (N,
My,Mz,Vy,Vz, Mx) . There is a possibility to design:
l statically required longitudinal reinforcement, see "Design of longitudinal reinforcement" on page 130
l longitudinal reinforcement including detailing provisions
l statically required shear reinforcement, see "Design of shear reinforcement" on page 140
l shear reinforcement including detailing provisions
l torsional longitudinal reinforcement, see "Torsional longitudinal reinforcement" on page 152
The following preconditions are used for calculation :
l additional tensile forces caused by shear is taken into account by shifting of bending moments, see clause 9.2.1.3(2)in EN
1992-1-1,
l cross-section with one polygon and one material is taken into account,
l practical (user defined) reinforcement is not taken into account.
Design defaults
Design defaults is a special group of properties for, where user can define the basic parameters (diameter of longitudinal
and shear reinforcement, type of value of concrete cover...) for design of longitudinal and shear reinforcement.This setting
can be done in Concrete setting (if 1D concrete member data is not defined) or directly in 1D concrete member data.
- 127 -
Chapter 7
Concrete setting 1D concrete data
Three type of 1D members with different design defaults parameter are supported in SEN 15:
l Beam - member predominantly loaded by bending moments, for which longitudinal and shear reinforcement can be
designed. There are the following parameters:
Stirrups
l angle of shear reinforcement
l basic (user defined stirrup) - where user can defined user value of area of shear reinforcement per meter with some
angle and material of this reinforcement.
l Beam as slab- member predominantly loaded by bending moments for which shear reinforcement is not designed (for
example cut of 2D member).There are the following parameters:
l Column- member predominantly in compression ffor which longitudinal and shear reinforcement can be designed. There
are the following parameters:
- 128 -
Design

Stirrups
Design defaults in concrete setting:
l There is possibility for define design defaults for all type of 1D member (beam, column, beam slab)
l the material of longitudinal and shear reinforcement is not possible to input/edit in this setting, but material is loaded from
project data and it is same for all type of members
Design defaults in 1D concrete member data
l only design defaults of selected type of member can be edited in this setting
l material of shear and longitudinal reinforcement can be edited directly in concrete member data
Design method
User can set type of method for design reinforcement for columns and beams This setting can be done in Concrete setting
(if 1D concrete member data is not defined) or directly in 1D concrete member data for Member type =Column or beams by
using Advanced mode/level
Concrete setting 1D concrete member data for beam 1D concrete member data for column
Four type of methods for design statically required reinforcement are supported for beams and columns:
l auto
l uniaxial around y
l uniaxial around z
l biaxial
Uniaxial method around y axis is always used for type of member =beam as slab.
Biaxial method independently on selected method is always used for circular and oval
columns
Limit ratio of bending moments for uniaxial method
- 129 -
Chapter 7
The automatic method for design of reinforcement is based on ratio of bending moments around y and z axis and on value
of limit ratio of bending moments for using uniaxial method. This limit value can be set and loaded from concrete setting
(Advanced level). Default value is 0.1. It follows, if ratio of maximal bending moments around y and z axis for all combinations
in current section is lesser than limit ratio of bending moments, uniaxial method is used for design, otherwise biaxial method
is used
Design of longitudinal reinforcement

The design of statically required reinforcement is based on the calculation of equilibrium. This method uses an iteration
routine to calculate equilibrium based on internal forces, the cross- section, material properties and position of rein-
forcement. Generally, this iterative method works for the interaction of the normal force (N) with uni-axial or bi-axial bending
moments (My + Mz).
There are the following assumptions:
l Plane sections remain plane.

l Strain in bonded reinforcement, whether in tension or compression, is the same as the strain in the concrete at the same
level
l Tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.
l The stresses in the concrete in compression are given by the design stress–strain relationships ( bilinear or parabola-rect-
angular stress-strain diagram)
- 130 -
Design
l The stresses in the reinforcing steel are given by the design stress–strain relationships (bilinear with or without inclined
horizontal branch stress-strain diagram)
Four methods are supported in SEN 15 for design of reinforcement for beams and columns, see "Design method" on page
129
l uni-axial around y axis, see "Uniaxial method for design" on the next page
l uni-axial around z axis, see "Uniaxial method for design" on the next page
l biaxial, see "Biaxial method for design" on page 137
l auto, see "Automatic method for design" on page 139
Uniaxial method around y axis is always used for type of member =beam as slab.
Biaxial method independently on selected method is always used for circular and oval
columns
Designed required area is for better overview and graphical presentation recalculated to directions of cross-section (mem-
ber) LCS axes, see "Recalculation reinforcement to directions" on page 135
Except of statically required longitudinal reinforcement (As.req) , the program calculates provided longitudinal reinforcement
(As.prov ). It is statically required longitudinal reinforcement area recalculated to real bars , where:
l diameter of longitudinal reinforcement is taken into account (cross-sectional area of bars with input diameter)
l minimal number of bars per edge is 2
l number of bars is rounded to integer
l corner bars are taken into account for all edges (half of bar is taken into account for one edge, and half of bar for second
edge)
- 131 -
Chapter 7
Uniaxial method for design

This method allows to design reinforcement only for normal force (NEd ) and one bending moment (M Ed). In case, that
cross-section is loaded by bending moments around both axis’s, one bending moment is ignored:
l for method uniaxial around y, the bending moment MEdz is ignored, it follows that reinforcement is designed only for
normal forces NED and bending moment MEdy
l for method uniaxial around z, the bending moment MEdy is ignored, it follows that reinforcement is designed only for
normal forces NED and bending moment MEdz
- 132 -
Design
The results of uniaxal method depend on type of member:
l for beams and beam as slab

l reinforcement is designed only at one or two edges (if compressive reinforcement is required or cross-section is
loaded only by normal force)
l the reinforcement can be unsymmetrical
l the reinforcement can be designed in more layers , see "Design for several layers" on page 135
l for columns
l reinforcement is designed always at two edges and the reinforcement is symmetrical
l reinforcement is designed always at one layer
The position of reinforcement is calculated from parameters defined in Design defaults,

see "Calculation position of reinforcement" below
Calculation position of reinforcement

The position of reinforcement is calculated from parameters which are defined in Concrete setting > Design defaults,
see"Design defaults" on page 105 . The position of reinforcement is always in the middle of the edge, which is created by off-
set of current cross-section in distance as . This distance and diameter of reinforcement can be different for each edges and
it is calculated in dependence on type of member according to formulas:
l beam
a s , lj = c nom , l + d ss +0.5 ⋅ d s , l + (s min + d s , l ) ⋅ (j − 1)
a s , uj = c nom , u + d ss + 0.5 ⋅ d s , u + (s min + d s , u ) ⋅ (j − 1)
a s , sj = c nom , s + d ss + 0.5 ⋅ d s , s + (s min + d s , s ) ⋅ (j − 1)
l beam as slab
a s , lj = c nom , l + 0.5 ⋅ d s , l + (s min + d s , l ) ⋅ (j − 1)
- 133 -
Chapter 7
a s , uj = c nom , u + 0.5 ⋅ d s , u + (s min + d s , u ) ⋅ (j − 1)
l column
a s = c nom + d ss + 0.5 ⋅ d s
where
cnom,l is concrete cover at lower surface for beam or beam as slab

cnom,u is concrete cover at upper surface for beam or beam as slab
is concrete cover for side reinforcement for beams(for edge which are not at
cnom,s lower or upper surface). This value depends on parameter Type of cover
of side reinforcement, see "Design defaults" on page 105
cnom is concrete cover for columns, the value is same for all edges
dss is diameter of stirrups for beam or column
is diameter of longitudinal reinforcement at lower surface for beam or beam
ds,l
as slab
is diameter of longitudinal reinforcement at upper surface for beam or beam
ds,u
as slab
is diameter of longitudinal reinforcement for side reinforcement for beams.
ds,s In SEN 15, this value is same as diameter of longitudinal reinforcement at
lower surface
is diameter of longitudinal reinforcement for columns, the value is same for
ds
all edges
j layer of reinforcement
smin is minimal surface-to-surface distance of reinforcement between two layers
The edge, for which parameter of upper reinforcement is used, is the edge above axis
which is crossed by line in direction of bending moment resultant for dangerous com-
bination, which causes the biggest linear stress in the cross-section
- 134 -
Design
The edge, for which parameter of lower reinforcement is used, is the edge under axis
which is crossed by line in direction of bending moment resultant for dangerous com-
bination, which causes the biggest linear stress in the cross-section
Design for several layers

The program is able to design reinforcement to more layers. It is an iterative calculation where the following procedure is
used:
l the reinforcement is designed at first layer for selected method

l designed area at each edge is checked with maximum area of reinforcement (area of reinforcement calculated from min-
imum surface to surface distance of bars), which can be placed along the edge
l if designed area at some edge is bigger than maximum area, then new design for next layer is done where:
l the area of reinforcement As,max is inputted to the previous layer
l the position of reinforcement for next layer is calculated, see "Calculation position of reinforcement" on page 133
l design with new positions of reinforcement is run with taking into account reinforcement from previous layer
Maximal number of layer which is taken into account is 5 in SEN 15. The program finishes with error when maximum num-
ber of layer (nmax =5) is inefficient.
Design for more layers is supported only for beams and beams as slab
Recalculation reinforcement to directions

Longitudinal reinforcement can be designed to more edges of cross- section and for general cross- section. Designed
required area is for better overview and graphical presentation recalculated to directions of axis’s of LCS of the cross- sec-
tion (member). The recalculation area of reinforcement depends on angle of edge from y- axis and angle of bending
moment resultant from y-axis, see pictures below. It follows, that 4 areas of reinforcement can be presented in graphical
and numerical output:
- 135 -
Chapter 7
required area of reinforcement (mostly designed for bending moment

My) placed on edges above axis y with angle of edges lesser than 45
Asz.req+ degree from y- axis. The edges with angle 45 degree and above axis y
are assigned to this direction if direction of bending moment resultant
(αM )is lesser or equal than 45 degree.
My ) placed on edges under axis y with angle of edges lesser than 45
Asz.req- degree from y- axis.The edges with angle 45 degree and under axis y
(αM ) is lesser or equal than 45 degree.
Mz ) placed on edges above axis z with angle of edges greater than 45
Asy.req+ degree from y- axis.The edges with angle 45 degree and above axis z
(αM ) is greater than 45 degree.
Mz ) placed on edges under axis z with angle of edges greater than 45
Asy.req- degree from y- axis. The edges with angle 45 degree and under axis z
(αM ) is greater than 45 degree.
- 136 -
Design
Biaxial method for design
This method allows to design reinforcement for normal force (NEd) and biaxial bending moments. This method is based on
interaction formula, equation 5.39 in EN 1992-1-1.
 M Edy a M Edz a
 M  +
 Rdy 
M Rdz ) ≤1
where
M
Ed-
is design moment around y axis
y
M
Ed-
is design moment around z axis
z
is the design moment resistance around y-axis, it means inter-
M
section of interaction diagram and line parallel with My axis across
Rd- the point with coordinates [NEd,MEdy ,0], see "Theoretical back-
y ground" on page 171
is the design moment resistance around y-axis, it means inter-
M
section of interaction diagram and line parallel with Mz axis across
Rd- the point with coordinates [NEd,0,MEdz ], see "Theoretical back-
y ground" on page 171
is exponent of interaction formula
a l for column with circular cross-section a =2

l for column with rectangular cross-section , the value is cal-
culated from the table below by interpolation
- 137 -
Chapter 7
l for other cases a =1

N
is design axial force
Ed
is design axial resistance
N
Rd NRd = A c ⋅ (f cd + µs ⋅ f yd )

estimation ratio of longitudinal reinforcement loaded from Con-
µ crete setting (if concrete member data is not defined ) or concrete
member data, see "Estimation of ratio of longitudinal rein-
s
forcement" on page 122
f
design value of concrete compressive strength
cd
design yield strength of reinforcement. The quality of rein-
f
forcement can be input in Project data(if concrete member data is
yd not defined ) or in concrete member data
Procedure of calculation:
l program designs initial area of reinforcement according to linear stress on the edges of the cross-section
l program increases area of reinforcement, generates interaction diagram around y and z axes and checks interaction for-
mula in iterative calculation, till interaction formula is not satisfied
l if interaction formula is fulfilled, then program checks plane of deformation and increase area of reinforcement , if the
plane of deformation is not found
- 138 -
Design
The results of biaxial method depends on type of member:
l for beam and beam as slab

l the reinforcement can be unsymmetrical
l exponent of interaction formula is 1
l the reinforcement can be designed in more layers , see "Design for several layers" on page 135
l for column
l reinforcement is symmetrical, if the cross-section is symmetrical
l exponent of interaction formula depends on shape of cross-section, see table above
l reinforcement is designed always at one layer
Automatic method for design
There is possibility to used automatic method for design. The program automatically select uniaxial or biaxial method accord-
ing to values of bending moments around y and z axis. It follows:
l uniaxial method (see"Uniaxial method for design" on page 132 ) is used if
(
min M Edy ,max , M Edz ,max ) ≤ Ratio
Ratio = lim
max (M Edy ,max , M Edz ,max )
l biaxial method (see"Biaxial method for design" on page 137 ) is used in other cases
where
MEdy.max is maximal design moment around y axis from all com-
- 139 -
Chapter 7
binations in current section

is maximal design moment around z axis from all com-
MEdz.max
binations in current section
is limit ratio of bending moments for uniaxial method
Ratiolim loaded from Concrete setting , see "Limit ratio of bend-
ing moments for uniaxial method" on page 129
Different method for design of reinforcement can be used in each section along the mem-
ber in dependence on values of bending moments around y and z axis from all com-
binations
Design of shear reinforcement
Design of shear reinforcement includes:
l design for biaxial shear force,see "Design of shear reinforcement for shear forces" on page 142
l design for torsion , see "Design shear reinforcement for torsion" on page 147
l design for interaction shear force and torsion, see "Design of shear reinforcement for interaction shear and torsion" on
page 149
Design is provided according to clause 6.1 -6.3 in EN 1992-1- 1. Design reinforcement for shear and torsion is commonly
based on the theory of the concrete truss-model too. In this theory a virtual truss-model is imagined in a concrete beam. This
truss-model has a set of vertical (or slightly diagonal), horizontal and diagonal members. The vertical bars are considered to
be the stirrups; the horizontal bars are the main reinforcement and the diagonal bars are the concrete struts.
- 140 -
Design
l The shear forces in both direction are taken into account and design of shear reinforcement is done for resultant of shear
forces
l The parameters of plane of equilibrium (value, d, z and h) are recalculated to direction of shear force resultant
l The design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement (VRd,c ) is calculated according to clause 6.2.2
(1) in EN 1992-1-1, if section is cracked in flexure, otherwise clause 12.6.3 in EN 1992-1-1 is used
l Design value of maximum shear force will be calculated according to clause 6.2.2(6) (VEd,max ) and 6.2.3 (3,4) (VRd,max )
in EN 1992-1-1
l Design value of shear resistance is calculated according to 6.2.3 (3,4) (VRd,s ) in EN 1992-1-1
l The number of shear link is loaded directly from Design defaults from concrete setting or concrete data, see "Design
defaults" on page 105
l The angle of compression strut can be calculated automatically or defined by user, see "Angle between concrete com-
l The torsional cracking moment (TRd,c ) is calculated according to clause 6.3.2(5) in EN 1992-1-1
l Design value of maximum of torsional resistance moment (TRd,max )is calculated according to clause 6.3.2(4) in EN
1992-1-1
l The angle of stirrups for design shear reinforcement for torsion has to be perpendicular
l There are 5 possibilities for calculation thin-walled closed section, see "Equivalent thin-walled closed cross-section" on
page 181
With the following limitations
- 141 -
Chapter 7
l Cross-section with one polygon and one material is taken into account in version SEN 15
l The user(practical) reinforcement is not taken into account
l Design should be done only in case that the angle between gradient of the strain plane and the resultant of shear forces is
not greater than 15 degrees
l Inclined compression chord or inclined tensile chord are not taken into account
l The widths of cross-section for shear checks (value bw and bw1) are calculated automatically. There is no possibility for
definition of user value in SEN 15
Except of statically required shear reinforcement per meter (A swm.req), the program cal-
culates provided shear reinforcement (A swm.prov ). It is statically required shear rein-
forcement, where the spacing of the stirrups in longitudinal direction is rounded to 25 mm
Design of shear reinforcement for shear forces
As was mentioned above, there exists general concept of “strut- and-tie” model for the prediction of shear effects in con-
crete. In this model, the top compression and bottom tensile members represent the compressive concrete and tensile rein-
forcement, respectively. The procedure for design can be represented by diagram below:
- 142 -
Design
The formulas which are used for the calculation of each component of this model are the following.
Generally, there are two possibilities for calculation of shear capacity of concrete dependently on existence of cracked in
bending:
Shear concrete capacity in region cracked in bending – formula 6.2.a,b in EN 1992-1-1
VRd , c = C Rd , c ⋅ k ⋅ (100 ⋅ ρ l ⋅ f ck ) + k 1 ⋅ σ cp ⋅ b w ⋅ d

1 /3
 
VRd , c ,min = (ν min + k 1 ⋅ σ cp ) ⋅ b w ⋅ d
Shear concrete capacity in region uncracked in bending – clause 12.6.3(3) in EN 1992-1-1

f cvd ⋅ A cc
VRd , c =
k12.6.3
Additionally, there is calculated maximal shear force (VEd,max ) ) without reduction by β for member where load is applied in
the upper side of the member (see formula 6.5 in EN 1992-1-1).
- 143 -
Chapter 7
VEd .max = 0.5 ⋅ b w1 ⋅ d ⋅ ν ⋅ f cd
Maximal capacity of concrete compressive strut (VRd,max ) is determined according to formula 6.9 in EN 1992-1-1, because
as has been mentioned before, the angle of stirrups (θ) is always perpendicular to member axis.
α cw ⋅ b w 1 ⋅ z ⋅ ν 1 ⋅ f cd
VRd ,max =
cot( θ ) + tan( θ )
Statically required cross- sectional area of the shear reinforcement per meter is calculated from the formula 6.13 in
EN 1992-1-1
Asw .re V Ed
A swm.req = =
s l .re z ⋅ f ywd ⋅ (cot( θ ) + cot(α )) ⋅ sin(α )
Design value of shear force sustained by shear reinforcement (VRd,s ) is calculated according to formula 6.13 in EN 1992-1-
1
Asw
VRd , s = ⋅ z ⋅ f ywd ⋅ (cot( θ ) + cot( α )) ⋅ sin( α )
s
1
Asw
s
Final design value of shear force (VRd ) carried by member is calculated based on the following formulas depending on type
of member and area of shear reinforcement.
l for beam as slab and for other member with only detailing stirrups (Aswm.req =0)
VRd = VRd , c ≤ min(VRd .max , VEd ,max ) + Vtd + Vccd
l for other cases
VRd = VRd , s + Vtd + Vccd ≤ min(VRd .max , VEd ,max ) + Vtd + Vccd
where
resultant of shear force

VEd
VEd = VEd , y 2 + VEd , z 2
VEd,y(z) shear force in direction of y(z)-axis of LCS

