IV Acids and bases

Chapter exercise
Fill in the blanks Section 16.2
4. An acid-base indicator is a special dye whose
Section 16.1 pH
colour depends on the of a
+
1. (a) When H (aq) concentration is solution. Three common acid-base indicators are
higher –
than OH (aq) concentration, methyl orange , litmus and
the solution is acidic. phenolphthalein
.
+
(b) When H (aq) concentration is
equal – Section 16.3
to OH (aq) concentration,
Universal
the solution is neutral. 5. indicator is a mixture of several
Universal
+ indicators. indicator paper is often
(c) When H (aq) concentration is pH
lower – called paper.
than OH (aq) concentration,
the solution is alkaline. 6. To measure pH value accurately, we can use a
pH meter
+ or a data-logger with
2. To express H (aq) concentration, a number called pH sensor
pH .
is used. Mathematically, pH =
+
–log [H (aq)]
.
higher
3. The lower the pH value, the is the
+
H (aq)
concentration.

Practice questions
Section 16.1
7. For each of the following solutions, calculate the pH value and state whether it is acidic, neutral or alkaline.
+ –5
(a) [H (aq)] = 1.8 10 M
+ +
7. (a) pH = –log [H (aq)] (c) pH = –log [H (aq)]
–5 –7
+ –9 = –log (1.8 10 ) = 4.7 = –log (5.5 10 ) = 6.3
(b) [H (aq)] = 7.2 10 M  the solution is acidic.  the solution is acidic.
+ –7 + +
(c) [H (aq)] = 5.5 10 M (b) pH = –log [H (aq)] (d) pH = –log [H (aq)]
–9
+ = –log (7.2 10 ) = 8.1 = –log 0.04 = 1.4
(d) [H (aq)] = 0.04 M  the solution is alkaline.  the solution is acidic.
+
8. Calculate the H (aq) concentration of each of the following solutions:
(a) A vinegar solution of pH 4.7 +
8. (a) pH = –log [H (aq)]
+
(c) pH = –log [H (aq)]
+ +
(b) Limewater of pH 12.5 4.7 = –log [H (aq)] 3.7 = –log [H (aq)]
+ –5 + –4
[H (aq)] = 2.0 10 M [H (aq)] = 2.0 10 M
(c) Rainwater of pH 3.7 +
(b) pH = –log [H (aq)]
+
(d) pH = –log [H (aq)]
+ +
(d) Distilled water of pH 7.0 12.5 = –log [H (aq)] 7.0 = –log [H (aq)]
+ –13 + –7
[H (aq)] = 3.2 10 M [H (aq)] = 1.0 10 M

Multiple-choice questions 10. Which of the following substances has the lowest
pH value?
Section 16.1
A. Lemon juice
9. Which of the following solutions has the lowest B. Household ammonia
+
concentration of H (aq)? C. 0.1 M hydrochloric acid
A. Soap solution D. 0.1 M sodium hydroxide &
C

B. Vinegar 9. Among the four substances, only 10. (A): the pH of lemon juice is about 2.5.
C. Distilled water soap solution is alkaline. (B): the pH of household ammonia is about 10.
A
a
D. Soft drink (C): the pH of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid is 1.
(D): the pH of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide is 13.

16 16
 16 Indicators and pH

11. Which of the following about an acidic solution at 17. Which of the following actions will NOT increase
room conditions is correct? the pH of a 0.5 M hydrochloric acid?
+ – 17. Copper has no reaction with 0.5 M
A. H (aq) concentration > OH (aq) concentration A. Adding Cu(s) hydrochloric acid. The concentration
+ –
B. H (aq) concentration = OH (aq) concentration B. Adding CuO(s) of hydrogen ions and hence the pH
+ –
C. H (aq) concentration < OH (aq) concentration C. Adding Cu(OH)2(s) of the hydrochloric acid would
remain unchanged. •A
D. There are no hydroxide ions in the solution. D. Adding CuCO3(s)
11. Refer to p.3 of chapter 16 for details. A
¥
18. Which of the following actions will NOT change
12. Which of the following statements about an the pH of a 0.5 M sodium hydroxide solution?
aqueous ammonia are correct? A. Adding distilled water
(1) It has a pH value greater than 7. B. Adding magnesium sulphate solution
–
(2) It has a higher concentration of OH (aq) than C. Adding silver metal

