Practice Quiz 1.

Solution

a)
𝑞𝑏
𝑝=
𝑞𝑏 + 𝑞𝑐

𝑞𝑏 𝑞𝑏 1 𝑝
′
𝑘𝑏 𝑣′ 𝑞𝑏 + 𝑞𝑐 𝑣′ 𝑣′ 𝑝𝑣
𝑝 = = 𝑞 𝑞 = = =
𝑘𝑏 + 𝑘𝑐 𝑏
+ 𝑐 𝑞𝑏 1 𝑞𝑐 1 𝑝 (1 − 𝑝) 𝑝 𝑣 + (1 − 𝑝)𝑣 ′
𝑣′ 𝑣 + ′ +
𝑞𝑏 + 𝑞𝑐 𝑣′ 𝑞𝑏 + 𝑞𝑐 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣

b) Average vehicle occupancy of stationary observer = 𝑂1

𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑞𝑏 𝑛′ + 𝑞𝑐 𝑛

𝑂1 = = = 𝑝 𝑛′ + (1 − 𝑝)𝑛
𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑞𝑏 + 𝑞𝑐

c) Average vehicle occupancy on a photograph = 𝑂2

𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜 𝑘𝑏 𝑛′ + 𝑘𝑐 𝑛

𝑂2 = = = 𝑝′ 𝑛′ + (1 − 𝑝′ )𝑛
𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜 𝑘𝑏 + 𝑘𝑐
For the given values,

𝑂1 = 4.8 pas/veh, 𝑝′ = 0.29, 𝑂2 = 6.5 pas/veh

d) 𝑉𝐻𝑇 [veh hr] = 𝑘 𝐿 𝑇 :

Pollution is defined per vehicle per time unit: One car produces 𝑎 units of pollutants/time
unit while one bus produces 2.5𝑎 units of pollutants per time unit. Hence, the average
fraction of pollution owed to cars in one km of road can be found as:

𝑛𝑐 𝑘𝑐
𝑇𝑎 𝑘𝑐 𝑇 ×1 𝑘𝑐 𝑘𝑐 +𝑘𝑏 1−𝑝′
′′ 𝐿
𝑝 = 𝑛𝑐 𝑛 = = = 𝑘𝑐 𝑘𝑏 = =
𝑇 𝑎+ 𝑏 𝑇 2.5 𝑎 𝑘𝑐 𝑇 ×1+𝑘𝑏 𝑇 ×2.5 𝑘𝑐 +2.5 𝑘𝑏 +2.5 1−𝑝′ +2.5 𝑝′
𝐿 𝐿 𝑘𝑐 +𝑘𝑏 𝑘𝑐 +𝑘𝑏
0.71
= 0.495
0.71+2.5 ∙0.29