VRd,c the design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement
σct,max maximal tensile strength in uncracked cross-section
V the minimal value of design shear resistance of the member without shear
Rd,c,min
reinforcement
CRd,c coefficient for calculation VRd,c loaded from Manager for National annexes
coefficient of effective height of cross-section
k 200
k=1+ ≤2
d
δl ratio of tensile reinforcement
- 144 -
Design
Asl
ρl = ≤ 0, 02
bw ⋅d
fck characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete

k1 coefficient for calculation VRd,c loaded from Manager for National annexes
stress caused by axial force (NEd>0 for compression)
σcp N Ed
σ cp = ≤ 0, 2 ⋅ f cd
Ac
the smallest width of the cross-section in tensile area of cross-section per-

bw pendicular to direction of resultant shear force, see "Width of cross-section
for shear check" on page 192
effective depth of cross-section recalculated to direction of shear forces res-
d
ultant, see "Effective depth of cross-section for shear check" on page 192
statically required tensile area of reinforcement, see "Design of longitudinal
Asl
reinforcement" on page 130
NEd the axial force in the cross-section due to loading or prestressing.
Ac the area of concrete cross section
Coefficient of minimum value of shear resistance of the member without
νmin shear reinforcement loaded from Manager for National annexes,see equa-
tion 6.3N in EN 1992-1-1
the concrete design strength in shear and compression, see equations 12.5
and 12.6 in EN 1992-1-1
fcvd f cvd = f ctd 2 + σ ccp ⋅ f ctd σ ccp ≤ σ c ,lim
σ ccp − σ c ,lim 2
f cvd = f ctd 2 + σ ccp ⋅ f ctd − ( 2 ) σ ccp > σ c ,lim
fctd design axial tensile strength of concrete

normal (axial)stress of uncracked cross-section
σccp N Ed
σ ccp =
A cc
limit value of stress caused by axial force,

see equations 12.7 in EN 1992-1-1
σc,lim
σ c ,lim =f cd − 2 ⋅ f ctd ⋅ ( f ctd + f cd )
Acc compressed concrete area for uncracked cross-section

maximum value of shear force resultant calculated without reduction by
VEd,max
coefficient β , see clause 6.2.2(6) in EN 1992-1-1
minimum width of cross-section between tension and compression chord
bw1 perpendicular to direction of shear force, see "Width of cross-section for
shear check" on page 192
strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear loaded from Man-
ν
ager for National annexes, see equation 6.6N in EN 1992-1-1
- 145 -
Chapter 7
the design value of the maximum shear force which can be sustained by the
VRd,max
member, limited by crushing of the compression struts
coefficient taking into account state of the stress in the compression chord,
α cw see note 3 in clause 6.2.3(3) in EN 1992-1-1. The value 1 is always taken
into account for non -prestressed structures
inner lever arm of cross-section recalculated to direction of shear forces res-
z
ultant, see "Inner lever arm for shear check" on page 193
ager for National annexes, see note 1 and 2in clause 6.2.3(3) in EN 1992-
1-1.
ν1 = ν σ wd > 0, 8 ⋅ f ywk
ν1
ν1 = 0, 6 σ wd ≤ 0, 8 ⋅ f ywk a d f ck ≤ 60MPa
f ck
ν1 = 0, 9 − > 0, 5 σ wd ≤ 0, 8 ⋅ f ywk a d f ck > 60MPa
200
Angle between concrete compression strut and beam axis perpendicular to

θ the shear force, see "Angle between concrete compression strut and beam
axis" on page 99
design value of the shear force which can be sustained by the yielding shear
VRd,s
reinforcement.
A Statically required cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement per
swm.req
meter
the cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement calculated from input-
Asw ted parameters in design default, see "Design defaults" on page 105
A sw = n s ⋅ 0, 25 ⋅ π ⋅ d ss 2
diameter of stirrups loaded from Concrete setting or Concrete data, see

dss
"Design defaults" on page 105
number of cuts (shear links) loaded from Concrete setting or Concrete
ns
data, see "Design defaults" on page 105
the spacing of the stirrups in longitudinal direction,
sl.req Asw
s l .req =
Aswm .req
fywd the design yield strength of the shear reinforcement.

angle of shear reinforcement loaded from Concrete setting or Concrete
α data, see "Design defaults" on page 105. This angle for column is 90
degree.
fywk characteristic yield strength of the shear reinforcement
the design value of the shear component of the force in the tensile rein-
Vtd
forcement, in the case of an inclined tensile chord
the design value of the shear component of the force in the compression
Vccd
area, in the case of an inclined compression chord
- 146 -
Design
For member with inclined chords the additional forces haves to be taken into account for
shear check according to clause 6.2.1(1). The calculation is prepared for taking into
account also inclined chords. Nevertheless the calculation itself is not implemented yet. The
partial components are explained in the following figure.
Design shear reinforcement for torsion
As was mentioned above, there exists general concept of “strut-and-tie” model for the prediction of torsion effects in con-
crete. In this model, the top compression and bottom tensile members represent the compressive concrete and tensile rein-
forcement, respectively. The procedure for design can be represented by diagram below:
- 147 -
Chapter 7
Torsional cracking moment is calculated according to equation 6..26 in EN 1992-1-1 ,provided that the stress caused by tor-
sional moment is equal to design axial tensile strength of concrete (value fctd). It follows:
T Rdc = 2 ⋅ f ctd ⋅ t ef ⋅ A k
Maximum of torsional resistance moment (TRd,max ) is determined according to formula 6.30 in EN 1992-1-1.
T Rd .max = 2 ⋅ ν ⋅ α cw ⋅ f cd ⋅ A k ⋅ t ef ⋅ cos( θ ) ⋅ sin( θ )
Statically required cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement per meter is calculated according to formula below:
Aswt .re T Ed
A swm.req = =
s l .re 2 ⋅ A k ⋅f ywd ⋅ cot(θ )
Design torsional resistance moment of torsional reinforcement (TRd,st ) is calculated according to formula below
T Rdst = 2 ⋅ A k ⋅ ( )⋅f
Aswt
st ywd ⋅ cot( θ )
Final design value of torsional moment(TRd ) carried by member is calculated based on the following formulas
l for member without or with only detailing stirrups for torsion(Aswm.req =0)
- 148 -
Design
T Rd = T Rd , c ≤ T Rd .max
l for other cases

T Rd = T Rd , s ≤ T Rd .max
where
TEd torsional moment

TRd,c the design value of torsional cracking moment
effective wall thickness, see "Calculation of basic characteristics" on page
tef
197
the area enclosed by the centre- lines of the thin-walled closed cross- sec-
Ak tion, including inner
hollow areas, see "Calculation of basic characteristics" on page 197
TRd,max Maximum of torsional resistance moment
coefficient taking into account state of the stress in the compression
α cw chord, see note 3 in clause 6.2.3(3) in EN 1992-1-1. The value 1 is
always taken into account for non -prestressed structures
ν
Angle between concrete compression strut and beam axis perpendicular
θ to the shear force, see "Angle between concrete compression strut and
beam axis" on page 99
TRd,st design torsional resistance moment of torsional reinforcement
Statically required cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement per
Aswm.req
meter
the cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement calculated from input-
Aswt ted parameters in design default, see "Design defaults" on page 105
A sw = 0, 25 ⋅ π ⋅ d ss 2
diameter of stirrups loaded from Concrete setting or Concrete data, see

dss
"Design defaults" on page 105
sl.req Aswt
s l .req =
Aswm .req
Design of shear reinforcement for interaction shear and torsion

As was mentioned above, there exists general concept of “strut-and- tie” model for the prediction of shear and torsional
effects in concrete. The procedure for design shear reinforcement for interaction shear and torsion can be represented by
diagram below:
- 149 -
Chapter 7
Only minimum reinforcement is required (see provided that the following condition (equation 6.31 in EN 1992-1- 1) is sat-
isfied:
T Ed V Ed
+ ≤1
T Rd ,c V Rd ,c
The maximum resistance of a member subjected to torsion and shear is limited by the capacity of the concrete struts. In
order not to exceed this resistance the following condition (equation 6.29 in EN 1992-1-1) should be satisfied:
T Ed V Ed
+ ≤1
T Rd ,max V Rd ,max
Statically required cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement per meter is calculated according to formulas
Asw .re V Ed
A swm1.req = =
s l .re z ⋅ f ywd ⋅ (cot(θ ) + cot( α )) ⋅ sin( α )
T Ed V Ed
Aswt .re +
2 ⋅Ak ns ⋅ z
A swm2 req = =
s l .re f ywd ⋅ cot(θ )
A swm.req = max (A swm1.req , A swm2req )
The force in shear reinforcement caused by shear and torsion effect can be calculated according to formula
- 150 -
Design
Fswd = ( T Ed
2 ⋅ Ak
+
V Ed
ns ⋅ z )⋅ st
cot(θ )
The maximum force which, can be carried by shear reinforcement is give by formula:
Fswd ,max = A swt ⋅ f ywd
where

the design value of torsional cracking moment, see
TRd,c
"Design shear reinforcement for torsion" on page 147
VEd

the design shear resistance of the member without
VRd,c shear reinforcement, see "Design of shear rein-
forcement for shear forces" on page 142
Maximum of torsional resistance moment, see "Design
TRd,max
shear reinforcement for torsion" on page 147
the design value of the maximum shear force which
can be sustained by the member, limited by crushing of
VRd,max
the compression struts, see "Design of shear rein-
forcement for shear forces" on page 142
the area enclosed by the centre-lines of the thin- walled
closed cross-section, including inner
Ak
hollow areas, see "Calculation of basic characteristics"
on page 197
inner lever arm of cross-section recalculated to dir-
z ection of shear forces resultant, see "Inner lever arm
for shear check" on page 193
Angle between concrete compression strut and beam
axis perpendicular to the shear force, see "Angle
θ
between concrete compression strut and beam axis"
on page 99
Statically required cross-sectional area of the shear
Aswm.req
reinforcement per meter
the cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement cal-
culated from inputted parameters in design default,
Asw see "Design defaults" on page 105
A sw = n s ⋅ 0, 25 ⋅ π ⋅ d ss 2
the cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement cal-

culated from inputted parameters in design default,
Aswt see "Design defaults" on page 105
A sw = 0, 25 ⋅ π ⋅ d ss 2
- 151 -
Chapter 7
diameter of stirrups loaded from Concrete setting or

dss
Concrete data, see "Design defaults" on page 105
number of cuts (shear links) loaded from Concrete set-
ns ting or Concrete data, see "Design defaults" on page
105
Aswt
s l .req = if A swm2.req > A swm1 req
Aswm .req
sl.req
Asw
s l .req = otherwise
Aswm .req
Torsional longitudinal reinforcement
Additional tensile forces caused by torsion are calculated from the equation 6.28 in EN 1992-1-1 :
T Ed
Fsdt = ⋅ u k ⋅ cot( θ )
2 ⋅ Ak
where

the area enclosed by the centre- lines of the
thin- walled closed cross- section, including
Ak inner
hollow areas, see "Calculation of basic char-
acteristics" on page 197
circumference of the area enclosed by the
centre- lines of the thin- walled closed cross-
uk
section, see "Calculation basic characteristics
for shear" on page 194
Angle between concrete compression strut
and beam axis perpendicular to the shear
θ
force, see "Angle between concrete com-
The required cross-sectional area of the longitudinal reinforcement for torsion is calculated in case, that sum of design axial
forces (NEd) and Additional tensile forces caused by torsion (Fsdt ) is tensile (bigger than 0). This area is calculated by using
biaxial method for design, see "Biaxial method for design" on page 137 with following preconditions:
- 152 -
Design
l reinforcement is designed only for pure tension

l longitudinal reinforcement is equally distributed on each edge of cross-section
In a simplified way said, the longitudinal reinforcement for torsion is designed according to formula below,
F dt
∆A s =
σd
where
σsd design value of stress in longitudinal reinforcement
Additional tensile forces caused by shear forces is taken into account in design of statically
required reinforcement by shifting of bending moments, see "Additional tensile forces
caused by shear and torsion (shifting of bending moments)" on page 107
- 153 -
Chapter 8
Practical reinforcement
Input of practical reinforcement

As in the past, practical reinforcement layout can be defined for each 1D concrete member. Longitudinal bars, stirrups and
free-form bars are available for manual input by the user. Additionally, also anchorage types may be chosen and their prop-
erties manipulated by the user.
This practical reinforcement layout forms the basis for several ULS and SLS checks of reinforced concrete members.
- 154 -
Check
Check
Checks
First you get an overview of the input data for the checks:
l Internal forces, displaying the characteristic and design values.

For member type 'column', the design values of the bending moments include the 2nd order bending moments (if
required) and the moments due to geometric imperfections.
For member type 'beam', the design values of the bending moments include the shifting of the moment line - to take the
additional tensile force due to shear into account.
l Slenderness calculation (for member type 'column'), determining if 2nd order effects need be taken into account.
l Stiffnesses, displaying the values EA, EIy and EIz .
Available checks at the Ultimate Limit State:
l Capacity check for N-My -Mz interaction - based on resistance calculated from interaction diagram
l Response check - based on check of ultimate stresses and strains for N-My -Mz interaction
l Check of shear and torsion
l Check of interaction of shear, torsion, bending and normal force
Available checks at the Serviceability Limit State:
l l Stress limitation (for concrete as well as reinforcing steel)

l Crack width limitation
l Simple check for deflection - based on calculation of stiffness ratio, without necessity to calculate CDD
Stiffness
Introduction
The behaviour of reinforced concrete is not linear-elastic, even with loads within working stress limits, and it is therefore
necessary to adjust either E or I depending on the magnitude of the applied load. In addition concrete is subjected to sig-
nificant long term strains due to creep and shrinkage, which will affect the curvature and stiffness of a reinforced concrete
structures.This chapter describes how the curvature and stiffness of a reinforced concrete section is calculated.
Stiffness presentation command is used for presentation of calculated stiffness. The procedure for calculation of stiffness is
based on the requirements mentioned in chapter 7.4.3 from EN 1992-1-1. Generally, two states of cross-section are con-
sidered:
l I) uncracked cross-section - which is loaded below the level when tensile strength of concrete is reached, here the
cross-section with tensile strength is used
l II) fully cracked cross-section - which is loaded above the level when tensile strength of concrete is reached, here the
cross-section without tensile strength is used
The stiffness is decreased when the load achieve cracking moment (M y,cr ). The dependency of stiffness on cracking
moment is visible from the following figure. The curve is not linear due to tensile stiffening which partly higher then cross-sec-
tion completely without tensile strength
- 155 -
Chapter 9
The behaviour of the reinforced cross-section can be also expressed in term of moment and strain (deformation) diagram.
The final value of stiffness is calculated using interpolation formula between state (I) deformation for uncracked concrete
section (x=0)and state (II) deformation for fully cracked concrete section (no tension carries) (x=1)dependently on the ratio
of stress in reinforcement from cracking load and acting load.The dependency of cracking moment on strain in concrete is
visible from the following figure.
- 156 -
Check
The distribution of the reinforcement stress in crack and between cracks can be graphically expressed on the following fig-
ure. Reinforcement stress is higher in crack and concrete stress is zero in crack. The final values of stiffness is dependent on
the tension stiffening of concrete in cracks based on distribution coefficient.
- 157 -
Chapter 9
The plane of the equilibrium is calculated for particular state of cross-section using method described in chapter "Theoretical
background" on page 163 . There are used different stress-strain diagram towards the Capacity- response (ULS). Stress-
strain diagram based on the serviceability limit state are used for the finding of the plain of the equilibrium. Generally, this
command uses the iterative method for the interaction of the normal force (N) with uni-axial or biaxial bending moments
(My + M z ). Additionally, there is possibility to calculate short-term or long-term stiffness which is applied via modified stress-
strain diagram.
Assumptions
The same preconditions are used for calculation as mentioned in chapter "Assumption and limitations" on page 203
SCIA Engineer is able to calculate short-term or long-term stiffness. This type depends on setting in Global settings - Solver
settings - General - SLS - Use effective modulus of elasticity.
- 158 -
Check
Theory
The calculation procedure can be described in the following steps:
1) Calculation of uncracked cross-section
The cross- section characteristics for uncracked cross-section (using the linear stress- strain diagram with a tensile branch
for concrete and reinforcement) are calculated. This state is signed with bottom index I
.
The values in table are the following:

ty - distance from centre of gravity of particular cross-section type to centre of gravity of concrete cross- section in (y) dir-
ection
tz - distance from centre of gravity of particular cross-section type to centre of gravity of concrete cross- section in (z) dir-
ection
A - area of particular cross-section type
Iy - moment of inertia for particular cross-section type around (y) direction
Iz - moment of inertia for particular cross-section type around (z) direction
x - depth of compressive zone for particular cross-section type
Ast - area of tensile reinforcement for particular cross-section type
Asc - area of compressive reinforcement for particular cross-section type
A - area of total reinforcement for particular cross-section type
- 159 -
Chapter 9
2) Calculation of tensile concrete strength used for crack appearance

Stiffness and deflections are dependent significantly on the effective concrete strength which governs the cracking moment.
Value of strength for determination if crack appears or not, see chapter "Value of strength for calculation of cracking forces"
on page 212The resultant value is effective tensile concrete strength σcrwhich can be fctm or f ctm,fl. Additionally, there is
possibility to set tensile strength or 0MPa.
3) Verification of crack appearance
At first crack appearance is verified for characteristic load combination in accordance to chapter 7.1(2) - maximal tensile
stress in concrete fibre is compared with effective concrete tensile strength fct,eff (see chapter XXX). The calculation of max-
imal tensile stress in concrete fibre is performed on cross-section with SLS linear diagram of concrete with tensile branch
and the reinforcement is taken into account with linear diagram. As a conclusion, two cases can appear:
1) σ ct ≤σ cr - no crack appears; the cross-section is considered as uncracked and SLS linear diagram with ten-
sion is used for another steps of the calculation.
2)σct >σ cr - crack appears; the cross- section is considered as cracked; the cross- section is recalculated using
SLS linear diagram without tension.
where
σ normal concrete stress on un-cracked section at the most tensioned fiber of con-
ct
crete cross-section
σ is value of strength for determination if crack width will be calculated or not, see
cr
chapter "Value of strength for calculation of cracking forces" on page 212
When the cracks appear then the following steps are done
4) Calculation of cracking internal forces
The cracking internal forces are calculated based on the uncracked CSS characteristics and tensile concrete strength. After-
wards, these cracking forces are used for calculation of stress in reinforcement (σsr).
5) Calculation of distribution coefficient
Beforehand the distribution coefficient is calculated the reinforcement stress for acting load (σs ) and for cracking load (σsr )
has to be known. There is coefficient β which is determined according to duration of the load:
β = 1,0 - for short-term load
β = 0,5 - for long-term load (based on using Use effective modulus of concrete = true)
- 160 -
Check
The distribution coefficient (in fact coefficient of tension stiffening) is calculated based on the type of load (β) and also on the
ratio of reinforcement stress for cracking and acting load
x=1-β•(σsr/σs )2
6) Calculation of fully cracked cross-section
The cross-section characteristic for full cracked cross- section (using linear stress- strain diagram without tensile branch for
concrete and reinforcement) are calculated. This state is signed with bottom index II.
Explanation is mentioned above.