:
+ C
H (aq). D. Adding hydrochloric acid
(3) It turns blue litmus paper red.
19. Which of the following statements concerning the
A. (1) and (2) only
dilution of an acid are INCORRECT?
B. (1) and (3) only 12. (3): aqueous ammonia
(1) The pH value of the acid decreases.
C. (2) and (3) only turns red litmus paper +
A (2) The number of moles of H (aq) decreases.

i
D. (1), (2) and (3) blue.
+
(3) The concentration of H (aq) decreases.
+ 19. (1): the concentration of hydrogen
13. What is the pH value of a solution with [H (aq)] = A. (1) and (2) only
ions in an acid solution decreases if
0.002 M? B. (1) and (3) only water is added to the acid. Thus, the
A. 2.7 C. (2) and (3) only pH value increases.
B. 2.0 D. (1), (2) and (3) (2): the number of moles of A
+
13. pH = –log [H (aq)] hydrogen ions in an acid
C. 1.3 = –log 0.002 solution remains unchanged
A Section 16.2
D. 0.3 = 2.7 if water is added to the acid.
20. When a few drops of phenolphthalein and methyl
14. Which of the following acids has the highest pH orange are added separately to two sodium
value? 14. (A): pH = –log 0.05 = 1.3 hydroxide solutions, which of the following
A. 0.05 M HCl(aq) (B): pH = –log (0.05 2) = 1 combinations about the colour of the solutions is
(C): pH = –log 0.10 = 1
B. 0.05 M H2SO4(aq) correct? 20. Refer to p.7 of chapter 16 for details.
(D): pH = –log (0.10 2) = 0.70
C. 0.10 M HNO3(aq) Phenolphthalein in Methyl orange in
A
D. 0.10 M H2SO4(aq) NaOH(aq) NaOH(aq)
15. A bottle of sulphuric acid is found to contain A. Pink Yellow
–3
0.03 mol dm of sulphate ions. What is the pH B. Colourless Red
value of the bottle of sulphuric acid? C. Colourless Orange
D. Pink Red 0
A
A. 1.0 15. 1 mole of H2SO4 ionizes in water to give 2 moles of
+ 2–
H and 1 mole of SO4 .
B. 1.2 + 21. Which of the following combinations about the
 concentration of H (aq) = 0.03 2 M = 0.06 M
C. 1.5 +
pH = –log [H (aq)] conclusions drawn from the colours of indicators
a
B
D. 1.8 = –log 0.06 in solutions is correct? (Explanation on p.16-18.)
= 1.2
16. What is the change in pH when an acidic solution Indicator Colour Solution
is diluted 100 times? A. Methyl orange Red Acidic
A. Decreases by 1 unit B. Methyl orange Yellow Alkaline
B. Decreases by 2 units C. Phenolphthalein Colourless Acidic
C. Increases by 1 unit D. Litmus Purple Alkaline
D. Increases by 2 units 0
D A
@
+
16. Let the [H (aq)] in a solution The new pH value, pH’ 18. Silver has no reaction with 0.5 M sodium hydroxide solution. The
–3
be y mol dm . = –log 0.01y concentration of hydroxide ions and hydrogen ions in sodium
pH = –log y = –(log 0.01 + log y) hydroxide solution would remain unchanged. Hence the pH of the
If the solution is diluted by = –log 0.01 – log y sodium hydroxide solution would also remain unchanged.
100 times, = –(–2) + pH
+ y 17 16
29
[H (aq)] = = 0.01y = 2 + pH
100
 IV Acids and bases

Questions 22 to 23 refer to the following chart about Section 16.3

the colour of an indicator X in different pH ranges: 25. Which of the following can be used to measure
the pH of a solution?
pH: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
(1) Universal indicator
(2) Methyl orange
Colour: Red Green Blue
(3) pH meter
A. (1) and (2) only
22. What is the colour of the solution when indicator
B. (1) and (3) only
X is added to calcium hydroxide solution?
C. (2) and (3) only
A. Red 0
B
D. (1), (2) and (3)
B. Green
C. Blue 22. The pH value of calcium 21. (A): methyl orange has a red colour when the pH of the solution is
C

