I INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Of the 28.5 million population of Nepal only some 82% have received the benefit of piped water supply facilities
till now. National sanitation coverage as per recent NLSS-2011 has revealed to be around 56%. World Health
Organisation’s (WHO) slogan “Health for all” has been endorsed by Govt. of Nepal with a target of providing
piped drinking water to the entire population by the year 2017.

Following the MHPP directives 1990 the government has adopted a community based approach in the
implementation of rural WS projects. Emphasis has also been laid on the promotion of sanitation and personal
hygiene maintaining linkages of these activities with water supply. Formation of WUSC has been made a pre-
requisite condition for the communities to request for W/S scheme. High emphasis is given to schemes with
hardship, committed people’s participation and substantial contribute of local level inputs like local manpower
and materials. The recent policies on Rural Watersupply & Sanitation Sector states that at least 10% of annual
budget of WSSDOs or about 20% of project allocated budget shall be allotted to Sanitation promotion. A
national norms has been also prepared in line with the policy trend. This report follows the norms.

1.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This design estimate of Shtulkhola Aarupokhari W/S Project is envisaged to cover the following aspects of work:

1. Review District Profile, carryout analysis of possible sources and decide along with the users the best one,
2. Work out possible options of system,
3. Detailed design of the selected option/system,
4. Based on the design, produce cost estimates report of the project works.
5. Incorporate the DWSS circular on trimming down project costs by adopting appropriate type designs for
various component/structures, specially in localities as upper Gorkha.

II REVIEW OF THE PROJECT

2.1 LOCATION & ACCESSIBILITY

The project area is located along the south faced hills of Aarupokhari VDC, Gorkha covering wards 1-5. The
project area is connected to the Gorkha-Salyantar-Dhading road. It is located at a distance of 35Km. from
Gorkha Bazar. Gorkha bazaar itself is at a distance of 24 Km from Prithvi Highway. Salyantar bazaar is located at
an distance of 10 Km from the project site.

2.2 GEO-TOPOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS

The project area lies on the lower Mhabharat range (mid hills). Average altitude of the project area is between
700-1200m. The soils of the project area is predominantly of young Himalaya formation, with loose boulder and
pebbles mixed. Vegetation is relatively dense and of tropical to alpine nature. The climate of the project area is
moderately temperate, temperature fluctuates between 5 to +25 o C. Annual rainfall usually exceed 1600mm.
Slopes of the locality is gently steep.

2.3 SOCIO ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

Socio Economy
The population of Aarupokhari is mainly engaged in agriculture and livestock rearing. Many cultivable lands are
available along the lower river basins and almost 2crops are harvested annually. Generally maize, rice, millets,
wheat, potato etc. are grown here. Cows, buffaloes and goats are reared on the slopes with little greeneries. Hence
lifestandard of people here is of satisfactory condition. Employment opportunities are being generated gradually
with opening of access to road networks. Furthermore 600 MW Hydro project is being initiated at Budhi Gandaki
river, which would provide huge employment opportunities to the adjoining localities. Livelihood is dependent
on adjoining market centres in Gorkha and Dhading.

Benefitting Population
Total benefitting Base year population is estimated to be 1234 from 223 households. The project area is
predominantly inhabited by Bahuns, Chhetris, Gurungs, Kamis and Sarkis. Other casts also exist in small
numbers.

2.4 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY & SANITARY CONDITIONS

Present Scenario

As is said earlier, the settlements are located along the slopes of hills but sources are located at lower elevations,
hence pumping is inevitable to cater for the hill population having plenty of reliable sources in the vicinity of the
settlements. Being located in high altitude and less populated localities, the water sources are seen to be less
prone n in needed quantity. Presently the people are fetching water from traditional sources at some distance of
half an hour, located at lower elevations from the settlements. Moreover, these sources are frequently
contaminated and dry up during dry season. About 36% Households have latrines and the latrine building trend is
found to be growing on. Overall sanitation situation is said to be only satisfactory but the same is expected to be
improved with water supply facility.

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III TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PROJECT
3.1 DESIGN CRITERIA:
Benefitting population – present population is 1234 from 223 households.
Water Demand – considering the growing bazaar area and availability of water at source, per capita water demand
is taken as 65 LPCD and 5% additional for livestoks is considered. For institutional demands 10 LPCD is taken.
RT sizing is done based on intermittent service basis following typical consumption pattern.
Design Population – is calculated based on population growth rate of 1.35% for a design period estimated of 20
years with 3 year base period. The 1.35% growth rate is considered adequate in view of recently revealed fact of
National Census, which says national pop. Growth of around 1.4%.
Average family size of HH = 5.5 persons/HH
Hydraulic calculations of pipeline was based on the tailored software DWSSproject-4 which uses Colebrook-
White equation for pipe flow design.

3.2 PROPOSED PROJECT COMPONENTS

Intakes: The proposed sources are springs on the banks of Khahare khola a tributary of Stulkhola, and hence
Spring Intake of Type 1 have been proposed consequently. A RCC Collection Chamber is proposed for collecting
water from each source. At the same time it will act as BPT which helps in reducing static pressure in V-profile
of transmission line from 400m to 300m.

Sumpwells: Since submersible pumps are to be used for pumping, two artificial wells have been proposed as
shown in drawing, to accommodate designed submersible pumps.

Electic Line Extension: Electricity supply facility is available at the proposed RT at Kot, some 2300 m line has
to be extended upto the lower most pumping station with a 11000/440 V LT transformer.