7) calculation of resultant values of stiffnesses and curvatures
When the steps above are calculated then resultant values of stiffnesses can be calculated using interpolation formula
respecting uncracked state (I) and fully cracked state (II).
Calculation of the resultant bending stiffness,
axial stiffness,
- 161 -
Chapter 9
and curvatures.
Output values
There are presented the following output values:
l EA - axial stiffness of the cross-section

l EIy - bending stiffness around (y) axis of the cross-section
l EIz - bending stiffness around (z) axis of the cross-section
Setup
The same values which are used for stress limitations are used for Stiffness calculation (see chapter Stress limitation -
"Setup" on page 208 These values are:
l Value of strength for calculation of cracking forces

l Type of strength for calculation of cracking forces
l Use of effective modulus of concrete
Errors and warnings

The following errors, warnings and notes may be occurred during the stiffness calculation.
List of Errors
Plane of equilibrium was To increase amount of reinforcement or to increase dimensions of cross-section or to increase
E0/1 Error
not found. quality of the used materials
List of Warnings
The selected combination is not serviceability - char- Please change type of combination to serviceability - char-
W5/3 Warning
acteristic acteristic
The selected combination is not serviceability - quasi- Please change type of combination to serviceability - quasi-
W5/4 Warning
permanent permanent
List of Notes
The calculation was not done (because numerical cross-section, phased
N0/1 Note
cross-section, member or cross-section with different material as concrete
- 162 -
Check

material is used)
N0/2 Note The prestressed reinforcement is not taken into account
N0/3 Note The "Free bars " reinforcement is not taken into account
There is some detailing longitudinal reinforcement, which is not taken into
N0/4 Note
account for the ULS and SLS check
N2/1 Note The normal forces and bending moments are zero (N=0,My=0,Mz=0)
The maximal effective concrete strength is exceeded; cracks appear under the Change (a) the dimensions of the cross-sec-
N8/1 Note " & State & "-term characteristic load combination. Furthermore, the concrete tion, (b) the amount of reinforcement or (c)
stress-strain diagram without tensile branch is used. the quality of the used materials.
Capacity - response (ULS)

Introduction
The Capacity - response is based on the calculation of strain and stress in particular component (concrete fibre, rein-
forcement bar) and comparison with limited values with respect of EN 1992-1-1 requirements. Based on the internal forces,
concrete cross-section and defined reinforcement by the user, SCIA Engineer is able to calculate the response of a member
or a single cross- section. This method uses an iteration routine to calculate equilibrium based on the internal forces, the
cross-section, material properties and reinforcement layout. However, this method does not calculate extremes (capacities
of cross-section) like the interaction diagram, but calculates the state of equilibrium for that section (response). The cal-
culation also includes depth of compression zones (d), curvatures in each axis (εx , εy and εz ), stresses, strains and forces in
particular components. Generally, this iterative method works for the interaction of the normal force (N) with uni-axial or bi-
axial bending moments (My + Mz ).
Assumptions and limitations

l Strain and stress of diagram defined in properties of material will be used
l Concrete – bilinear or parabola-rectangular stress-strain diagram

l Reinforcement – bilinear with or without inclined horizontal branch stress-strain diagram
l Tensile stress in concrete is not considered

l Standard REDES reinforcement is considered
l The area of longitudinal reinforcement is not subtracted from concrete area in the first step
Theoretical background
Calculation procedure
Imagine a diagram representing the strain in a reinforced concrete cross-section. Generally, the cross-section can be non-
symmetric to y or z axis and loaded with a combination of N, My and Mz. Then the vector of strain consists of three nonzero
values ε = {εx ; εy , εz }. This vector determines so called plane of deformation (see following figure). More information can
be found in VONDRÁČEK, R.: Numerical Methods in Nonlinear Concrete Design, Diploma thesis, 2000.
- 163 -
Chapter 9
Corresponding plane of strain for plane of equilibrium in one plane bending only (My) is shown in following figure. Never-
theless, the distribution of the stress in compression part depends on type of stress-strain diagram of concrete. When bilin-
ear diagram is used then distribution is constant or linear constant. In case of parabola- rectangular diagram the stress
distribution is constant or linear-parabola.
The previous figure shows a non specific case, but let us imagine an ultimate state. Under the ultimate state, we understand
a case, where either concrete or steel is strained to limit value. We can draw some cases in a similar diagram. The basic
assumptions of this limit strain method show the following figure. Generally, four limit strain states can occur. The numbering
(1-4) in the following figure represents particular state types of the cross-section. The state (1) corresponds to the optimal
failure when ultimate compressive strain in concrete (εcu) and ultimate tensile strain in reinforcement (εud) are reached. In
case of state (2), the ultimate limit strain in concrete is assumed within considering the strain in prestressing at the beginning
of plastic branch (ε s ). The state (3) expresses the starting of the concrete crushing. Finally, the state (4) represents the
reaching of ultimate compressive strain for axially loaded member decreased due to brittle failure effect.
The following checks are performed
l Check of compressive concrete
verification of strains
verification of stresses
- 164 -
Check
l Check of compressive reinforcement
l Check of tensile reinforcement
Unity check is maximum from all partial unity checks. It means
- 165 -
Chapter 9
Output values
l Unity check - unity check of check response (see above)

l εcc - maximal value of compressive strain of concrete
l εsc - maximal value of compressive strain of reinforcement
l εst - maximal value of tensile strain of reinforcement
l σcc - maximal value of compressive stress of concrete
l σsc - maximal value of compressive stress of reinforcement
l σst - maximal value of tensile stress of reinforcement
l x - depth of neutral axis
l d - effective depth of cross-section
l z - inner lever arm
- 166 -
Check
Effective depth of cross-section

The effective depth of cross-section is usually defined as distance of the most compressive fibre of concrete to centre of grav-
ity of tensile reinforcement. In Scia Engineer, the effective depth of cross- section is defined as distance of the most com-
pressive fibre of concrete to position resultant of forces in tensile reinforcement. In relation of bending loading in Scia
Engineer is calculated the perpendicular projection this distance to straight line perpendicular to neutral axis (slope line
plane of equilibrium), called drec .
There are some exceptional cases, when effective depth is not calculated from plane of equilibrium:
l The most compressive fibre can not be determined (the whole cross-section is in tension)
l Resultant of forces in tensile reinforcement can not be determined (whole section is in compression)
l equilibrium is not found
l distance of the most compressive fibre and Resultant of forces in tensile reinforcement is lesser than 0,5⋅h
In this cases, the effective depth is calculated according to formula

d =drec = Coefd⋅hl
where
is coefficient for calculation effective depth of cross-section loaded form Concrete setup, if effective
Coef
d depth of cross-section is not possible to calculate from plane of equilibrium ). Default value is 0,9.
h is height of cross-section perpendicular to neutral axis.
l
If there are the most compressive concrete fibres with the same value of compressive
stress, the fibre which is the nearest to straight line in direction resultant of bending moment
and crossing the centre of gravity of cross- section, is taken into account for calculation
effective depth .
Inner lever arm

Inner lever arm in EN 1992-1- 1, clause 6.2.3 (3) is defined as a distance of forces in tensile and compression chord, it fol-
lows that is it the distance of position resultant of tensile force (tensile reinforcement) and position of resultant of com-
pressive force (compressive reinforcement and compressive concrete). For better overview, there is calculated the
perpendicular projection inner lever arm to straight line perpendicular to neutral axis (slope line plane of equilibrium), called
zrec .
Except of value inner lever arm, there is calculated part of inner lever arm only:
l part of inner lever arm (distance from centre of tensile force to centre of gravity of cross-section) – value z+ or projection
this value to straight line perpendicular to neutral axis – value zrec+
l is part of inner lever arm (distance from centre of compressive force to to centre of gravity of cross-section)– value z- or
projection this value to straight line perpendicular to neutral axis – value zrec-
There are some exceptional cases, when inner lever arm is not calculated from plane of equilibrium:
l The most compressive fibre can not be determined (the whole cross-section is in tension)
l Resultant of forces in tensile reinforcement can not be determined (whole section is in compression)
In this cases, the inner lever arm and parts of inner lever arm is calculated according to formula
z=zrec = Coefz ⋅d
z+=zrec+=z- =zrec - = 0.5⋅z
- 167 -
Chapter 9
where
is coefficient for calculation inner lever arm of cross-section loaded form Concrete setup, if inner
Coef lever arm of cross-section is not possible to calculate from plane of equilibrium ). Default value is
z
0,9.
d Is effective depth of cross-section
Errors and warnings

The following errors, warnings and notes may be occurred during the check capacity -response
List of Errors
To increase amount of reinforcement or to increase dimensions of
E0/1 Error Plane of equilibrium was not found.
cross-section or to increase quality of the used materials
The maximum value of the characteristic concrete cyl- To decrease value of the characteristic concrete cylinder strength
E0/2 Error
inder strength was exceeded of used material or change of limit in concrete setup
The minimum value of the characteristic concrete cyl- To increase value of the characteristic concrete cylinder strength
E0/3 Error
inder strength was exceeded of used material or change of limit in concrete setup
The maximum value of the characteristic yield strength To decrease value of the characteristic yield strength of non-
E0/4 Error
of non-prestressed reinforcement was exceeded prestressed reinforcement or change of limit in concrete setup
To increase amount of reinforcement or to increase dimensions of
E0/5 Error Limit strain of concrete was exceeded
cross-section or to increase quality of the used materials
List of Notes
The calculation was not done (because numerical crosssection, phased cross-section, member or
N0/1 Note
cross-section with different material as concrete material is used)
- 168 -
Check

There is some detailing longitudinal reinforcement, which is not taken into account for the ULS and
N0/4 Note
SLS check
N0/5 Note There is some detailing stirrups, which is not taken into account for the check shear and torsion
The effective depth of cross-section was calculated from user input value d =Coef_d*h, because
N2/2 Note effective depth of cross-section is not possible to calculate from plane of equilibrium (tensile rein-
forcement , compressive concrete fibre of plane of equilibrium was not found)
The inner lever arm of cross-section was calculated from user input value z =Coef_z*d, because
N2/3 Note inner lever arm is not possible to calculate from plane of equilibrium (tensile reinforcement , com-
pressive concrete fibre of plane of equilibrium was not found)
The part of inner lever arm of cross-section was calculated according to from equation z+(-)=0,5*z,
N2/4 Note because inner lever arm is not possible to calculate from plane of equilibrium (tensile reinforcement ,
compressive concrete fibre of plane of equilibrium was not found)
Explanation of errors and warning can be presented:

l In numerical output via check box Print explanation of errors and warnings in service for crack control, see chapter
3.2.1
l In dialog Calculation info via action button Calculation info in service for crack control, see chapter 3.2.1
l In dialog Warnings and errors (Concrete solver > Concrete > Warning and errors >)
National annexes
There are the following changes in check response related to material characteristic dependent on national annexes
Chapter 2.4.2.4 - Partial safety factor for concrete (γc ) and reinforcement (γs ) for permanent, tran-
sient and accidental design situation
There are the following differences in particular NA.
Permanent and transient Accidental
National annex
γ γ γ γ
c s c s
Standard NA 1,5 1,15 1,2 1,0
Polish PN-NA 1,40 1,15 1,2 1,0
German DIN NA 1,5 1,15 1,3 1,0
Chapter 3.1.6 (1)(2)- Coefficients taken into account longterm effects on compressive (α cc ) and
tensile (α ct) strength according to EN1992-1-1
National annex α α
cc ct
Standard NA 1,0 1,00
German DIN-NA 0,85 0,85
Finnish SFS – EN NA 0,85 1,00
Belgian NBN – NA 0,85 1,00
Greek ELOT – EN NA 0,85 1,00
0,85 for compression in flexure and for axial loading
British BS – EN NA and Irish – EN NA 1,00
1,0 for other cases
- 169 -
Chapter 9
Chapter 3.2.7(2) - Ratio of design and characteristic strain limit

National annex Coeffε ε

ud ud
Standard NA 0,90 -
German DIN-NA - 250 1-4
Belgian NBN NA 0,80 -
Finnish SFS – EN NA - 100 1-4
Capacity - diagram (ULS)

Introduction
Capacity - diagram services uses creation of interaction diagram which is a graph illustrating the capacity of concrete mem-
ber to resist a set of combinations of axial force and bending moment. Dependent on the load, the position of the neutral axis
is changed and this leads to obtaining different values of compressive and tensile areas in concrete members. Therefore
this concludes to a different capacity calculated from the strain distribution.
The Capacity - diagram calculates the extreme allowable interaction between the normal force N and bending moments M y
and Mz . In theory this diagram is a 3D-diagram, but SCIA Engineer allows the user to obtain horizontal and vertical sections.
The axis of the diagram has an axis for the normal force N, the bending moment My and the bending moment Mz .
Assumptions
Assumptions and limitations
- 170 -
Check
l Concrete – bilinear or parabola-rectangular stress-strain diagram

l Reinforcement – bilinear with or without inclined horizontal branch stress-strain diagram
l Tensile stress in concrete is not considered

l Capacity of plain concrete is also calculated by interaction diagram using proper coefficient αcc,pl according to chapter
12.6.3(1) from EN 1992-1-1
First the section is in pure compressions, then it will be over- reinforced until it reaches the point where it is balanced
designed. After the point of balanced design the section will reach pure bending, then under-reinforced and finally will be in
pure tension.
Generally the interaction diagram is used to find the capacities for the checked cross-section. The searching of capacities
depends on used method for finding intersection with interaction diagram. This method can be the following:
l NRd - the bending moment My and Mz are constant and the intersections are searched in the vertical direction
l MRd - the normal force N t is constant and the intersections are searched in horizontal direction
l NRdMRd - the used eccentricity is constant and the intersections are searched in direction of constant eccentricity
l MRdy - the bending moment around z axis and normal force are constant and the intersections are searched in hori-
zontal direction in plane N-My
l MRdz - the bending moment around y axis and normal force are constant and the intersections are searched in vertical
direction in plane N-Mz
See the example of interaction diagram sections for particular method type:
Method NRd: (My and Mz are constant)

Vertical section N-My
- 171 -
Chapter 9
Vertical section N-Mz
Vertical section N-Mres
- 172 -
Check
Horizontal section My-Mz
Method MRd: (N is constant)

- 173 -
Chapter 9
Method NRdMRd: (eccentricity = constant)

- 174 -
Check
Method MRdy: (Mz and N are constant)

Vertical section N-My
- 175 -
Chapter 9
Method MRdz: (My and N are constant)

Vertical section N-Mz
- 176 -
Check
Output values
l Unity check - unity check of interaction diagram

l NRd+ - normal force resistance (maximal positive values)
- 177 -
Chapter 9
l MRdy+ - bending moment (My ) resistance (maximal positive values)

l MRdz+ - bending moment (Mz ) resistance (maximal positive values)
l NRd- - normal force resistance (minimal negative values)
l MRdy- - bending moment (My ) resistance (minimal negative values)
l MRdz- - bending moment (Mz ) resistance (minimal negative values)
l MRdz+ - bending moment (Mz ) resistance (maximal positive values)
l NEd - design value of normal force
l MEdy - design value of bending moment (My )
l MEdz- - design value of bending moment (Mz )
Setup
There are several parameters which affect generation of the horizontal and vertical cuts of interaction diagrams. These val-
ues are stored in Concrete settings (structure). The parameters for interaction diagram are the following:
Interaction diagram method - this option enable to select appropriate interaction diagram method. The following
approaches can be applied:
l NRd – assuming Md is constant

l MRd – assuming Nd is constant
l NRdMRd – assuming eccentricity is constant
l MRdy – assuming Mdz is constant
l MRdz – assuming Mdy is constant
Default value is NRdMRd
- 178 -
Check
Division of strain - this option explain precision of calculation of diagram point during generation of vertical cuts. The value
means how many times the strain plane is readjusted from the position of section under full compression to the position of
section under full tension.The value influences the accuracy and the speed of calculation
Default value = 250. with limits <0;10000>.
Number of points in vertical cuts - number of direction (number of "branches") in which interaction diagram is cal-
culated during generation of interaction diagram.
Default value = 36. with limits <0;10000>.
- 179 -
Chapter 9
Errors and warnings

The following errors, warnings and notes may be occurred during the check capacity - diagram
List of Errors
The combination of internal forces is outside Change (a) the dimensions of the cross-section, (b) the amount of rein-
E6/1 Error
of interaction diagram surface forcement and/or (c) the quality of the used materials.
List of Warnings
There is no intersection between the interaction diagram sur- Change (a) the dimensions of the cross-section, (b) the
W6/1 Warning face and the section plane, according to the selected method amount of reinforcement and/or (c) the quality of the used
of check. materials.
Change (a) the dimensions of the cross-section, (b) the
It's not possible to generate the horizontal section M -M
W6/2 Warning y z amount of reinforcement and/or (c) the quality of the used
because N is outside the maximal or minimal capacity N .
Ed Rd materials.
It's not possible to generate the vertical section N-M Change (a) the dimensions of the cross-section, (b) the
z
W6/3 Warning because M is outside the maximal or minimal capacity amount of reinforcement and/or (c) the quality of the used
Edy
M . materials.
Rdy
List of Notes
The calculation was not done (because numerical crosssection, phased cross-section,
N0/1 Note
member or cross-section with different material as concrete material is used)
There is some detailing longitudinal reinforcement, which is not taken into account for the
N0/4 Note
ULS and SLS check
There is some detailing stirrups, which is not taken into account for the check shear and tor-
N0/5 Note
sion
N2/1 Note The normal forces and bending moments are zero (N =0,M =0,M =0)
Ed Edy Edz
Unity check value is zero because N is also zero and the selected method for the check is Change method of check to
N6/1 Note Ed
N . M ,N M ,M or M .
Rd Rd Rd Rd Rdy Rdz
Unity check value is zero because M is also zero and the selected method for the check Change method of check to
N6/2 Note Edy
is M . M , N M or M .
Rdy Rd Rd Rd Rdz
Unity check value is zero because M is also zero and the selected method for the check Change method of check to
N6/3 Note Edz
is M . M , N M or M .
Rdz Rd Rd Rd Rdy

3.2.1
- 180 -
Check
National annexes
National annexes in Capacity - diagram

The same national annexes are used as mentioned in chapter "National annexes" on page 169There are the following addi-
tional NA parameters related to plain or lightly reinforced concrete cross-sections.
Chapter 12.3.1(1) - Coefficients taken into account longterm effects on compressive (α cc,pl) and
tensile (α ct,pl) strength of plain or lightly reinforced concrete according to EN1992-1-1
National annex α α
cc,pl ct,pl
Standard NA 0,80 0,80
Finnish SFS – EN NA 0,80 0,60
Irish – EN NA 0,80 0,60
Swedish 1,00 0,50
Singaporean 0,60 0,80
Shear + torsion (ULS)

Introduction
Check of Interaction shear and torsion consists of three checks:
l check of shear, "Shear check" on page 194

l check of torsion, "Torsion check" on page 198
l check of interaction of shear and torsion
The all check area calculated according to clause 6.1 -6.3 in EN 1992-1- 1. The following preconditions are used for cal-
culation :
l The checks are calculated for beams and columns and for general load (N+My+Mz)
l Cross-section with one polygon and one material is taken into account in version Scia Engineer 15
l The material of all reinforcement bars and stirrups have to be same in Scia Engineer 15
l The checks should be used only in case, that the angle between gradient of the strain plane and the resultant of shear
forces is not greater than 15 degrees
Equivalent thin-walled closed cross-section