:
D. Brown hydroxide solution is about 12. below 3.1. The solution is acidic.
(B): methyl orange has a yellow colour when the pH of the solution
23. What is the colour of the solution when indicator is above 4.4. The solution can be acidic, neutral or alkaline.
(C): phenolphthalein is colourless when the pH of the solution is
X is added to lemon juice? below 8.3. The solution can be acidic, neutral or alkaline.
A. Red (D): litmus has a purple colour when the pH of the solution is
between 5 and 8. The solution can be acidic, neutral or alkaline.
B. Green
C. Blue 23. The pH value of lemon juice is
A
D. Brown about 2.5.

24. The pH of four aqueous solutions W, X, Y and Z

of equal molarities are shown on the pH scale
below.

W X Y Z

0 7 14

What could the aqueous solutions be?

Sodium Ammonia Potassium Ethanoic
hydroxide chloride acid
A. X Y Z W
B. Z Y X W
C. W X Y Z
D. Y Z W X
B
26. (a) Measure the pH values of the two acids separately (by using
a pH meter). The pH of sulphuric acid is higher than that of
the hydrochloric acid.
(b) Add equal masses of calcium granules separately to the two
Structured questions excess but equal volumes of acids. Calcium granules dissolve
completely in hydrochloric acid, but do not dissolve
Section 16.1 completely in sulphuric acid.

26. You are given a bottle of sulphuric acid and a bottle of hydrochloric acid of the same concentration. Describe
how you would identify them by
(a) physical method, and
(b) chemical method.

16 18
 16 Indicators and pH

Section 16.2
27. The diagram below shows the colours of each of the five acid-base indicators in different pH ranges.

Methyl orange Red Orange Yellow

Methyl red Red Orange Yellow

Bromothymol blue Yellow Green Blue

Litmus Red Purple Blue

Phenolphthalein Colourless Pale pink Pink

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

(a) What is the colour of bromothymol blue in a 0.0005 M hydrochloric acid?

–13 –3
(b) Given that the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is 3.2 10 mol dm . What is the colour of
phenolphthalein if it is added to this solution? 27. (a) pH of 0.0005 M HCl(aq) = –log 0.0005 = 3.3
 the colour of bromothymol blue is yellow.
(c) Both methyl orange and bromothymol blue show a yellow colour in a sample solution. Suggest the pH
–13
range of this solution. (b) pH of the solution = –log (3.2 10 ) = 12.5
 the colour of phenolphthalein is pink.
(c) About 4.4 to 6.0.
Section 16.3
28. (a) Suggest TWO methods which can be used to determine the pH of an aqueous solution.
(b) Arrange the following substances in order of decreasing pH. 28. (a) Use pH paper/universal indicator/pH meter/
data-logger with pH sensor (Any TWO)
oven cleaner, orange juice, distilled water
(b) Oven cleaner, distilled water, orange juice
+ –
(c) Which of the substance(s) in (b) contain(s) a higher H (aq) concentration than OH (aq) concentration
in its/their aqueous solution(s)? (c) Orange juice

29. The instrument shown in the photo is used to find out whether the solution is acidic, neutral or alkaline at
room conditions.

29. (a) pH meter

(b) The solution is acidic. This is
because its pH value is below 7
at room temperature and
pressure.
+
(c) pH = –log [H (aq)]
+
2.87 = –log [H (aq)]
+ –3 –3
[H (aq)] =1.35 10 mol dm
+
(d) pH = –log [H (aq)]
–3
1.35 10
pH = –log ( )
2
= 3.17
(e) Easy to use and quick to obtain
accurate readings.

(a) Name the instrument.

(b) Explain whether the solution is acidic, neutral or alkaline.
–3
(c) Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration, in mol dm , of the solution.
(d) If the volume of the solution is doubled by adding distilled water, what will be the value shown on the
display of the apparatus?
(e) Suggest TWO advantages of using this kind of instrument.

19 16
29