4/24/22, 5:57 PM A BRIEF TIMELINE OF EARLY ISLAMIC HISTORY

Religion 212: Religions

of the Western World
Section 3; Annette
Yoshiko Reed
 
 
A BRIEF
TIMELINE OF EARLY ISLAMIC HISTORY
 
c. 570 CE – Birth of Muhammad
 
610
CE – Muhammad’s call to be the Seal of the Prophet on Mount Hira, the beginning
of Revelation of the Qur’an
 
622
CE -- Prophet’s Hijrah from Makkah (Mecca) to Madina
(Medina), marks
foundation of Umma, whose importance is commemorated by
the Islamic calendar, which
counts years from this point (A.H.)
 
624
CE – Battle of Badr, first victory of Muslims over Meccans, which was
seen to be a
sign of the truth of Islam, Muhammad instituted the Fast of Ramadan
(the month in
which both the Battle and Muhammad’s Call to Prophethood had
taken place).
 
630
CE – Muhammad’s conquest of Makkah and rededication of the Ka’ba to
monotheistic
worship
 
632 CE – Death of Muhammad
 
-----
 
632-661 CE – Period of the
“Rightly Guided Caliphs” (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman,
            Ali), when the Umma was lead by Companions of the
Prophets. This period
            marked by the writing
down of the revelations of the Qur’an (c. 632-50 CE) and the
beginning
of the collection of reminiscences about the Prophet into the Hadith
literature,
as the basis for following his Sunna (life-example). This
period also saw the Islamic
consolidation of power in Arabia and the conquests of
Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Iraq, and
Persia—all of which together would thereafter
be the heart of the Islamic Empire
 
-----
                                   
661 CE – Assassination of Ali
and the rise of the Umayyad Dynasty, which ruled from Damascus
 
680
CE – Husayn (son of Ali) and his Shi’ite followers killed at Karbala
(Iraq), but
the
son of Husayn is captured and survives to beget sons to continue the line of Shi’i
Imams
 
750 CE – Fall of the Umayyads
and rise of the Abbasid Dynasty, which conquered the
Umayyads
and ruled from Baghdad until the Mongol conquest; Umayyads, however,
continued
to rule in Muslim Spain (al-Andalus) until 1492 CE. The period of Abbasid rule
marked the continuation and culminations of the great flowering of classical
Islamic
civilization, e.g., the development of the Islamic “religious sciences”
of jurisprudence (Fiqh)
and theology (Kalam), the compilation of Hadith into
canonical collections, and the
developments of many mystical movements (i.e.
Sufism).
 

https://www.wabashcenter.wabash.edu/syllabi/r/reed/1JM8T-Rel212/timeline3.htm 1/2
4/24/22, 5:57 PM A BRIEF TIMELINE OF EARLY ISLAMIC HISTORY

765
CE – Due to the death of his eldest son Ishma’il, the sixth Shi’i Imam (Ja’far)
appoints
a younger son (Musa al-Kazim) to be his successor as Imam. Some Shi’is
saw this as a
breach of the proper line of succession from Ali through Husayn,
proclaiming the son of
Ishma’il (Ahmad) as the next Imam. This group came to be
one of two main groups of
Shi’is, called Ismai’li or “Sevener” Shi’is, in
contrast to those who accepted the line through
Musa al-Kazim, who are called
“Twelver” or Imami Shi’is.
            874 CE – The
“Twelver” or Imami Shi’is continued to have Imams from the line of
Ali
through Musa al-Kazim until this point, when the twelfth Imam disappeared at
the age
of four. This group of Shi’is—who now, for instance, are dominant in
modern-day Iran—
believe that he went into occultation, from which he will only
emerge at the End of Time.
 
968-1171
CE – The Fatimids, a “Sevener” Shi’ite Dynasty, founds Cairo and rules
Egypt
 
1099
CE – Crusaders take Jerusalem
 
1187
CE – Saladin (the most famous of the Ayyubids, the dynasty that toppled the Fatimids
in Egypt in 1169 CE) retakes Jerusalem at Battle of Hattin
 
1258 CE – The Mongol conquest
causes the fall of the Abbasid Dynasty
 
1492 CE – End of the Period
of Umayayad rule of Spain. Spain conquered by Christians,
who
promptly expel the Jews (who had flourished there living alongside Muslims
under
Umayyad rule)
 
 

https://www.wabashcenter.wabash.edu/syllabi/r/reed/1JM8T-Rel212/timeline3.htm 2/2