Equivalent thin-walled cross-section can be calculated by 4(5) possibilities in Scia Engineer depending on parameter Equi-
valent thin- walled cross- section. This parameter can be changed in Concrete setting (if 1D concrete member data is
not defined) or in 1D concrete member data for Advanced mode/ level.
- 181 -
Chapter 9
There are the following options:
l Automatic -then program calculates equivalent thin-walled cross-section according one method below. It means that pro-
gram tries to create equivalent thin-walled cross-section from stirrup for torsion at first, and if this method is not suc-
cessful, program uses method based on shape of cross-section. This is the default setting.
l From stirrups for torsion - program tries to create equivalent thin-walled cross-section around stirrup, where check box
Torsion is ON, see "Stirrup for torsion" on page 186. If equivalent thin-walled cross-section was not successful created or
stirrup for torsion is not defined, program finishes with some warning/error. This method is not supported for design of
shear reinforcement, because user(practical) reinforcement is not taken into account and therefore for design method
From used Css- is used, if this method is selected.
l From used Css. The program tries to create equivalent thin-walled cross-section from current cross-section by offsetting
the value tef . If equivalent thin-walled cross-section was not successfully created program finishes with warning/error.
l From the effective rectangular cross-section. The program tries to create an equivalent rectangular concrete thin-walled
cross-section the perimeter and area of which are the same as the perimeter and area of the original cross-section. It fol-
lows, that effective rectangular cross-section with the following dimension will be created:
 2 
u + u − 16 ⋅ A 
 
h ef =
4
- 182 -
Check
b ef = A / h ef
where
A is cross-sectional area of source cross-section

u the outer circumference of the source cross-section
If equivalent thin-walled cross-section was not successfully created program finishes with some warning/error.
l User input - equivalent thin-walled cross-section can be defined directly by the user, it means, that user has to define fol-
lowing properties:
l area of thin-walled cross-section (Ak,user)
l outer circumference of thin-walled cross-section (uk,user)
l effective wall thickness (tef,user)
This method is available only in 1D concrete member data. If the member is not prismatic (arbitrary member or member
with haunches), equivalent thin walled cross-section is recalculated to each section of the member according to formulas
below:
A k ,user
A ki = A i ⋅
Am
u k ,user
u ki = u i ⋅
um
Ai um
t efi = ⋅ ⋅ t ef , user
ui Am
where
cross-sectional area of concrete cross-section in i-th

Ai
section
cross-sectional area of concrete cross-section in the
Am
middle of the member
Ak,user user input area of thin-walled cross-section
outer circumference of concrete cross-section in i-th
ui
section
outer circumference of concrete cross-section in the
um
middle of the member
- 183 -
Chapter 9
user input outer circumference of thin-walled cross-

uk,user
section
tef,user user input effective wall thickness
The user (practical) reinforcement is not taken into account for design of shear rein-
forcement, therefore when method From stirrups for torsion is used, the thin-walled cross-
section from current cross-section is created
Parameters influencing the calculation
The following parameters have influence on this check:
l coefficient of effective depth of cross-section, see "Coefficient for calculation of effective depth of cross-section" on page
98
l coefficient of inner lever arm, see "Coefficient for calculation of lever arm" on page 98
l angle of concrete compression strut, see "Angle between concrete compression strut and beam axis" on page 99
l angle of shear reinforcement , see "Angle of shear reinforcement" on page 100
l type for determination equivalent thin-walled cross-section, see "Equivalent thin-walled closed cross-section" on page
181
- 184 -
Check
Determination stirrups around section
The stirrups around section are taking into account on a length corresponding to horizontal projection of a length of com-
pression strut (the width of concrete strut), which can be calculated according to formula
δ = z ⋅ cot( θ )
where
is inner lever arm of cross-section , see "Inner lever arm for shear check" on page
z
193
Angle between concrete compression strut and beam axis perpendicular to the
θ shear force, see "Angle between concrete compression strut and beam axis" on
page 99
Calculation number of stirrup link (number of cuts)

The way how to calculate number of stirrup links can be input in properties of stirrup layer and there are two possibilities for
calculation of number of stirrup links in Scia Engineer:
l Automatically calculation – the number of links is calculated as number of intersections of stirrup with straight line per-
pendicular to direction of shear force resultant, where this line is crossing the centre of polygon
- 185 -
Chapter 9
l User input – the number of links is inputted directly by the user
Automatic calculation User input
Stirrup for torsion
There is taken into account for torsional check only the stirrup where check box Torsion is ON. This check box can be
switched ON/OFF in dialogue Stirrup shape (action button Edit stirrup shape in properties of Stirrup or in library of stirrups).
- 186 -
Check
Only one stirrup can be taken into account for check of torsion in Scia Engineer 15.
Calculation of average characteristics of shear reinforcement
As it was mentioned, there is a possibility to define more stirrup zones (more stirrups) around section with different prop-
erties, therefore it is necessary to calculate average characteristic. The average characteristics are calculated from stirrups
within calculated interval, see"Determination stirrups around section" on page 185 and in this calculation distance of stirrups
from the section (value ∆) is taken into account. It means that stirrup , which is nearer to the section has bigger influence on
average values than stirrup with bigger distance.
Calculation characteristic of shear reinforcement
The shear reinforcement in Scia Engineer can be inputted via REDES (stirrup zone) and via Free bars. There is possibility
to input more stirrup zones and more free bras(stirrups) to member with different parameters. Therefore it is very important
to set the region for taking into account stirrups around the section and to calculate average characteristics of shear rein-
forcement for shear check.
- 187 -
Chapter 9
As mentioned above, it exists general concept of "strut-and- tie" model for the prediction of shear effects in concrete. In this
model, the top compression and bottom tensile members represent the compressive concrete and tensile reinforcement,
respectively. The horizontal members are connected by the compressive virtual struts and reinforcement tensile ties. The
axial forces in tensile ties should be transmitted by the shear reinforcement. Consequently, the maximal force in concrete
struts (VRd,max ) and shear force retained by the shear resistance (V Rd,s ) have to be compared with acting shear force
(VEd). The procedure for check can be represented by diagram below:
The formulas which are used for the calculation of each component of this model are the following. Generally, there are two
possibilities for calculation of shear capacity of concrete dependently on existence of cracked in bending:
Shear concrete capacity in region cracked in bending - formula 6.2.a,b in EN 1992-1-1
VRd , c = C Rd , c ⋅ k ⋅ (100 ⋅ ρ l ⋅ f ck ) + k 1 ⋅ σ cp ⋅ b w ⋅ d

1 /3
 
VRd , c ,min = (ν min + k 1 ⋅ σ cp ) ⋅ b w ⋅ d
Shear concrete capacity in region uncracked in bending – clause 12.6.3(3) in EN 1992-1-1

f cvd ⋅ A cc
VRd , c =
k12.6.3
- 188 -
Check
Additionally, there is calculated maximal shear force (VEd,max ) ) without reduction by β for member where load is applied in
the upper side of the member (see formula 6.5 in EN 1992-1-1).
VEd .max = 0.5 ⋅ b w1 ⋅ d ⋅ ν ⋅ f cd
Maximal capacity of concrete compressive strut (VRd,max ) is determined according to formula 6.9 in EN 1992-1-1, because
as has been mentioned before, the angle of stirrups (θ) is always perpendicular to member axis.
α cw ⋅ b w 1 ⋅ z ⋅ ν 1 ⋅ f cd
VRd ,max =
cot( θ ) + tan( θ )
1
Asw
s
Final design value of shear force (VRd ) carried by member is calculated based on the following formulas depending on type
of member and area of shear reinforcement.
l for beam as slab and for other member with only detailing stirrups (Asw =0)
VRd = VRd , c ≤ min(VRd .max , VEd ,max ) + Vtd + Vccd
l for other cases
VRd = VRd , s + Vtd + Vccd ≤ min(VRd .max , VEd ,max ) + Vtd + Vccd
where

VEd

VRd,c the design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement
σct,max maximal tensile strength in uncracked cross-section
the minimal value of design shear resistance of the member without shear
VRd,c,min
reinforcement
coefficient for calculation VRd,c loaded from Manager for National
CRd,c
annexes
coefficient of effective height of cross-section
k 200
k=1+ ≤2
d
ratio of tensile reinforcement

δl Asl
ρl = ≤ 0, 02
bw ⋅d
fck characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete

coefficient for calculation VRd,c loaded from Manager for National
k1
annexes
σcp stress caused by axial force (NEd>0 for compression)
- 189 -
Chapter 9
N Ed
σ cp = ≤ 0, 2 ⋅ f cd
Ac
the smallest width of the cross-section in tensile area of cross-section per-

bw pendicular to direction of resultant shear force, see "Width of cross-sec-
tion for shear check" on page 192
effective depth of cross-section recalculated to direction of shear forces
d resultant, see "Effective depth of cross-section for shear check" on page
192
Asl tensile area of reinforcement
NEd the axial force in the cross-section due to loading or prestressing.
Ac the area of concrete cross section
Coefficient of minimum value of shear resistance of the member without
νmin shear reinforcement loaded from Manager for National annexes,see
equation 6.3N in EN 1992-1-1
the concrete design strength in shear and compression, see equations
12.5 and 12.6 in EN 1992-1-1
fcvd f cvd = f ctd 2 + σ ccp ⋅ f ctd σ ccp ≤ σ c ,lim
σ ccp − σ c ,lim 2
f cvd = f ctd 2 + σ ccp ⋅ f ctd − ( 2 ) σ ccp > σ c ,lim

normal (axial)stress of uncracked cross-section
σccp N Ed
σ ccp =
A cc
limit value of stress caused by axial force,

see equations 12.7 in EN 1992-1-1
σc,lim
σ c ,lim = f cd − 2 ⋅ f ctd ⋅ ( f ctd + f cd )
Acc compressed concrete area for uncracked cross-section

maximum value of shear force resultant calculated without reduction by
VEd,max
coefficient β , see clause 6.2.2(6) in EN 1992-1-1
minimum width of cross-section between tension and compression chord
bw1 perpendicular to direction of shear force, see "Width of cross-section for
shear check" on page 192
ν
the design value of the maximum shear force which can be sustained by
VRd,max
the member, limited by crushing of the compression struts
α cw chord, see note 3 in clause 6.2.3(3) in EN 1992-1-1. The value 1 is always
taken into account for non -prestressed structures
- 190 -
Check
inner lever arm of cross-section recalculated to direction of shear forces

z
resultant, see "Inner lever arm for shear check" on page 193
ager for National annexes, see note 1 and 2 in clause 6.2.3(3) in EN
1992-1-1.
ν1 = ν σ wd > 0, 8 ⋅ f ywk
ν1
σ ≤ 0, 8 ⋅ f ywk
ν1 = 0, 6 wd and f ck ≤ 60MPa
f ck
ν1 = 0, 9 − > 0, 5 σ ≤ 0, 8 ⋅ f ywk
200 wd and f ck > 60MPa
is design stress of the shear reinforcement
σswd V Ed ⋅
σ wd =
z ⋅ (cot(θ ) + cot( α )) ⋅ sin( α )
design value of the shear force which can be sustained by the yielding
VRd,s
shear reinforcement.
the cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement calculated as aver-
Asw age area from all stirrups within calculated interval, see "Calculation of
average characteristics of shear reinforcement" on page 187
the spacing of the stirrups calculated as average area from all stirrups
s within calculated interval, see "Calculation of average characteristics of
shear reinforcement" on page 187
the design yield strength of the shear reinforcement.
fywd
f ywd = 0, 8 ⋅ f ywk σ wd ≤ 0, 8 ⋅ f ywk
angle of shear reinforcement . The angle of stirrups is always per-

α
pendicular to member axis in Scia Engineer 15
the design value of the shear component of the force in the tensile rein-
Vtd
forcement, in the case of an inclined tensile chord
the design value of the shear component of the force in the compression
Vccd
area, in the case of an inclined compression chord
For member with inclined chords the additional forces haves to be taken into account for
shear check according to clause 6.2.1(1). The calculation is prepared for taking into
account also inclined chords. Nevertheless the calculation itself is not implemented yet. The
partial components are explained in the following figure.
- 191 -
Chapter 9
Width of cross-section for shear check

There are calculated two widths for shear check
l value bw – this value is calculated as the smallest width of the cross-section in tensile area of cross-section perpendicular
to direction of resultant shear force. This value is used for calculation shear resistance of concrete (VRdc ) according to
clause 6.2.2(1)
l value bw1 – this value is calculated as minimum width of cross-section between tension and compression chord per-
pendicular to direction of shear force. These values are used for calculation:
l design value of maximum shear force VEd,max (calculation without reduction β), clause 6.2.2(6)
l design value of maximum shear force limited by crushing of the compression struts (VRd,max ), clause 6.2.3(3,4)
l design value of shear force carried by shear reinforcement (VRds ), clause 6.2.3(3,4)
Effective depth of cross-section for shear check

The effective depth of cross-section is usually defined as distance of the most compressive fibre of concrete to centre of grav-
ity of tensile reinforcement. In Scia Enigneer, the effective depth of cross-section is defined as distance the most com-
pressive fibre of concrete to position resultant of forces in tensile reinforcement. There is calculated in Scia Engineer the
perpendicular projection of this distance to straight line perpendicular to neutral axis (slope line plane of equilibrium), called
drec . The problem is how to calculate this distance if the difference between direction of resultant of bending moment and
resultant of shear force is significant. In this case the effective depth for shear is calculated, than perpendicular projection of
this distance is calculated from bending load to direction of shear force resultant. There are some exceptional cases when
effective depth is not calculated from plane of equilibrium:
l the most compressive fibre can not be determined (the whole cross-section is in tension)
l resultant of force in tensile reinforcement can not be determined (whole section is in compression)
- 192 -
Check
In this cases, the effective depth is calculated according to formula,

d = Coeff d ⋅ h l ⋅ cos( α V − α M )
where
hl is height of cross-section perpendicular to neutral axis

coefficient for calculation effective depth of cross-section,
Coeffd see "Coefficient for calculation of effective depth of cross-
section" on page 98
is angle between direction of shear resultant and y-axis
αV
of cross-section
αM angle of slope line plane of equilibrium
Inner lever arm for shear check
Inner lever arm in EN 1992-1-1, clause 6.2.3 (3) is defined as distance of forces in tensile and compression chord, it follows
that it is distance of position resultant of tensile force (tensile reinforcement) and position of resultant of compressive force
(compressive reinforcement and compressive concrete). In EN code it is not defined how to calculate inner lever arm if dif-
ference between direction of resultant of bending moment and resultant of shear force is significant. Therefore in Scia Enign-
eer is used the same principle as for calculation of effective depth, it means that inner lever arm is calculated as projection to
direction of shear force resultant. There are some exceptional cases, when inner lever arm is not calculated from plane of
equilibrium:
l the most compressive fibre can not be determined (the whole cross-section is in tension)
l resultant of forces in tensile reinforcement can not be determined (whole section is in compression)
In this cases, the inner lever arm is calculated according to formula

z = Coeffz ⋅ d
where
d is effective depth of cross-section for shear check, see
- 193 -
Chapter 9
"Effective depth of cross- section for shear check" on

page 192
coefficient for calculation inner lever arm , see "Coef-
Coeffz
ficient for calculation of lever arm" on page 98
Calculation basic characteristics for shear
It is very important for shear check to calculate cross- section characteristics which have influence to shear resistances. It
means the following characteristics:
l width of cross-section for shear check (value bw and bw1), see "Width of cross-section for shear check" on page 192
l effective depth of cross-section (value d), see "Effective depth of cross-section for shear check" on page 192
l inner lever arm (value z), see "Inner lever arm for shear check" on the previous page
The EN code gives these values to relation with bending load, but there is problem to calculate these values, if difference
between direction of resultant of bending moments and resultant of shear forces is significant. In this case the code EN does
not give any recommendation. Therefore in Scia Engineer, if the angle between resultant of bending moments and res-
ultant of shear forces is greater than 15 degrees, the program gives the warning and in this case the more sophisticated
method (for example biaxial shear method) should be used.
Shear check
The shear check is commonly based on the theory of the concrete truss-model. In this theory a virtual truss-model is ima-
gined in a concrete beam. This truss-model has a set of vertical (or slightly diagonal), horizontal and diagonal members. The
vertical bars are considered to be the stirrups; the horizontal bars are the main reinforcement and the diagonal bars are the
concrete struts. The check of biaxial shear is calculated according to preconditions in clause 6.2 in EN 1992-1-1.
l The shear forces in both direction is taken into account and shear check is done for resultant of shear force
l The parameters of plane of equilibrium (value, d, z and h) are recalculated to direction of resultant shear force
l The design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement (VRd,c ) is calculated according to clause 6.2.2
(1) in EN 1992-1-1, if section is cracked in flexure, otherwise clause 12.6.3 in EN 1992-1-1 is used
l Design value of maximum shear force will be calculated according to clause 6.2.2(6) (VEd,max ) and 6.2.3 (3,4) (VRd,max )
in EN 1992-1-1
- 194 -
Check
l Design value of shear resistance is calculated according to 6.2.3 (3,4) (VRd,s ) in EN 1992-1-1
l The number of shear link can be calculated automatically or defined by user (in properties of stirrup zone), see "Cal-
culation number of stirrup link (number of cuts)" on page 185
l The angle of stirrups for check is always perpendicular to member axis.