Double stage Pumping: The Stulkhola source is 400m down of RT site, requiring double staged pumping of
around (2 x 280)m pumping head including friction head for 2300m long pumping main. Assumming 10 hours of
pumping, with pumping rate of 3.51 LPS, 15 HP submersible pumps for Gross Head of 280m has been proposed.
Transformer of 30 KVA for 3 phase LT (11000/440 V) is proposed for each station. Estimates has been made for
supply/installation of designed Electromechanical components.

Operator House: Pumping stations are to be located at aloof place at distances of 1 to 2 Km from the
settlements, also some tools/accessories are to be stored, hence a Operator House is inevitable at each station. A
single roomed building is designed for this purpose.

Thrust Blocks, Pipe Anchor/Supports: Transmission pumping mains are supposed to work under high
pressures (upto 25 Kg/cm2 dynamic pressures) hence requiring Thrust blocks to absorb vibrations and
hammering effects in pipe flow. Similarly pipe supporting pillars of varying heights are necessary along the GI
pipelines. These are estimated in the report.
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Other Appurtenances: All appurtenances such as CC,DC,VC,IC etc., are proposed of RCC structures. This
significantly curtails costs and at the same time provides longevity of the structures. Two suspended crossings of
spans 30m and 15m are designed over Ludhikhola and Tarikhola respectively.

Reservoir Tanks: Since source discharge is not in abundance, a Ground RT of adequate capacity (75 Cum) to
collect water during non-pumping hours has been designed. Similarly, a 50 Cum RT is proposed as service
reservoir tank near Kot Mandir. The size of the RT has been increased by 25% considering the irregularity of
power supply. It wiser to adopt higher sized RT (additional storage) than having a standby diesel Generator set.
An intermittent balancing tank of 10 Cum is also proposed at Sump/Pump station No-2 to cater for fluctuation
and assyncronized pumping possibilities. For the sake of economy and durability, all Tanks are proposed of
RCC. Tanks of 50 and 75 Cum. Are adopted from DWSS standards 1993/revised 1998 and that for 10 Cum is
obtained after modifying the standards.

Transmission Pipelines/Pumping mains: The pumping mains are proposed of HDPE for heads upto 100m, 3”
GI/HC for heads upto 150m, 2.5” GI/HC for heads upto 200m, 2” GI/HC for heads upto 300m, exclusively.
Welded joints are considered for GI pipe jointing.

Distribution Pipelines: The distribution pipelines are of HDPE exclusively. Separate feeders have been designed
for 4 different clusters running out of RT.

Public Tapstands/Private Connections: In later years WSSDO Gorkha is encouraging the users to adopt private
connections except for few public places. Two public taps have been considered for public places. Separate cost
list has been prepared for private connection which is borne by users themselves.

IV FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF PROJECT

4.1 Cost Estimates
Cost estimates of the project is based on the unit rates, which are developed and worked out in accordance with
the Government Standard Norms Provided by DWSS. Depending upon its location, availability of materials,
labour etc., and approved District rates of fiscal year 2067-68 of Gorkha, the unit rates are developed.

These unit rates also include the contractor's overhead expenses and VAT. Seperate rates have also been worked
out for the works to cater for both cases of implementation modalities: through WUSC and through Contractors.

Separate cost estimate has been made for SLTS activities, according to the National Sanitation Norms 2063,
according to which SLTS approach has been highly imphasized. 3 years of continued and extensive effort have
been envisaged.

Rates of locally available construction materials such as sand, aggregate, stones, Woods etc. are analysed and
worked out for collection and transportation up to the construction site. Other materials such as cement, MS bars,
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GI sheets, pipes, pipe fittings etc. which are not available at site are to be purchased and transportation cost
added.

4.2 Quantity Estimation

The detail quantities and schedule of materials and labor for various civil structures have been worked out
according to the DWSS Standard Design Volumes I-XII.

4.3 Government Contribution

Project contribution is taken in the following items:

- Materials which are not available locally.

- The local contribution materials and labors which are not included in the villager’s contribution part such a
sand, aggregate and labor.

4.4 Village Contribution

At different WUC meetings during the project study, the users have expressed their willingness to contribute on
their part. Provision has been made in the estimates to ensure at least 20% villagers’ contribution. Following
works are considered under users’ contribution:

- distribution pipeline,

- 50% of transmission pipeline,

- house connections, as per separate sheet

- household latrine

V AVAILABILITY OF MATERIALS & LABORS

Sand : To be transported from river at Salyantar.

Aggregate : To be transported from Salyantar.
Stone : Available in the vicinity ~0.5km.
Market Materials : Nearest Market is Gorkha, 35 Km. graveled road from project site.
Skilled Labors & Workers : are available locally.

VI CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Due to growing population and economic well beings of the villagers of Aarupokhari, the existing mode of water
supply is not able to fulfill the needs. Aarupokhari deserves planned development for water supply and sanitation
facilities.
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Water supply commodity is regarded as the entry point for all other development goals. Hence without providing
safe and reliable water supply and sanitation facilities it is harder to think of development of the community.
Implementation of this water supply scheme is expected to bring improvements in livelihood in this area of
Gorkha. The system, though technically simple and feasible, economically it seems very expensive in terms of
operational costs due to 2 staged pumping to a gross head of 400m.. Average PCC is NRs. 15,380. The project is
highly reccommendable in view of absense of immediate alternatives. Also budget have been already allocated in
current Fiscal Year too.