• Inclined compression chord or inclined tensile chord are not taken into account
• The widths of cross-section for shear checks (value bw and bw1 ) are calculated automatically. There is no possibility to
define user value in Scia Engineer 15
• Free bars reinforcement is not taken into account
• The area of longitudinal reinforcement is not subtracted from concrete area.
As mentioned above, there exists general concept of “strut-and-tie” model for the prediction of torsional effects in concrete.
In this model, the top compression and bottom tensile members represent the compressive concrete and tensile rein-
forcement, respectively. The horizontal members are connected by the compressive virtual struts and reinforcement tensile
ties. . Consequently, the maximum of torsional resistance moment carried by concrete strut (T Rd,max ) and torsional
moment retained by the torsional resistance (T Rd,s ) have to be compared with acting torsional moment TEd ). The pro-
cedure for check can be represented by diagram below:
- 195 -
Chapter 9
Torsional cracking moment is calculated according to equation 6..26 in EN 1992-1-1 ,provided that the stress caused by tor-
sional moment is equal to design axial tensile strength of concrete (value fctd). It follows:
T Rdc = 2 ⋅ f ctd ⋅ t ef ⋅ A k
Maximum of torsional resistance moment (TRd,max ) is determined according to formula 6.30 in EN 1992-1-1.
T Rd .max = 2 ⋅ ν ⋅ α cw ⋅ f cd ⋅ A k ⋅ t ef ⋅ cos( θ ) ⋅ sin( θ )
Design torsional resistance moment of torsional reinforcement (TRd,st ) is calculated according to formula below
T Rdst = 2 ⋅ A k ⋅ ( )⋅f
Aswt
st ywd ⋅ cot( θ )
Final design value of torsional moment(TRd ) carried by member is calculated based on the following formulas
l for member without or with only detailing stirrups for torsion(Aswt =0)
T Rd = T Rd , c ≤ T Rd .max
l for other cases

T Rd = T Rd , s ≤ T Rd .max
- 196 -
Check
where

TRd,c the design value of torsional cracking moment
tef effective wall thickness, see "Calculation of basic characteristics" below
the area enclosed by the centre-lines of the thin-walled closed cross- sec-
Ak tion, including inner
hollow areas, see "Calculation of basic characteristics" below
TRd,max Maximum of torsional resistance moment
α cw chord, see note 3 in clause 6.2.3(3) in EN 1992-1-1. The value 1 is
always taken into account for non -prestressed structures
ν
TRd,st design torsional resistance moment of torsional reinforcement
the cross-sectional area of the torsional reinforcement calculated as aver-
Aswt age area from all stirrups for torsion within calculated interval, see "Cal-
culation of average characteristics of shear reinforcement" on page 187
the spacing of the stirrups calculated as average area from all stirrups for
st torsion within calculated interval, see "Calculation of average char-
acteristics of shear reinforcement" on page 187
Calculation of basic characteristics
The torsional resistance of sections is calculated on the basis of a thin-walled closed section, even if the section is actually
solid. For solid members, the section is idealized as a thin- walled section. There are several options for generation of thin -
walled cross-section in Scia Engineer, see "Equivalent thin-walled closed cross-section" on page 181
- 197 -
Chapter 9
The effective wall thickness is calculated according to clause 6.3.2(1) in EN 1992-1-1

A
t ef = > 2 ⋅ a sl
u
where
the total area of the cross-section within the outer circumference, includ-
A
ing inner hollow areas
u the outer circumference of the cross-section
minimal distance between edge and centre of the longitudinal rein-
asl
forcement.
The important parameters for check of torsion calculated from the centre line of the effective thin-walled cross-section are:
l the area enclosed by the centre-lines of the thin-walled cross-section, including inner hollow areas (value Ak )
l the circumference of the centre line thin-walled cross-section (uk )
Torsion check
In normal building structures, torsion generally arises as a secondary effect, and specific calculations are not necessary. Tor-
sional cracking is generally adequately controlled by reinforcement provided to resist shear. Even when torsion occurs, it
rarely controls the basic sizing of the members, and torsion check is often a check calculation after the members have been
checked for flexure. In some cases, the loading that causes the maximum torsional moment may not be same that induces
the maximum flexural effect. In some cases, reinforcement provided for flexure and the other forces may prove adequate to
resist torsion.
The torsion check is commonly based on the theory of the concrete truss- model too. In this theory a virtual truss- model is
imagined in a concrete beam. This truss-model has a set of vertical (or slightly diagonal), horizontal and diagonal members.
The vertical bars are considered to be the stirrups; the horizontal bars are the main reinforcement and the diagonal bars are
the concrete struts.
- 198 -
Check
l The parameters of plane of equilibrium (value, d, z and h) are recalculated to direction of resultant shear force
l The torsional cracking moment (TRd,c ) is calculated according to clause 6.3.2(5) in EN 1992-1-1
l Design value of maximum of torsional resistance moment (TRd,max )is calculated according to clause 6.3.2(4) in EN
1992-1-1
l The angle of stirrups for check is always perpendicular to member axis.
l There are 5 possibility for calculation thin-walled closed section, see "Equivalent thin-walled closed cross-section" on
page 181

• only one stirrup can be taken into account for torsion check, see "Stirrup for torsion" on page 186
• Free bars reinforcement is not taken into account
• The area of longitudinal reinforcement is not subtracted from concrete area.
As mentioned above, there exists general concept of “strut-and-tie” model for the prediction of shear and torsional effects in
concrete. In this model, the top compression and bottom tensile members represent the compressive concrete and tensile
reinforcement, respectively. The horizontal members are connected by the compressive virtual struts and reinforcement
tensile ties. .The procedure for check interaction of shear and torsion can be represented by diagram below:
- 199 -
Chapter 9
Only minimum reinforcement is required (see provided that the following condition (equation 6.31 in EN 1992-1- 1) is sat-
isfied:
T Ed V Ed
+ ≤1
T Rd ,c V Rd ,c
The maximum resistance of a member subjected to torsion and shear is limited by the capacity of the concrete struts. In
order not to exceed this resistance the following condition (equation 6.29 in EN 1992-1-1) should be satisfied:
T Ed V Ed
+ ≤1
T Rd ,max V Rd ,max
The force in shear reinforcement caused by shear and torsion effect can be calculated according to formula
Fswd = ( T Ed
2 ⋅ Ak
+
V Ed
ns ⋅ z )⋅ st
cot(θ )
The maximum force which, can be carried by shear reinforcement is give by formula:
Fswd ,max = A swt ⋅ f ywd
The additional tensile force in longitudinal reinforcement caused by shear and torsion is calculated according to formula:
Fsd = ( T Ed
2 ⋅ Ak )
⋅ u k + VEd ⋅ cot( θ )
The maximum force which, can be carried by longitudinal reinforcement is give by formula:
Fsd ,max = A sl .tor ⋅ f yd
- 200 -
Check
where

the design value of torsional cracking moment, see "Calculation pro-
TRd,c
cedure" on page 195
VEd

the design shear resistance of the member without shear rein-
VRd,c
forcement, see "Calculation procedure" on page 188
Maximum of torsional resistance moment, see "Calculation procedure"
TRd,max
on page 195
the design value of the maximum shear force which can be sustained by
VRd,max the member, limited by crushing of the compression struts, see "Cal-
culation procedure" on page 188
the area enclosed by the centre-lines of the thin-walled closed cross-sec-
tion, including inner
Ak
hollow areas, see "Calculation basic characteristics for shear" on page
194
number of stirrup link (number of cuts) of shear reinforcement, see "Cal-
ns
culation number of stirrup link (number of cuts)" on page 185
inner lever arm of cross-section recalculated to direction of shear forces
z
resultant, see "Inner lever arm for shear check" on page 193
the spacing of the stirrups calculated as average area from all stirrups
st for torsion within calculated interval, see "Calculation of average char-
acteristics of shear reinforcement" on page 187
Angle between concrete compression strut and beam axis per-
θ pendicular to the shear force, see "Angle between concrete com-
the cross-sectional area of the torsional reinforcement calculated as
average area from all stirrups for torsion within calculated interval, see
Aswt
"Calculation of average characteristics of shear reinforcement" on page
187
the design yield strength of the shear reinforcement.
fywd
f ywd = 0, 8 ⋅ f ywk σ wd ≤ 0, 8 ⋅ f ywk
is design stress of the shear reinforcement caused by shear and torsion

effect
σswd
σ wd = ( T Ed
2 ⋅ Ak
+
V Ed
n ⋅z )⋅ t
A wr ⋅ cot(θ )

circumference of the area enclosed by the centre- lines of the thin-
uk
walled closed cross- section, see "Calculation basic characteristics for
- 201 -
Chapter 9
shear" on page 194

fyd the design yield strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.
the area of longitudinal reinforcement bars, which are inside stirrup for
Asl,tor
torsion
Check of interaction shear and torsion

The interaction of shear and torsion has to be taken into account, if the member is loaded by shear and torsion effect. The
shear and torsion checks are commonly based on the theory of the concrete truss-model, see "Shear check" on page 194
and "Torsion check" on page 198.
l The special assumptions for shear check are described in "Shear check" on page 194.
l Assumptions for check torsion are described in "Torsion check" on page 198
l Only minimum reinforcement is required provided that condition clause 6.3.2(5) in EN 1992-1-1 is satisfied:
l The maximum resistance of a member subjected to torsion and shear is limited by the capacity of the concrete struts. In
order not to exceed this resistance the condition in clause 6.3.2(4) in EN 1992-1-1 should be satisfied
l Inclined compression chord or inclined tensile chord are not taken into account
l The widths of cross-section for shear checks (value bw and bw1) are calculated automatically. There is no possibility for
definition of user value in Scia Engineer 15
l only one stirrup can be taken into account for torsion check, see "Stirrup for torsion" on page 186
l Free bars reinforcement is not taken into account
l The area of longitudinal reinforcement is not subtracted from concrete area.
Warnings, errors and notes

StartWritingHere
- 202 -
Check
Abbreviations
StartWritingHere
Literature
StartWritingHere
Stress limitations (SLS)
Introduction
Stress limitation (SLS) check is based on the calculation of stresses in particular component (concrete fibre, reinforcement
bar) and comparison with limited values with respect of EN 1992-1-1 requirements. Based on the internal forces, concrete
cross-section and reinforcement defined by the user, SCIA Engineer is able to calculate the plain of equilibrium of a member
or a single cross-section and find the actual value of stresses in each component.
Generally, stress limitation from the point of the serviceability limit state is based on the verification of the following states:
l compressive stress in concrete - the high value of compressive stress in concrete could lead to appearance of lon-
gitudinal cracks, spreading of micro-cracks in concrete and higher values of creep (mainly non linear) . This effect can led
to state when the structure is unusable.
l tensile stress in reinforcement - stress in reinforcement is verified due to limitation of unacceptable strain existence
and thus appearance of cracks in concrete .
The method described in chapter "Theoretical background" on page 163 is used for determination of the plane of the equi-
librium. There are used different stress-strain diagrams towards the Capacity- response (ULS). Stress- strain diagrams
based on the serviceability limit state are used for the finding of the plain of the equilibrium. This check provides the cal-
culation of the stresses in particular components for each state of cross-section.
Generally, this check uses the iterative method for the interaction of the normal force (N) with uni-axial or biaxial bending
moments (M y + M z ). Additionally, there is possibility to calculate stresses for short-term or long- term stiffness which is
applied via modified stress-strain diagram.
Assumption and limitations
l Concrete – linear stress-strain diagram dependent on:

l type of E-modulus - short-term (Ec ) or long-term (Ec,eff ) E-modulus for preparation of stress-strain dia-
gram
l cracking of the cross-section
l un-cracked cross-section - stress-strain diagram with tensile concrete is considered
l cracked cross-section - stress-strain diagram without tensile concrete is considered
l Reinforcement – linear stress-strain diagram with tensile branch
- 203 -
Chapter 9
As an example the preparation of the stress-strain diagram for C25/30 (fck =25MPa, Ec =31GPa) is visible from the following
figures.
Concrete SLS short-term uncracked
Concrete SLS long-term uncracked
Concrete SLS short-term cracked
- 204 -
Check
Concrete SLS long-term cracked
As an example for the reinforcement material the stress- strain diagram for B400 C(fyk = 400MPa, Es =200GPa) is visible
from the following figure.
- 205 -
Chapter 9
Note: The maximal stress in SLS diagram is used as 5 x f ck (f yk ) for concrete, rein-
forcement respectively.
The calculation procedure can be described in the following steps:

Verification of crack appearance
At first crack appearance is verified for characteristic load combination in accordance to chapter 7.1(2) - maximal tensile
stress in concrete fibre is compared with effective concrete tensile strength fct,eff (see chapter XXX). The calculation of max-
imal tensile stress in concrete fibre is performed on cross-section with SLS linear diagram of concrete with tensile branch
and the reinforcement is taken into account with linear diagram. As a conclusion, two cases can appear:
1) σct ≤σcr - no crack appears; the cross-section is considered as uncracked and SLS linear diagram
with tension is used for another steps of the calculation.
2)σ ct >σ cr - crack appears; the cross- section is considered as cracked; the cross- section is recal-
culated using SLS linear diagram without tension.
where
σ
normal concrete stress on un-cracked section at the most tensioned fibber of concrete cross-section
ct
is value of strength for determination if crack width will be calculated or not, see chapter "Value of strength for cal-
σ
culation of cracking forces" on page 212
cr
Verification of stress in component

Calculation of stresses in component based on the combination. There are compared three different cases
1) verification of concrete stress under characteristic load according to chapter 7.2(2)
- 206 -
Check
this verification is calculated against to longitudinal cracks in concrete and it is provided only for expos-
ure classes XD, XF and XS. Generally, maximal compressive concrete stressσc,char has to be lesser
than maximal allowed compressive concrete strength for characteristic combination σc,char,lim = k1 ˣ
fck . It can be expressed as follows:
σc,char,lim ≤ k1ˣ fck
where k1 is NA parameter, standard value is k1= 0,6.
2) verification of concrete stress under quasi- permanent load according to chapter 7.2
(3)
this verification is calculated against to considering of linear creep only. When the condition is not ful-
filled then non-linear creep calculation should be considered. Generally, maximal compressive con-
crete stressσc,qp has to be lesser than maximal allowed compressive concrete strength for quasi-
permanent combination σc,qp,lim = k2ˣ fck . It can be expressed as follows:
σc,qp,lim ≤ k2ˣ fck
3) verification of reinforcement stress under characteristic load according to chapter 7.2
(5)
this verification is calculated against to considering of unacceptable cracks and deformation in the con-
crete. Generally, maximal reinforcement tensile stressσs,char has to be lesser than maximal allowed
reinforcement tensile strength for characteristic combination σ s,char,lim = k3 ˣ fyk . It can be expressed
as follows:
σs,char,lim ≤ k3ˣ fyk
Additionally, when the stress in reinforcement is caused by an imposed deformation then the maximal
strength is increased to k4ˣ fyk , where k4 is NA parameter, standard value is k4= 1,0.
The option for imposed deformation is described in chapter "Setup" on the next page .
Unity check is maximum from all partial unity checks. It means
Unity check = max (σc,char/σc,char,lim ;σc,qp/σc,qp,lim ;σs,char/σs,char,lim )
The procedure above can be done for short-term or long-term state. It means stress-strain diagram including or not effect-
ive modulus of elasticity can be used. Effective E modulus of elasticity is based on the creep coefficient. and it is calculated as
follows
Ec,eff = Ecm / (1+ φ)
The coverage of long-term behaviour in the calculation is possible to set in Global settings -
Solver settings - General - SLS - Use effective modulus of elasticity.
- 207 -
Chapter 9
SCIA Engineer is not able to use characteristic or quasi-permanent combination together

in one step. Therefore the same forces are used for crack appearance and final stress val-
ues.
Load cases are considered as standard load used for the stress limitation check
Output values
l Unity check - unity check of check response (see above)

l σc,char - maximal calculated value of compressive stress of concrete under characteristic combination
l σc,qp - maximal calculated value of compressive stress of concrete under quasi-permanent combination
l σs,char - maximal calculated value of compressive stress of reinforcement under characteristic combination
l σc,char,lim - limited value of compressive stress of concrete under characteristic combination
l σc,qp,lim - limited value of compressive stress of concrete under quasi-permanent combination
l σs,char,lim- limited value of compressive stress of reinforcement under characteristic combination
Setup
The following items have impact on the calculation of stress limitation check.
Imposed load
Additionally, when the stress in reinforcement is caused by an imposed deformation then the maximal strength is increased
to k4ˣ fyk , where k4 is NA parameter, standard value is k4= 1,0.
The option for imposed deformation is available in Global settings-Solver settings - Stress limitations -Indirect load (imposed
deformation).
- 208 -
Check

This value can be set in Concrete setting by using Advanced level or in 1D member data (advanced mode is ON), if
defined. If normal concrete stress on un-cracked section at the most tensioned fiber of concrete cross-section is greater
than this value, the crack width will be occurred and will be calculated. There are two possibilities:
0 MPa it means that crack width is calculated if there is some tension in cross-section
it means, that crack width is calculated only in case, that normal concrete stress on un-cracked section at the
fct,eff most tensioned fiber of concrete cross-section is greater the mean value of the tensile strength of the concrete
effective at the time

This value can be set in Concrete setting by using Advanced level or in 1D member data (advanced mode is
ON).There are two possibilities:
fctm it means that mean tensile strength of concrete in time 28 days is taken into account, see picture below
it means that the mean flexural tensile strength (EN 1992-1-1,clause 3.1.8(1)) is taken into account. This value
f
should be used if restrained deformations such as shrinkage or temperature movements are taking into account
ctm,fl for calculation of crack width
- 209 -
Chapter 9
The value presented in material properties of concrete (picture above) is mean tensile
strength of concrete in time 28 days. If cracking is expected earlier than 28 days, it is neces-
sary to input value fctm (t) at this time to material properties (EN 1992-1-1,clause 3.1.2(9))
Use of effective modulus of concrete

This value can be set in Concrete setting by using Advanced level or in 1D member data (advanced mode is ON). If
this check box is ON, then effective module of elasticity is taken into account.
National annexes in stress limitation
There are the following NA parameters related to check of stress limitation.

Chapter 7.2(2) - Coefficients used for calculation of allowable concrete stress under characteristic
combination in case of longitudinal crack appears according to EN1992-1-1
National annex k
1
Standard NA 0,6
Polish PN – EN NA 1,0
0,5 (XD,XF and XS)
Belgian NBN– EN NA
0,6 other exposure classes
Chapter 7.2(3) - Coefficients used for calculation of allowable concrete stress under quasi-per-
manen combination in case of linear creep can be considered according to EN1992-1-1
National annex k
2
Standard NA 0,45
- 210 -
Check
Chapter 7.2(5) - Coefficients used for calculation of allowable stress under characteristic com-
bination in case of unacceptable cracking or deformation appears according to EN1992-1-1
National annex k k
3 4
Standard NA 0,8 1,0
Dutch NEN – EN NA 0,0 0,0
Finnish SFS -EN NA 0,6 0,8
Swedish SS - EN NA 1,0 1,0
Errors, Warnings, Notes
List of Errors
To increase amount of reinforcement or to increase dimen-
E0/1 Error Plane of equilibrium was not found. sions of cross-section or to increase quality of the used mater-
ials
Limit concrete strength is exceeded under the characteristic Increase amount of reinforcement, dimensions of the cross-
E5/1 Error
combination of " & State & "-term loads (EN §7.2(2)). section and/or quality of the used materials.
Limit reinforcement strength is exceeded under the char-
Increase amount of reinforcement, dimensions of the cross-
E5/5 Error acteristic combination of " & State & "-term loads (EN §7.2
section and/or quality of the used materials.
(5)).
Limit concrete strength is exceeded under the quasi-per-
Increase amount of reinforcement, dimensions of the cross-
E5/2 Error manent combination of " & State & "-term loads (EN §7.2
section and/or quality of the used materials.
(3)).
List of Warnings
The selected combination is not serviceability - char- Please change type of combination to serviceability - char-
W5/3 Warning
acteristic acteristic
The selected combination is not serviceability - quasi- Please change type of combination to serviceability - quasi-
W5/4 Warning
permanent permanent
List of Notes
N0/1 Note cross-section, member or cross-section with different material as concrete
material is used)
N0/4 Note
- 211 -
Chapter 9

Change the exposure class to XD, XS or
N5/2 Note Check of stress limitation is not required for the selected exposure class.
XF.
Crack width (SLS)

Introduction
The crack width is calculated according to clause 7.3.4 in EN 1992-1-1. The following preconditions are used for calculation :
l The crack width is calculated for beams and columns and for general load (N+My+Mz)
l Cross-section with one polygon and one material is taken into account in version Scia Enigneer 15
l The material of all reinforcement bars have to be same in Scia Engineer 15
l Normal stress on un-cracked section at the most tensioned fibre for determination if crack occurred or not (check of nor-
mal stresses), should be calculated for characteristic combination of the load according to EN 1992-1-1, clause 7.2(2).
There is made simplification in Scia Engineer 15 that this normal stress is calculated for the same type of combination as it
is used for calculation of crack width (load/combination/class inputted in service Crack control.

This value can be set in Concrete setting by using Advanced level or in 1D member data (advanced mode is ON), if
defined. If normal concrete stress on un-cracked section at the most tensioned fibre of concrete cross-section is greater
than this value, the crack will occur and the crack width will be calculated. There are two possibilities:
0 MPa it means that crack width is calculated if there is some tension in cross-section
it means, that crack width is calculated only in case that normal concrete stress on un-cracked section at the
fct,eff most tensioned fiber of concrete cross-section is greater the mean value of the tensile strength of the concrete
effective at the time
Check of normal stresses (occurrance of crack width)

Before calculation of crack width the normal concrete stresses on un-cracked section at the most tensioned fiber has to be
checked. If condition below is satisfied, the crack width does not create and the crack width is not calculated
σct ≤ σcr
where
σ
ct
σ
culation of cracking forces" above
cr
There is possible to present cracking forces (N cr, M cry , Mcrz ) in numerical output. This cracking forces are forces which
cause reaching of value fc,teff (occurring of crack width in cross-section) in the most tensioned fiber of concrete cross- sec-
- 212 -
Check
tion in direction of first or second principal stress. For calculation of this cracking forces is used condition, that eccentricity of
inputted forces and cracking forces has to be the same.

f
ctm,fl for calculation crack width
sary input value fctm (t) in this time to material properties (EN 1992-1-1,clause 3.1.2(9)).
Use of effective modulus of concrete

This value can be set in Concrete setting by using Advanced level or in 1D member data (advanced mode is ON). If
this check box is ON, then effective module of elasticity is taken into account.
EN 1992- 1-1 does not give instruction how creep under varying load should be taken into
account for calculation of the crack width. The creep can be generally taken into account by
assuming that effective module of elasticity (EN 1992-1-1, clause 5.8.7(2) ) for calculation
modular ratio (E s /Ec,eff ≈ 15). A Lower value of modular ratio (greater value of module of
elasticity of concrete than effective ) may be used where less than 50 % of the stresses
arise from quasi-permanent load. The different value of modulus of elasticity can be input
directly in material properties, see picture below, but these changes has influence to FEM
analysis too.
- 213 -
Chapter 9
Type of maximal crack width

This value can be set only in 1D member data (advanced mode is ON) and there are two options
Auto it means that maximal (limit) value of crack width will be calculated according to EN 1992-1-1(Table 7.1N)
User it means that user defined value will be taken into account for particular member

f
ctm,fl for calculation crack width
- 214 -
Check
sary input value fctm (t) in this time to material properties (EN 1992-1-1,clause 3.1.2(9)).
Parameters influencing the calculation
Calculation of mean strain in the reinforcement and concrete

Difference between mean strain in the reinforcement and the mean strain in concrete between the cracks is calculated
according to EN 1992-1-1, formula 7.9
  σ f ct ,eff

  
− kt ⋅
ρ p ,eff
(
⋅ 1 + αe ⋅ ρ p ,eff ) σ 
εsm − ε cm  = max  ; 0.6 ⋅ 
E E
   
   
where
σs the stress in the most tensioned reinforcement

Es design value modulus of elasticity of the most tensioned reinforcement member
factor dependent on duration of the load. If check box "Use of effective modulus of concrete" on page 213 is ON,
kt
the value 0.4 is used, otherwise value 0.6 is used
f is the mean value of the tensile strength of the concrete effective at the time when the cracks may first be expec-
ct,eff
ted to occur.The value can be set by "Type of strength for calculation of cracking forces" on the previous page
ρ
ratio of reinforcement within effective area of concrete in tension
p,eff
ratio of design value of modulus of elasticity of the most tensioned reinforcement and modulus elasticity of the con-
αe
crete
From the formula above follows that difference between mean strain in the reinforcement and concrete mainly depends on:
- 215 -
Chapter 9
l strain (stress) in the most tensioned reinforcement,

l effect of tension stiffening.
Strain in the most tensioned reinforcement

Strain in the most tensioned reinforcement is calculated according to formula below
σ
εs =
E
There are used following preconditions in SEN:
l The section is loaded by load/combination/class selected in service crack control, see chapter 3.2.1
l Transformed section is used
l Plane section remains plane after loading (deformation) too
l Tensile strength of concrete is not taken into account (cracked section)
l Ideal bond between concrete and reinforcement is taken into account, it means that change strain of reinforcement εs
and concrete fiber εc in the same position is the same
l The linear strain-stress diagram of concrete and reinforcement with infinite branch is used, it means, that distribution of
stress is linear and depends on change of strain (Hooke’s law)
Linear stress-strain diagram of concrete Linear stress-strain diagram of reinforcement
Effect of tension stiffening

The tension stiffening effect represents the capacity of the intact concrete between neighbouring cracks to carry a limited
amount of tensile forces. The reason for this effect is bond slip between the reinforcement and the neighbouring concrete.
The decreasing of stress in reinforcement due to tension stiffening can be calculated according to formula:
f ct ,eff
∆σ = k t ⋅
ρ p ,eff (
⋅ 1 + α e ⋅ ρp , eff )
where
kt factor dependent on duration of the load. The following values should be used according to code EN 1992-
- 216 -
Check
1-1, chapter 7.3.4(2).
l kt = 0,6 for short term loading

l kt = 0,4 for long term loading
The value of kt in SEN depends on type of modulus of concrete. If check box "Use of effective modulus of
concrete" on page 213 is ON, the value 0.4 is used, otherwise value 0.6 is used.
is the mean value of the tensile strength of the concrete effective at the time.
f
When the cracks may first be expected to occur.The value can be set by "Type of strength for calculation of
ct,eff
cracking forces" on page 214.
factor dependent on duration of the load. If check box "Use of effective modulus of concrete" on page 213 is
kt
ON, the value 0.4 is used, otherwise value 0.6 is used
ratio of reinforcement within effective area of concrete in tension. This ratio is calculated only for non-
prestressed reinforcement (prestressed reinforcement is not taken into account for check crack width)
ρ according to formula
p,eff As ,eff
ρp , eff =
A c ,eff
A
area of non-prestressed reinforcement (see chapter 4.4) within effective area of concrete in tension
s,eff
the effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the reinforcement. This is area of reinforcement
A
bounded by line, which is in distance hc,eff from the most tensioned fibre of concrete in the direction of bend-
c,eff ing moment resultant
the depth of effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the reinforcement.
h c , eff = min2.5 ⋅ h − d ;
( ) ; 0.5 ⋅ h  ← if x ≤ h
h−x
h
 3 
c,eff
h c , eff = min[2.5 ⋅ ( h − d ); 0.5 ⋅ h ] ← if x > h
the height of cross-section in direction of resultant of the bending moments (thickness of FEM element in
h
centroid)
d effective depth of cross-section in direction of resultant of the bending moments
depth of concrete in compression calculated for uncracked section with taking into account conditions in
x
chapter 4.6.1.1.
ratio of design value of modulus of elasticity of the most tensioned reinforcement and modulus elasticity of
the concrete
αe
Es
αe =
Ec
design value of modulus of elasticity of the most tensioned The value is loaded from material properties of
Es
the reinforcement, see picture below
Ec modulus of elasticity of concrete. The value is loaded from material properties of the concrete
- 217 -
Chapter 9
The program finishes with error if area of non-prestressed reinforcement As,eff is zero,
EN 1992-1-1 does not give instruction, how creep under varying load should be taken into
modular ratio (Es /Ec,eff ≈ 15). A lower value of modular ratio (greater value of module of
arise from quasi- permanent load. The effective module of elasticity can be taken into
account by check box Use effective modulus of concrete (see 2.1.3 ) .The different value of
modulus of elasticity can be input directly in material properties, but these changes has influ-
ence to FEM analysis too.
Calculation of maximum crack spacing

Maximum crack spacing is calculated according to EN 1992-1-1, clause 7.3.4(3)
s ,max ( )
= 1.3 ⋅ ( h − x ) ← if ss > 5 c + 0.5 ⋅ d s or ρp , eff = 0
 k ⋅k ⋅ k ⋅ d 
s r ,max = min k 3 ⋅ c + 1 2 4 s ; 1.3 ⋅ ( h − x )  otherwise
 ρ p , eff 
- 218 -
Check
where
k
coefficients of calculation loaded from national annex setting (Manager of national annex >code EN 1992-1-1 >
3 SLS)
, k4
c cover of the most tensioned reinforcement calculated in direction of resultant of bending moments
k1 coefficient which takes account of the bond properties of the bonded reinforcement
l k1 = 0,8 for high bond bars (in SEN bar surface = ribbed)
k1
l k1 = 1,6 for bars with an effectively plain surface e.g. prestressing tendons (in SEN bar surface = smooth)
The bar surface can be defined in material properties of the reinforcement

coefficient which takes account of the distribution of strain
k l k2= 0.5 for pure bending

2,i+ l k2 = 1.0 for pure tension
l k2= (ε1+ ε2)/2 • ε1
the greater tensile strain at the boundaries (edges) of the cross-section The strain is calculated for uncracked sec-
ε1
tion with taking into account conditions in chapter 4.6.1.1 and the value of strain is zero for edge in compression
the lesser tensile strain at the boundaries (edges) of the cross-section The strain is calculated for uncracked sec-
ε2
ρ
p,eff
ratio of design value of modulus of elasticity of most tensioned reinforcement and modulus elasticity of the con-
αe
crete
is depth of concrete in compression calculated for uncracked section with taking into account conditions in chapter
x
4.6.1.1.
h the height of cross-section in direction of resultant of the bending moments
centre to centre spacing between bars of reinforcement of the most tensioned layer of reinforcement per-
ss
pendicular to direction of bending moments resultant
diameter of bars of the most tensioned layer of reinforcement. If bars with different diameter are inside of the
ds effective area of concrete, the equivalent diameter according to equation 7.12 in EN 1992-1-1 is taken into
account
- 219 -
Chapter 9
Calculation of crack width in direction of principal stresses

The crack width is calculated according to EN 1992-1-1, formula 7.8.
w = sr,max • (εsm - εcm )
where
sr,max maximum crack spacing

(εsm - εcm) difference between mean strain in the reinforcement and the mean strain in concrete between the cracks
Check of normal stresses (occurring of crack width)

Before calculation of crack width the normal concrete stresses on un-cracked section at the most tensioned fiber has to be
checked. If condition below is satisfied, the crack width does not create and the crack of width is not calculated
σct ≤ σcr
where
σ
ct
- 220 -
Check
σ
culation of cracking forces" on page 212
cr
It is possible to present cracking forces (Ncr, Mcry , Mcrz ) in numerical output. These cracking forces are forces which caused
reaching of value fc,teff (occurring of crack width in cross-section) in the most tensioned fibber of concrete cross-section in
direction of first or second principal stress. For calculation of this cracking forces is used condition that eccentricity of inputted
forces and cracking forces has to be the same.
Calculation of mean strain in the reinforcement and concrete

Difference between mean strain in the reinforcement and the mean strain in concrete between the cracks is calculated
according to EN 1992-1-1, formula 7.9
  σ f ct ,eff

  
− kt ⋅
ρ p ,eff
(
⋅ 1 + αe ⋅ ρ p ,eff ) σ 
εsm − ε cm  = max  ; 0.6 ⋅ 
E E
   
   
where
σs the stress in the most tensioned reinforcement

Es design value modulus of elasticity of the most tensioned reinforcement member
factor dependent on duration of the load. If check box "Use of effective modulus of concrete" on page 213 is ON,
kt
the value 0.4 is used, otherwise value 0.6 is used
f is the mean value of the tensile strength of the concrete effective at the time when the cracks may first be expec-
ct,eff
ted to occur.The value can be set by "Type of strength for calculation of cracking forces" on page 213
ρ
p,eff
ratio of design value of modulus of elasticity of the most tensioned reinforcement and modulus elasticity of the con-
αe
crete
From the formula above follows that difference between mean strain in the reinforcement and concrete mainly depends on:
l strain (stress) in the most tensioned reinforcement,

l effect of tension stiffening.
Strain in the most tensioned reinforcement

Strain in the most tensioned reinforcement is calculated according to formula below
σ
εs =
E
There are used following preconditions in Scia Engineer:
l The section is loaded by load/combination/class selected in service crack control, see chapter 3.2.1
l Transformed section is used
l Plane section remains plane after loading (deformation) too
l Tensile strength of concrete is not taken into account (cracked section)
- 221 -
Chapter 9
l Ideal bond between concrete and reinforcement is taken into account, it means change strain of reinforcement εs and
concrete fiber εc in the same position is the same
l The linear strain-stress diagram of concrete and reinforcement with infinite branch is used, it means, that distribution of
stress is linear and depends on change of strain (Hooke’s law)
Linear stress-strain diagram of concrete Linear stress-strain diagram of reinforcement
Effect of tension stiffening

The tension stiffening effect represents the capacity of the intact concrete between neighbouring cracks to carry a limited
amount of tensile forces. The reason for this effect is bond slip between the reinforcement and the neighbouring concrete.
The decreasing of stress in reinforcement due to tension stiffening can be calculated according to formula:
f ct ,eff
∆σ = k t ⋅
ρ p ,eff (
⋅ 1 + α e ⋅ ρp , eff )
where
factor dependent on duration of the load. The following values should be used according to code EN 1992-
1-1, chapter 7.3.4(2).
l kt = 0,6 for short term loading

kt
l kt = 0,4 for long term loading
The value of kt in SEN depends on type of modulus of concrete. If check box "Use of effective modulus of
concrete" on page 213 is ON, the value 0.4 is used, otherwise value 0.6 is used.
is the mean value of the tensile strength of the concrete effective at the time.
f
When the cracks may first be expected to occur.The value can be set by "Type of strength for calculation of
ct,eff
cracking forces" on page 213.
factor dependent on duration of the load. If check box "Use of effective modulus of concrete" on page 213 is
kt
ON, the value 0.4 is used, otherwise value 0.6 is used
ratio of reinforcement within effective area of concrete in tension. This ratio is calculated only for non-
ρ
prestressed reinforcement (prestressed reinforcement is not taken into account for check crack width)
p,eff according to formula
- 222 -
Check
As ,eff
ρp , eff =
A c ,eff
A
area of non-prestressed reinforcement (see chapter 4.4) within effective area of concrete in tension
s,eff
the effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the reinforcement. This is area of reinforcement
A
bounded by line, which is in distance hc,eff frpm most tensioned fibre of concrete in direction of bending
c,eff nmoment resultant
the depth of effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the reinforcement.
h c , eff = min2.5 ⋅ h − d ;
( ) ; 0.5 ⋅ h  ← if x ≤ h
h−x
h
 3 
c,eff
h c , eff = min[2.5 ⋅ ( h − d ); 0.5 ⋅ h ] ← if x > h
the height of cross-section in direction of resultant of the bending moments (thickness of FEM element in
h
centroid)
d effective depth of cross-section in direction of resultant of the bending moments
depth of concrete in compression calculated for uncracked section with taking into account conditions in
x
chapter 4.6.1.1.
ratio of design value of modulus of elasticity of the most tensioned reinforcement and modulus elasticity of
the concrete
αe
Es
αe =
Ec
design value of modulus of elasticity of the most tensioned The value is loaded from material properties of
Es
the reinforcement, see picture below
Ec modulus of elasticity of concrete. The value is loaded from material properties of the concrete
- 223 -
Chapter 9
The program finishes with error if area of non-prestressed reinforcement As,eff is zero,
EN 1992-1-1 does not give instruction, how creep under varying load should be taken into
modular ratio (E s /Ec,eff ≈ 15). A Lower value of modular ratio (greater value of module of
arise from quasi- permanent load. The effective module of elasticity van be taken into
account by check box Use effective modulus of concrete (see 2.1.3 ) .The different value of
modulus of elasticity can be input directly in material properties, but these changes has influ-
ence to FEM analysis too.
Calculation of maximum crack spacing

Maximum crack spacing is calculated according to EN 1992-1-1, clause 7.3.4(3)
s ,max ( )
= 1.3 ⋅ ( h − x ) ← if ss > 5 c + 0.5 ⋅ d s or ρp , eff = 0
 k ⋅k ⋅ k ⋅ d 
s r ,max = min k 3 ⋅ c + 1 2 4 s ; 1.3 ⋅ ( h − x )  otherwise
 ρ p , eff 
- 224 -
Check
where
k
coefficients of calculation loaded from national annex setting (Manager of national annex >code EN 1992-1-1 >
3 SLS)
, k4
c cover of the most tensioned reinforcement calculated in direction of resultant of bending moments
k1 coefficient which takes account of the bond properties of the bonded reinforcement
l k1 = 0,8 for high bond bars (in SEN bar surface = ribbed)
k1
l k1 = 1,6 for bars with an effectively plain surface e.g. prestressing tendons (in SEN bar surface = smooth)
The bar surface can be defined in material properties of the reinforcement

coefficient which takes account of the distribution of strain
k l k2= 0.5 for pure bending

2,i+ l k2 = 1.0 for pure tension
l k2= (ε1+ ε2)/2 • ε1
the greater tensile strain at the boundaries (edges) of the cross-section The strain is calculated for uncracked sec-
ε1
the lesser tensile strain at the boundaries (edges) of the cross-section The strain is calculated for uncracked sec-
ε2
ρ
p,eff
ratio of design value of modulus of elasticity of most tensioned reinforcement and modulus elasticity of the con-
αe
crete
is depth of concrete in compression calculated for uncracked section with taking into account conditions in chapter
x
4.6.1.1.
h the height of cross-section in direction of resultant of the bending moments
centre to centre spacing between bars of reinforcement of the most tensioned layer of reinforcement per-
ss
pendicular to direction of bending moments resultant
diameter of bars of the most tensioned layer of reinforcement. If bars with different diameter are inside of the
ds effective area of concrete, the equivalent diameter according to equation 7.12 in EN 1992-1-1 is taken into
account
- 225 -
Chapter 9
Calculation of crack width

The crack width is calculated according to EN 1992-1-1, formula 7.8.
w = sr,max • (εsm - εcm )
where
sr,max maximum crack spacing

(εsm - εcm) difference between mean strain in the reinforcement and the mean strain in concrete between the cracks
Warning and errors

The following errors, warnings and notes may be occurred during the check crack width

The crack is not appeared, because maximal tensile stress is lesser than crack-
N5/1 Note
ing strength.
The crack is appeared, because maximal tensile stress is greater than crack-
N5/2 Note
ing strength.
E5/1 Error Check was not done, because plane of equilibrium was not found. To increase amount of reinforcement or to
- 226 -
Check

increase dimensions of cross-section or to
increase quality of the used materials.
Depth of effective area of the concrete in the tension is calculated only as MIN
N5/3 Note
[(2.5*(h-d); h/2)], because member is in compression.
The maximum spacing of reinforcement cannot be calculated. The width of
N5/4 Note cross-section perpendicular to direction of bending moment resultant crossing
the bar with maximum tensile stress will be taken into account.
To input some bars of reinforcement to
There is no reinforcement inside of effective area of the concrete in the ten-
E5/2 Error inside effective area of the concrete or
sion.
decrease cover of reinforcement.
To increase amount of reinforcement or to
E5/3 Error Effective area of the concrete is not created. increase dimensions of cross-section or to
Check is not done, because normal force and bending moments for quasi per-
N5/5 Note
manent combination are zero.
N5/6 Note Check crack width satisfies, because the crack width is lesser than limit value.
Check crack width does not satisfy, because the crack width is bigger than limit
E5/4 Error increase dimensions of cross-section or to
value.
Check crack width does not satisfy, because crack width is not calculated due
to some errors during calculation.

3.2.1
Abbreviations
Warning and errors

The following errors, warnings and notes may be occurred during the check of crack width
- 227 -
Chapter 9

The crack is not appeared, because maximal tensile stress is lesser than crack-
N5/1 Note
ing strength.
The crack is appeared, because maximal tensile stress is greater than crack-
N5/2 Note
ing strength.
E5/1 Error Check was not done, because plane of equilibrium was not found. increase dimensions of cross-section or to
Depth of effective area of the concrete in the tension is calculated only as MIN
N5/3 Note
[(2.5*(h-d); h/2)], because member is in compression.
The maximum spacing of reinforcement cannot be calculated. The width of
N5/4 Note cross-section perpendicular to direction of bending moment resultant crossing
the bar with maximum tensile stress will be taken into account.
To input some bars of reinforcement to
There is no reinforcement inside of effective area of the concrete in the ten-
E5/2 Error inside effective area of the concrete or
sion.
decrease cover of reinforcement.
E5/3 Error Effective area of the concrete is not created. increase dimensions of cross-section or to
Check is not done, because normal force and bending moments for quasi per-
N5/5 Note
manent combination are zero.
N5/6 Note Check crack width satisfies, because the crack width is lesser than limit value.
Check crack width does not satisfy, because the crack width is bigger than limit
value.
Check crack width does not satisfy, because crack width is not calculated due
to some errors during calculation.

3.2.1
Abbreviations
- 228 -
Check
Literature
1. [1] EN 1992-1-1: 2004 Eurocode 2 : design of concrete structures – Part 1: General rules and rules for building
2. [2] ENV 1992-1-1: 1991 Eurocode 2 : design of concrete structures – Part 1: General rules and rules for building
Literature
EN 1992-1- 1: 2004 Eurocode 2 : design of concrete structures – Part 1: General

[1]
rules and rules for building
ENV 1992-1-1: 1991 Eurocode 2 : design of concrete structures – Part 1: General
[2]
rules and rules for building
Deflections (SLS)
Introduction
The calculation of deflection is done according to chapter 7.3.4 from EN 1992-1-1. The verification of deflections should be
performed due to the following reasons:
l Unacceptable deflection should not affect proper function of the structure or aesthetic - limit for total deflection
l To avoid damage to partitions and finishes due to increments in deflection following their construction - limit for additional
deflection
The behaviour of the reinforced cross-section for deflection needs is the same as used for the stiffness calculation and can
be also expressed in term of moment and strain (deformation) diagram. The final value of stiffness is calculated using inter-
polation formula between state (I) deformation for uncracked concrete section ( x =0) and state (II) deformation for fully
cracked concrete section (no tension carries) (x =1) dependently on the ratio of stress in reinforcement from cracking load
and acting load.The dependency of cracking moment on strain in concrete is visible from the following figure. The value of
deformation is then recalculated from the stiffness and acting load.
- 229 -
Chapter 9
Influence of deflection values

Generally, there are three main effects which affect the values of deformation
Effect of load
In concrete structures, deflections increase with time under sustained load. The greater part of the deflection normally
occurs under sustained loads. Therefore, long-term deflections are calculated under a best estimate of the sustained load
during the lifetime of the structure. The design load for calculating long-term deflections is the permanent load
Effect of cracking
Effect of concrete cracking is irreversible process. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate long-term deflections using a effect-
ive tensile concrete strength which corresponds to the worst cracking during the lifetime of the structure.
Effect of creep
In fact creep is the continuous deformation of a member under sustained load. As it is mentioned in "Assumptions" on page
158, creep effect is covered in calculation via effective modulus of elasticity which is calculated using creep coefficient.
Assumption
The same preconditions are used for calculation as mentioned in chapter "Assumption and limitations" on page 203
SCIA Engineer is able to calculate short-term or long-term stiffness. This type depends on setting in Global settings - Solver
settings - General - SLS - Use effective modulus of elasticity.
- 230 -
Check
l check is performed on linear/envelope or code combination (it is not necessary to define concrete combinations)
l check is done for selected members (Current CDD runs for whole structure)
There are the following limitations:
l Deformation caused by shrinkage is not automatically taken into account in version SCIA Engineer15.
l Verification based on limiting span / depth ratio according to 7.4.2 is not implemented.
l The check is done only on user defined reinforcement (check using theoretical designed reinforcement is not supported).
l The calculation of deflection depends on the internal forces used for the reduced stiffness. Therefore the
check of deflection doesn’t work for case where the internal forces are equal to zero but deflection are
not zero. Typically for cantilever structure of member with free overhang. Here the results cannot be con-
sidered.
Theory
As mentioned in EN 1992- 1- 1 chapter 7.4.1(3) calculated deformations should not exceed those that can be accom-
modated by other connected elements such as partitions, glazing, cladding, services or finishes. In some cases limitation
may be required to ensure the proper functioning of machinery or apparatus supported by the structure, or to avoid ponding
on flat roofs.
Generally two main situation are required to be checked:
l Total deflection - The appearance and general utility of the structure could be impaired when the calculated sag of a
beam, slab or cantilever subjected to quasi-permanent loads exceeds span/250. The sag is assessed relative to the sup-
ports. Pre-camber may be used to compensate for some or all of the deflection but any upward deflection incorporated in
the form-work should not generally exceed span/250
l Additional deflection - Deflections that could damage adjacent parts of the structure should be limited. For the deflec-
tion after construction, span/500 is normally an appropriate limit for quasi-permanent loads. Other limits may be con-
sidered, depending on the sensitivity of adjacent parts.
The calculation procedure used in new Deflection check can be described in the following steps:
1) Calculation of short-term stiffness - short-term stiffness is calculated using 28days E modulus for acting load
- 231 -
Chapter 9
2) Calculation of long-term stiffness - long-term stiffness is calculated using effective E modulus based on creep coef-
ficient for acting load
Unfortunately, for time being there is not possibility to distinguish between short-term and long-term part of the load in com-
bination. Therefore some precondition has been established for determination of long-term part of the load. Long-term part
of the load (LongTermPercentage) is estimated based on the type of combination for check. There are three main
SLS combinations:
l 1) SLS characteristics - LongTermPercentage = 70%

l 2) SLS frequent - LongTermPercentage = 85%
l 3) SLS quasi-permanent- LongTermPercentage = 100%
3) Calculation of ratios - stiffness ratios are used as simplified method for calculation of particular deflections (see
below). These values are calculated for each state according to points 1 and 2 above. Generally , the values are ratios of lin-
ear stiffness of concrete component only divided by resultant stiffness taking cracks into account.
ratio = Stiffnesslin / Stiffnessres
For example:
ratiouz =EIz,lin / EIz,res
4) Calculation of particular component - Several particular components are needed for calculation of total and addi-
tional deflection
As mentioned beforehand, the short- and long-term stiffnesses are calculated using a so-called creep factor. This creep-
factor is dependant on the relative humidity, outline of the cross-section, reinforcement percentage, concrete class, etc.This
factor is used to divide the short- term stiffness and obtain the long-term stiffness, Thus by taken the concrete stiffness for
short- and long-term and the representative compression strength the program calculates the stress and strain diagram.
Generally , the components calculated below can be graphically presented on the following figure
Linear (elastic) deflection - is the sum of short-term and long-term elastic deflection
ᵟ lin = ᵟ lin,s+ᵟ lin,l
Immediate deflection - to calculate the immediate deformation, the deformation of the permanent load is calculated using
the short-term stress and strain diagram. Additionally by subtracting the immediate deformation from the total deformation,
the programs calculates the additional deformation.
ᵟ imm = ᵟ lin,lˣ ratio s
Short-term deflection - is the multiplication of short-term elastic deflection and short-term ratio
ᵟ s = ᵟ lin,sˣ ratio s
Long-term deflection + creep - is the multiplication of long-term elastic deflection and long-term ratio
ᵟ l,creep = ᵟ lin,lˣ ratio l
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Check
Creep deflection - is calculated based on short and long term ratios

ᵟ creep = ᵟ lin,lˣ (ratio l-ratio s)
Long-term deflection - is the difference between deflection caused by long-term + creep and creep parts of deflection
ᵟ l = ᵟ l,creep- ᵟ creep
Additional deflection - is the difference between sum of shot-term and long-term with creep towards immediate deflec-
tion
ᵟ add =ᵟ s+ ᵟ l,creep- ᵟ imm
Total deflection - is the sum of short-term and long-term +creep deflection
ᵟ tot = ᵟ s+ ᵟ l,creep
5) Check of deflections - as it was reported at the beginning of this chapter two deflections are required to be checked. At
first the limit values has to be calculated for particular direction of deflections. These values are:
a) limit for total deflection
ᵟ tot,lim=L / 250
b) limit for additional deflection
ᵟ add,lim=L / 500
In formulas above, there is mentioned L value. This value corresponds to buckling length multiplied by β factor of the mem-
ber in particular direction.
Finally the unity check can be calculated as follows:
Unity check = max (ᵟ tot /ᵟ tot,lim ;ᵟ add/ᵟ add,lim )
Output values
l Unity check - unity check of check deflection(see above)

l δ tot,y - total deflection in (y) direction
l δ tot,z - total deflection in (z) direction
l δ tot,lim,y - limit total deflection in (y) direction
l δ tot,lim,z - limit total deflection in (z) direction
l δ add,y - additional deflection in (y) direction
l δ add,z - additional deflection in (z) direction
l δ add,lim,z - limit additional deflection in (z) direction
l δ add,lim,y - limit additional deflection in (y) direction
Setup
The following items have impact on the calculation of deflection check. Both are stored in Concrete settings (structure) -
Global settings-Solver settings - Deflections
Maximal total displacement

Maximal total displacement expresses ad L/x. Default value is 250. The limit is taken according to chapter 7.4.1(4) from EN
1992-1-1.
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Chapter 9
Maximal additional displacement

Maximal additional displacement expresses ad L/x. Default value is 500. The limit is taken according to chapter 7.4.1(5) from
EN 1992-1-1.
Additionally, both values above can be modified using Concrete member data per each member.
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Check
Errors, Warnings, Notes

List of Errors
Change (a) the dimensions of the cross-section, (b) the amount of reinforcement or
E0/1 Error Plane of equilibrium was not found.
(c) the quality of the used materials.
The limit additional deflection in (y) dir- Change (a) the dimensions of the cross-section, (b) the amount of reinforcement or
E8/2 Error
ection is exceeded. (c) the quality of the used materials.
The limit additional deflection in (z) dir- Change (a) the dimensions of the cross-section, (b) the amount of reinforcement or
E8/3 Error
ection is exceeded. (c) the quality of the used materials.
The limit total deflection in (y) direction Change (a) the dimensions of the cross-section, (b) the amount of reinforcement or
E8/5 Error
is exceeded. (c) the quality of the used materials.
The limit total deflection in (z) direction Change (a) the dimensions of the cross-section, (b) the amount of reinforcement or
E8/6 Error
is exceeded. (c) the quality of the used materials.
List of Warnings
- 235 -
Chapter 9
List of Notes
N0/1 Note cross-section, member or cross-section with different material as concrete
material is used)
N0/4 Note
Detailing provisions
Introduction
Requirements for detailing provisions of reinforced concrete members are another step of proper design respecting safety,
serviceability and durability of structure.
Generally SCIA Engineer distinguishes three main types of member within their detailing provisions:
l Beam - verification of longitudinal and shear reinforcement

l Column - verification of main and transverse reinforcement
l Beam slab - verification of longitudinal reinforcement only
The following table shows which checks of detailing provisions are performed for particular member type:
longitudinal shear
Member type
(main) (transverse)
6.2.3(3) - Maximal percentage of shear reinforcement
8.2(2) - Minimal clear spacing of bars 9.2.2(5) - Minimal percentage of shear reinforcement
9.2.1.1(1) - Minimal area of longitudinal reinforcement 9.2.2 (6) - Maximal longitudinal spacing of stirrups
(shear)
Beam 9.2.1.1(3) - Maximal area of longitudinal reinforcement
9.2.2 (8) - Maximal transverse spacing of stirrups
9.2.3(4) - Maximal centre-to-centre bar distance based on torsion
(shear)
Code-Independent - Maximal clear spacing
9.2.3(3) - Maximal longitudinal spacing of stirrups (tor-
sion)
8.2(2) - Minimal clear spacing of bars 9.2.3(3) - Maximal longitudinal spacing of stirrups (tor-
sion)
9.5.2(1) - Minimal bar diameter of longitudinal reinforcement
9.5.3 (1) - Minimal diameter of transverse rein-
Column 9.5.2(2) - Minimal area of longitudinal reinforcement
forcement
9.5.2(3) - Maximal area of longitudinal reinforcement
9.5.3 (3) - Maximal longitudinal spacing of transverse
9.5.2(4) - Minimal number of longitudinal reinforcement bars reinforcement
8.2(2) - Minimal clear spacing of bars

Beam Slab -
9.3.1.1(3) - Maximal bar distance of longitudinal reinforcement
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Check
Assumption
Assumption and limitation

There are the following assumption and limitation:
l Stirrups can be defined with perpendicular direction to axis of the member (α =90°).
l Shear bends are not able to define, therefore check of detailing provisions for them is not supported
l Only checks mentioned in previous chapter are supported
l Each check of detailing provisions includes differences per national annex if those exist.
Minimal clear spacing of bars 8.2(2)

The main principles which are checked are mainly satisfying minimal distances between bars which should be arranged in
such a way that concrete can be placed and compacted satisfactorily so that adequate bond will develop between the bars
and concrete.
The procedure of calculation is running for each distances between bars and verification of the minimal distance among
them towards the limited value from the code. The distances are evaluated as the minimal clear distance for all member
types mentioned before (beam, column and beam slab) . Check looks as follows.
Calculation of minimal clear distance between longitudinal bar as:
ss-s,min.
Furthermore minimal allowed clear distance between bars from all bars in cross-section is calculated according to chapter
8.2(2) as
ss-s,min,lim =max (k1 •φ;dg+k2;slb,min)
where:
l k1 and k2 are coefficients defined in NA. For standard Eurocode k1=1 and k2=5.
l •φis diameter of maximal longitudinal reinforcement
l dg - maximal stone diameter in concrete mixture
l slb,min is minimal clear distance defined as fixed value in chapter 8.2(2)
Finally unity check is calculated as follows:

UC8.2(2) = ss-s,min,lim / ss-s,min.
Clause 8.2.(2) - Coefficients used for National annex parameters

National annex k k
1 2
Standard NA 1,0 5,0
Czech ČSN – EN NA 1,5 5,0
Slovak STN – EN NA 1,5 5,0
0,0 for d ≤16mm
g
German DIN-EN NA 1,0
5,0 for d >16mm
g
0,0 for one reinforcement layer
Austrian ONORM-EN NA 1,0
10,0 for more reinforcement layers
Finnish SFS-EN NA 1,0 3,0
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Chapter 9
Maximal percentage of shear reinforcement (6.2.3(3))

The maximal percentage of shear reinforcement should not exceed minimal value defined in 6.2.3(3) formula 6.12. Check
looks as follows. Calculation of percentage of shear reinforcement from defined reinforcement is done according to formula
9.4.
ρw = Asw / (s .bw .sin(α))
where
l Asw - Cross - sectional area of shear reinforcement

l bw - shear effective width of cross-section
l s - longitudinal spacing of shear reinforcement
l α - angle between shear reinforcement and longitudinal axis of the member
Furthermore maximal allowed percentage of shear reinforcement is calculated as follows (see formula 6.12).
ρw,max =0,5.αcw .νfcd / fyd
where
l αcw - coefficient taking into account stress state in compression strut

l ν - strength reduction factor for cracked concrete in shear
l fcd - design cylinder strength of concrete member
l fyk - design yield strength of reinforcement material
l UC6.2.3(3) =ρw / ρw,max .
Minimal mandrel diameter (8.3(2))

The mandrel diameter should not exceed minimal value defined in 8.3(2). Check looks as follows. Calculation of minimal
defined mandrel diameter of stirrups:
φm =Coeff m .φs
φ
where
l Coeff m - value defined in Stirrup layer - Diameter of mandrel

φ
- 238 -
Check
l φs - diameter of defined stirrup
Furthermore minimal allowed mandrel diameter of stirrup is determined as follows from table 8.1N
for φs ≤ 16mm; φm,min=4. .φs
for φs > 16mm; φm,min=7. .φs

UC8.3(2) = φm /φm,min.
Minimal reinforcement area (9.2.1.1(1))

The area of tensile longitudinal reinforcement has to be limited by minimal value As,min calculated as follows.
As,min = max(CoeffAs,min,2•fctm •bt •d / fyk ; CoeffAs,min,1•bt •d)
where
l CoeffAs,min,1and CoeffAs,min,2 - values from formulas 9.1N CoeffAs,min,1=0,26; CoeffAs,min,2=0,0013;

l fctm - mean tensile strength of concrete
l bt - mean width of cross-section in tensile zone of cross-section
l fyk - yield strength of reinforcement
Calculation of tensile area of reinforcement in considered cross-section Ast .

UC9.2.1.1(1) = As,min/ As,t .
- 239 -
Chapter 9
Clause 9.2.1.1(1) - Minimal tensile reinforcement for National annex

National annex formula 9.1N formula 9.1N

Standard NA Coeff •f •b •d / f Coeff •b •d
As,min,2 ctm t yk As,min,1 t
German DIN-EN NA Not used Not used
Dutch NEN-EN NA Coeff •f •b •d / f * Coeff •b •d *
As,min,2 ctm t yk As,min,1 t
German NA doesn’t give the limit for minimal tensile area of longitudinal reinforcement. In
this case unity check is =0
* The procedure for Dutch NEN-NA gives another rule. The values from table above are
marked as A s,min,1 . Additionally necessary area from ULS (A s,req ) is calculated as
As,min,2 = 1,25 * As,req . Finally, the minimal allowed value of longitudinal reinforcement is:
As,min = max (As,min,1; As,min,2).
Maximal area of reinforcement (9.2.1.1(3))

The maximal area of longitudinal reinforcement As,max should not exceed the values described in 9.2.1.1(3). and is cal-
culated as follows.
As,max =0,04 •Ac
where
l Ac - area of concrete cross-section
Calculation of longitudinal reinforcement area in considered cross-section As .

UC9.2.1.1(3) = As / As,max .
Clause 9.2.1.1(3) - Maximal area of reinforcement for National annex

National annex formula

Standard NA 0,04 •A
c
German DIN-EN NA 0,08 •A
c
Finnish SFS-EN NA Not limited
Swedish SS-EN NA Not limited
Slovenian SIST-EN NA Not limited
The verification for SFS, SS and SIST NA is not done at all and unity check is set to
UC9.2.1.1(3) =0
Minimal percentage of shear reinforcement (9.2.2(5))

The minimal percentage of shear reinforcement should not exceed minimal value defined in 9.2.2(5). Check looks as fol-
lows. Calculation of percentage of shear reinforcement from defined reinforcement is done according to formula 9.4.
- 240 -
Check
ρw = Asw / (s .bw .sin(α))

where
l Asw - Cross - sectional area of shear reinforcement

l bw - shear effective width of cross-section
l s - longitudinal spacing of shear reinforcement
l α - angle between shear reinforcement and longitudinal axis of the member
Furthermore minimal allowed percentage of shear reinforcement is calculated as follows (see formula 9.5N).
ρw,min = 0,08.√fck / fyk
where
l fck - characteristic cylinder strength of concrete member

l fyk - characteristic yield strength of reinforcement material
l UC9.2.2(5) =ρw,min/ ρw .
Clause 9.2.2.(5) - Minimal percentage of shear reinforcement for National annex

National annex formula9.5N

Standard NA 0,08.√f / f
ck yk
German DIN-EN NA 0,16.f /f
ctm yk
Austrian ONORM-EN NA 0,15.f /f
ctm yd
Maximal longitudinal spacing of stirrups based on shear (9.2.2(6))

The maximal longitudinal spacing between stirrups links should not exceed maximal value defined in 9.2.2(6). Check looks
as follows. Calculation of maximal defined longitudinal distance of stirrups sl.
Furthermore maximal allowed longitudinal distance between stirrups is calculated as follows
sl,max = 0,75•d•(1+cotg (α))
where:

l α - angle of stirrups to longitudinal axis of the member

UC9.2.2(6) = sl/ sl,max .
Clause 9.2.2.(6) - Maximal longitudinal spacing of stirrups for National annex


Standard NA 0,75•d•(1+cotg (α))
- 241 -
Chapter 9

Austrian ONORM-EN NA max( 0,75•d•(1+cotg (α)); 250mm)
Czech ČSN-EN NA max( 0,75•d•(1+cotg (α)); 400mm)
for h ≤ 250mm
l s = 0,9•d
l,max
French NF-EN NA
for h > 250mm
l s = max( 0,75•d•(1+cotg (α))
l,max
for V ≤ 0,3•V
Ed Rd,max
l for f ≤ 50MPa ---->s = max(0,7•h;300mm)

ck l,max
l for f > 50MPa ---->s = max(0,7•h;200mm)
ck l,max
l for V < V ; h<200mm and beam
Ed Rd,c
l l s = 200mm
l,max
German DIN-EN NA
for 0,3•V < V ≤0,6•V
Rd,max Ed Rd,max
l for f ≤ 50MPa ---->s = max(0,5•h;300mm)

ck l,max
l for f > 50MPa ---->s = max(0,5•h;200mm)
ck l,max
for V > 0,6•V

Ed Rd,max
l s = max(0,25•h;200mm)
l,max
Slovak STN-EN NA max( 0,75•d•(1+cotg (α)); 400mm)
Maximal longitudinal spacing of stirrups based on shear (9.2.3(3))

The maximal longitudinal spacing between stirrups links based on torsion requirements should not exceed maximal value
defined in 9.2.3(3). Check looks as follows. Calculation of maximal defined longitudinal distance of stirrups sl.
Furthermore maximal allowed longitudinal distance between stirrups based on torsion requirements is calculated as follows
sl,tor,max =min (uk /8; sl; bmin)
where:
l uk - perimeter of effective area for torsion

l bmin - minimal dimension of cross-section determined from rewritten rectangular cross-section (see the following figure)

UC9.2.3(3) = sl/ sl,tor,max .
- 242 -
Check
Maximal centre-to-centre bar distance based on torsion (9.2.3(4))

The procedure of calculation is running for each distance between bars and verification of the maximal distance among
them towards the limited value from the code. The distances are evaluated as the maximal centre-to centre distance. Check
looks as follows.
Calculation of maximal centre-to-centre bar distance between longitudinal bar as:
sc-c,max .
Furthermore minimal allowed centre-to- centre distance between bars from all bars in cross-section is determined accord-
ing to chapter 9.2.3(4)as
sc-c,max,lim =350mm
UC9.2.3(4) = sc-c,max / sc-c,max,lim .
Maximal clear spacing of bars (Code independent)

The procedure of calculation is running for each distances between bars and verification of the maximal distance among
them towards the limited value from the user point of view. The distances are evaluated as the maximal clear distance for all
member types mentioned before (beam, column and beam slab) . Check looks as follows.
Calculation of maximal clear distance between longitudinal bar as: ss-s,max .
Furthermore maximal allowed clear distance between bars from all bars in cross-section is defined by user in Concrete set-
tings (structure) ss-s,max,lim )
UCmax_bar_distance(user) = ss-s,max / ss-s,max,lim .
Unity check calculation

Finally, the unity check is calculated dependently on member type and settings in Concrete settings (see "Concrete settings
for beams" on page 249. Three basic cases are distinguished:
l Beam
UC = max ( UC8.2(2); UC8.3(2); UC6.2.3(3); UC9.2.1.1(1); UC9.2.1.1(3); UC9.2.2(5); UC9.2.2(6); UC9.2.2(8); UC9.2.3(3);
UC9.2.3(4);
UCmax_bar_distance(user))
l Beam slab
UC = max ( UC8.2(2); UC8.3(2); UC9.2.1.1(1); UC9.2.1.1(3); UC9.3.1.1(3))
l Columns
UC = max ( UC8.2(2); UC8.3(2); UC9.5.2(1); UC9.5.2(2);UC9.5.2(3);UC9.5.2(4);UC9.5.3(1);UC9.5.3(3); UCmax_bar_distance

(user)
)
Output values
l Unity check - unity check of detailing provisions

l Unity check long - unity check of detailing provisions for longitudinal reinforcement
- 243 -
Chapter 9
l Unity check shear - unity check of detailing provisions for shear reinforcement
Minimal bar diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (9.5.2(1))

The diameter of longitudinal reinforcement in column should not exceed minimal value defined in 9.5.2(1). Check looks as
follows. Calculation of used minimal diameters of longitudinal reinforcement in column φl,min.
Furthermore minimal allowed diameter of longitudinal reinforcement is determined as follows
φl,min,col =8 mm
UC9.5.2(1) =φl,min,col/φl,min
Clause 9.5.2(1) - minimal bar diameter of longitudinal reinforcement for National annex

Standard NA 8mm
12mm for min(b,h) ≥ 200mm
Austrian ONORM-EN NA
10mm for other cases
Belgian NBN-EN NA 12mm
British BS-EN NA 12mm
12mm for min(b,h) ≥ 200mm
Czech ČSN-EN NA
10mm for other cases
German DIN-EN NA 12mm
Irish IS-EN NA 12mm
Polish PN-EN NA 6mm
Singaporean SS-EN NA 12mm
Slovak STN-EN 10mm
Slovenian SIST-EN NA 12mm
Minimal area of longitudinal reinforcement (9.5.2(2))

The total area of longitudinal reinforcement in column should not exceed minimal value defined in 9.5.2(2). Check looks as
follows. Calculation of total area of longitudinal reinforcement in column As .
Furthermore minimal allowed area of longitudinal reinforcement is calculated as follows
As,min =max(0,1.|NEd| / fyd; 0,002.Ac )
where:
l NEd - design value of normal force

l fyd- design yield strength of longitudinal reinforcement
l Ac - concrete are of cross-section

UC9.5.2(2) = As,min/ As .
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Check
Clause 9.5.2(2) - minimal area of longitudinal reinforcement for National annex


Standard NA max(0,1.|N | / f ; 0,002.A )
Ed yd c
Austrian ONORM-EN NA max(0,13.|N | / f ; 0,0026.A )
Ed yd c
German DIN-EN NA 0,15.|N | / f
Ed yd
Slovenian SIST-EN NA max(0,1.|N | / f ; 0,003.A )
Ed yd c
Swedish SS-EN NA 0,002.A
c
Maximal area of longitudinal reinforcement (9.5.2(3))

The total area of longitudinal reinforcement in column should not exceed maximal value defined in 9.5.2(3). Check looks as
follows. Calculation of total area of longitudinal reinforcement in column As .
Furthermore maximal allowed area of longitudinal reinforcement is calculated as follows
As,max = 0,04.Ac
where:
l Ac - concrete are of cross-section

UC9.5.2(3) = As / As,max .
Clause 9.5.2(3) - maximal area of longitudinal reinforcement for National annex


Standard NA 0,04.A
c
German DIN-EN NA 0,09.A
c
0,04.A for in-situ concrete members
c
Austrian ONORM-EN NA
0,09.A for prefabricated concrete members
c
Finnish SFS-EN NA 0,06.A
c
Swedish SS-EN NA not used
Minimal number of bars in circular column (9.5.2(4))

The minimal number of longitudinal bars in circular column should not exceed minimal value defined in 9.5.2(4). Check looks
as follows. Calculation of used number of longitudinal bars in column nbars .
Furthermore minimal allowed number of bars in column is determined as follows
nbars,min,col. = 4
UC9.5.2(4) =nbars,min,col./nbars .
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Chapter 9
Minimal bar diameter of transverse reinforcement (9.5.3(1))

The diameter of transverse reinforcement in column should not exceed minimal value defined in 9.5.3(1). Check looks as fol-
lows. Calculation of used minimal diameters of transverse reinforcement in column φs,min.
Furthermore minimal allowed diameter of transverse reinforcement is determined as follows
φs,min,lim = max (6mm; 0,25.φl,max )
UC9.5.3(1) =φs,min,lim /φs,min
Maximal longitudinal spacing of stirrups (9.5.3(3))

The maximal longitudinal spacing between stirrups links should not exceed maximal value defined in 9.5.3(3). Check looks
as follows. Calculation of maximal defined longitudinal distance of stirrups sl.
Furthermore maximal allowed longitudinal distance between stirrups is calculated as follows
sclt,max = min (20.φl,min; min(b,h); 400mm)
where:
l φl,min - minimal diameter of longitudinal bars

l b,h -dimensions of columns

UC9.5.3(3) = sl/ sclt,max .
Clause 9.5.3(3) - Maximal longitudinal spacing of stirrups for National annex

Standard NA min (20.φ ; min(b,h); 400mm)
l,min
Austrian ONORM-EN NA min (12.φ ; min(b,h); 250mm)
l,min
Czech ČSN-EN NA min (15.φ ; min(b,h); 300mm)
l,min
Finnish SFS-EN NA min (15.φ ; min(b,h); 400mm)
l,min
German DIN-EN NA min (12.φ ; min(b,h); 300mm)
l,min
Luxembourgian LU-EN NA min (15.φ ; min(b,h); 400mm)
l,min
Slovak STN-EN NA min (15.φ ; min(b,h); 300mm)
l,min
Slovenian SIST-EN NA min (12.φ ; min(b,h); 300mm)
l,min
Maximal centre-to-centre bar distance (9.3.1.1(3))

The procedure of calculation is running for each distance between bars and verification of the maximal distance among
them towards the limited value from the code. The distances are evaluated as the maximal centre-to centre distance. Check
looks as follows.
Calculation of maximal centre-to-centre bar distance between longitudinal bar as:
smax,slab.
Furthermore minimal allowed centre-to- centre distance between bars from all bars in cross-section is determined accord-
ing to chapter 9.3.1.1(3) as
smax,slab,lim =max (3.h; 400mm).
where
- 246 -
Check
l h - depth of the slab

UC9.3.1.1(3) = smax,slab./ smax,slab,lim
The check is performed only for principal reinforcement.
Clause 9.3.1.1(3) - maximal centre-to-centre bar distance for National annex


Standard NA max (3.h; 400mm)
Austrian ONORM-EN NA max (1,5.h; 250mm)
Belgian NBN-EN NA max (2,5.h; 400mm)
Czech ČSN-EN NA max (2.h; 300mm)
150mm for h ≤ 150mm
German DIN-EN NA h for (150mm<h<250mm)
150mm for h ≥ 250mm

Luxembourgian LU-EN NA max (2,5.h; 400mm)
Slovak STN-EN NA max (2.h; 300mm)
Concrete settings
The following items have impact on the calculation of detailing provisions check.These values are stored in Concrete set-
tings (structure)-Global settings-Solver settings - Detailing provisions.
The settings is divided into three main parts:
- 247 -
Chapter 9
l Beam
l Longitudinal
l Stirrups
Column
l Main
l Transverse
Beam slab
l Longitudinal
- 248 -
Check
Concrete settings for beams
Beams

Description Setting if minimal clear bar distance of longitudinal reinforcement for beam is checked or not.
Code 8.2(2)
Figure

Description Additional limit for minimal clear bar distance of longitudinal reinforcement for beam
Code 8.2(2)
- 249 -
Chapter 9
Figure

Description Setting if maximal clear bar distance of longitudinal reinforcement for beam is checked or not.
Default Checkbox NO
Figure

Description Additional limit for maximal clear bar distance of longitudinal reinforcement for beam
Default Edit box slb,max = 350mm; this item is visible only if check box above is set ON
Figure

Setting if maximal centre-to- centre bar distance of longitudinal reinforcement for beam based
Description on torsion requirement is checked or not. This value is checked only if torsional moment exists in
cross-section.
Code 9.2.3(4)
- 250 -
Check
Figure

Maximal centre-to-centre bar distance of longitudinal reinforcement for beam based on torsion
Description
requirement. This value is checked only if torsional moment exists in cross-section.
Default Edit box slbt,max = 350mm; this item is visible only if check box above is set ON
Code 9.2.3(4)
Figure

Description Setting if minimal reinforcement area of longitudinal reinforcement for beam is checked or not.
Code 9.2.1.1(1)
Figure
Check min. reinforcement area for secondary member

Setting if minimal reinforcement area of longitudinal reinforcement for secondary beam is
Description
checked or not. Settings for secondary member is defined in Concrete member data
- 251 -
Chapter 9
Code 9.2.1.1(1)
Figure -

Description Setting if maximal reinforcement area of longitudinal reinforcement for beam is checked or not.
Code 9.2.1.1(3)
Figure
Stirrups

Description Setting if minimal mandrel diameter of stirrups for beam is checked or not
Default Checkbox NO
Code 8.3(2)
Figure -
Check max. longitudinal spacing (shear)

Setting if maximal longitudinal spacing of stirrups based on shear requirements is checked or
Description
not.
Code 9.2.2(6)
Figure
Check max. longitudinal spacing (torsion)

Setting if maximal longitudinal spacing of stirrups based on torsion requirements is checked or
Description
not.
- 252 -
Check
Code 9.2.3(3)
Figure
Check max. transverse spacing (shear)

Setting if maximal transverse spacing of stirrups based on shear requirements is checked or
Description
not.
Code 9.2.2(8)
Figure
Check min. percentage of stirrups

Description Setting if minimal percentage of stirrups for beam is checked or not.
Code 9.2.2(5)
Figure -
Check max. percentage of stirrups

Description Setting if maximal percentage of stirrups for beam is checked or not.
Code 6.2.3(3)
Figure -
Settings for beam slabs
Beam Slab
Longitudinal

Setting if minimal clear bar distance of longitudinal reinforcement for beam slab is checked
Description
or not.
Code 8.2(2)
- 253 -
Chapter 9
Figure

Description Additional limit for minimal clear bar distance of longitudinal reinforcement for beam slab
Code 8.2(2)
Figure

Setting if maximal centre-to- centre bar distance of longitudinal reinforcement for beam
Description
slab is checked or not. Only principal reinforcement is checked
Code 9.3.1.1(3)
Figure

Setting if minimal reinforcement area of longitudinal reinforcement for beam slab is
Description
checked or not.
Code 9.3.1.1(1)
- 254 -
Check
Figure

Setting if maximal reinforcement area of longitudinal reinforcement for beam slab is
Description
checked or not.
Code 9.3.1.1(1)
Figure
Settings for columns
Column
Main

Setting if minimal clear bar distance of longitudinal reinforcement for column is checked
Description
or not.
Code 8.2(2)
- 255 -
Chapter 9
Figure

Description Additional limit for minimal clear bar distance of longitudinal reinforcement for column
Default Edit box slc,min = 20mm
Code 8.2(2)
Figure

Setting if maximal clear bar distance of longitudinal reinforcement for column is checked
Description
or not.
Default Checkbox NO
Figure

Description Additional limit for maximal clear bar distance of longitudinal reinforcement for column
Default Edit box slc,max = 350mm; this item is visible only if check box above is set ON
- 256 -
Check
Figure

Setting if maximal centre- to- centre bar distance of longitudinal reinforcement for
Description column based on torsion requirement is checked or not. This value is checked if torsional
moment exists in cross-section only.
Code 9.2.3(4)
Figure

Maximal centre- to-centre bar distance of longitudinal reinforcement for column based
Description on torsion requirement. This value is checked if torsional moment exists in cross- section
only.
Default Edit box slct,max = 350mm; this item is visible only if check box above is set ON
Code 9.2.3(4)
Figure

Setting if minimal reinforcement area of longitudinal reinforcement for column is
Description
checked or not.
Code 9.5.2(2)
- 257 -
Chapter 9
Figure

Setting if maximal reinforcement area of longitudinal reinforcement for column is
Description
checked or not.
Code 9.5.2(3)
Figure

Setting if minimal bar diameter of longitudinal reinforcement for column is checked or
Description
not.
Code 9.5.2(1)
Figure
- 258 -
Check
Check min. number of bars in circular column

Description Setting if minimal number of bars in circular column is checked or not.
Code 9.5.2(4)
Figure
Min. number of bars in circular column

Minimal number of bars in circular column is checked or not. This item is viable if the item
Description
above is set to YES
Default Edit box; nlc,min = 4 bars
Code 9.5.2(4)
Figure
Transverse

Description Setting if minimal mandrel diameter of stirrups for column is checked or not
Default Checkbox NO
Code 8.3(2)
Figure -
Check max. longitudinal spacing

Description Setting if maximal longitudinal spacing of stirrups is checked or not.
Code 9.5.3(3)
Figure
- 259 -
Chapter 9

Description Setting if minimal diameter of longitudinal bar in column is checked or not.
Code 9.5.3(1)
Figure
Min bar diameter

User defined minimal diameter of longitudinal bar in column; visible if check box above is
Description
YES
Default Edit box; dsc,min = 6mm
Code 9.5.3(1)
Figure
Min bar diameter

User defined minimal diameter of longitudinal bar in column as multiplication factor of
Description
maximal diameter of longitudinal reinforcement; visible if check box above is YES
Default Edit box; x dsc = 25%
Code 9.5.3(1)
Figure
- 260 -

Concrete Code Check15 En1991 Enu

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Concrete Code Check15 En1991 Enu

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Concrete Code Check EN-1992

Concrete member data 18

Concrete settings (structure) 39

Practical reinforcement 154

Calculation of maximum crack spacing 218

Check max. reinforcement area 258

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Document created: 02 / 12 / 2015

Concrete in Scia Engineer 15

Both items in the tree are visible in this case.

l Settings - global and local settings

l All – all active 1D members will be checked

l Combinations – user may choose from all combinations

l No – no filter will be applied

Print Combination key

l Limits – maximal and minimal values which should be drawn

l All – all section are evaluated

Concrete member data

Concrete member data in version 15

Properties of 1D Member data

l Name – name of the member data

Age of concrete at loading

Age of concrete at the moment considered

Determination of unfavourable direction

Internal forces ULS

Default Check box default True

Use geometric imperfection

Use second order effect

Estimation ratio of longitudinal reinforcement for recalculation

Take into account additional tensile force caused by shear force

Design method (columns)

Description - MRd - assuming NEd is constant

Shear between web and flange

Angle of compression strut

Cotangent angel of compression strut

Area of thin walled closed cross-section

Outer circumference of the cross-section

Effective wall thickness

Value of strength for calculation of cracking forces

User defined value of crack width

Maximal additional displacement L/x; x =

Minimal concrete cover

Design working life

Risk of corrosion attack

Corrosion induced by chlorides

Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water

Free / thaw attack

Risk of abrasion attack

Possibility of special control

Special quality control

Default Check box; default = True

Risk of casting on atypical surface

Type of cover of upper reinforcement

User defined concrete cover of upper reinforcement

Type of cover of lower reinforcement

Default Combo box; Auto / User; default = Auto

User defined concrete cover of lower reinforcement

User defined concrete cover of side reinforcement

Type of cover of upper reinforcement

User defined concrete cover of upper reinforcement