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ANALYSIS
-------
Ch. 11 – Horizontal Wells
Prof. D. TIAB
Tel. 405 801 3657 --- 405 532 0119 (Cell)
dtiab@ou.edu --- uptecsh@aol.com
3709 Windover Drive
Norman, Oklahoma, 73072, USA
TDS Technique
5
CONTENT
1. VIDEO
2. Flow Regimes
3. Pressure Drawdown and Buildup Testing in HW –
Conventional Techniques
4. Modern Techniques: TCM, Regression,
Deconvolution
5. Advanced Technique: Analytical/TDS Technique
6. Finite-Conductivity Fracture
7. Elliptical Flow Equations for HW
8. Determining Average Reservoir Pressure in HW
9. Practical Problems with HW Testing
10. Field Cases
INTRODUCTION
The mechanical process of drilling highly accurate horizontal
wells is now a common occurrence throughout the world.
8
The majority of onshore horizontal wells are being drilled in
unconventional and complex reservoirs and there is a growing
awareness of the necessity to complete these wells effectively.
10
12
14
16
1 – HW FLOW REGIMES
17
RESERVOIR MODELS
18
Several authors have developed FIG. 1.3
direct solutions for the HW. L
ye
x e /2
xe
KAPPA Software:
HW is Parallel to the x-axis (same
as in this course). Therefore it is
assumed that the minimum
permeability direction in the
horizontal plane is parallel to the
x-axis, i.e. ky>kx)
19
20
Permeability Anisotropy
kv=kz
kx ky / kx indicates
magnitude of
anisotropy in
Horizontal
Plane horizontal plane
ky
22
HORIZONTAL WELL CONDUCTIVITY
24
In general, the infinite-conductivity-well assumption can
be justified based on the premise that the pressure drop
inside the well bore is small compared with the pressure
drop in the reservoir (Ozkan et al. 1995, 1999).
(1.1)
(1.2)
(1.3)
(1.4)
26
And f is the Fanning friction factor and is based on NRe
(1.5)
27
EXAMPLE – Effect of
Wellbore Hydraulics.
SOLUTION
We have from Eqs. 1.2 through
1.4, respectively,
28
The friction factor is (Eq. 1.5):
h=20 ft
Lh=20000 ft
q=5000 stb/d
1. Fluid flows to the well uniformly at all points along the wellbore
(uniform flux)
2. The sides of the drainage volume are aligned with the principal
permeability direction.
30
4. The boundaries of the reservoir are all no-flow boundaries, and the
well reaches stabilized, pseudosteady-state flow.
Later, modifications to be
used when this statement
is not true will be
presented.
32
MODEL USED IN THIS COURSE
ye
ye /2
z y h
zw
X
x e/2
xe
33
Flow Regimes
34
Flow Regimes
1 2
3a and/or 3b
5 ye
ye /2
z y h
zw
X
x e/2
xe
35
EARLY RADIAL
FLOW REGIME
FIG. 1.6
Consider a well producing at constant rate.
The early-radial flow regime occurs before the area drained or the
pressure transient caused by this production encounters either of the
boundaries of the reservoir.
36
HEMIRADIAL FLOW REGIME
FIG. 1.9
Once the flow pattern has encountered both the top and the
bottom of the reservoir, fluid will begin to flow linearly into
the well, as illustrated in Fig. 1.9.
38
ELLIPTICAL FLOW REGIME
FIG. 1.10
FIG. 1.11
This period will not exist for wells with a gas cap or aquifer or if
other external boundaries are felt first.
40
LATE LINEAR FLOW REGIME
The late linear flow period corresponds to late time, where the
pressure transient has reached the nearest vertical boundaries of a
finite rectangular (at least 4:1 or channel) reservoir. This flow
regime is rarely if ever observed.
Naturally, this flow period will develop only for a reservoir of finite
width.
FIG. 1.12
41
2 – Conventional
Techniques
42
PRESSURE DRAWDOWN
It is recommended that we identify all available flow regimes on the
diagnostic plot (loglog plot of ΔP and t*ΔP’ versus time) and then plot the
bottom hole flowing pressure during the appropriate time range
against time on semilog coordinates (for radial flow) or Cartesian plot
(for linear flow regime).
100
t*ΔP'
10
ΔP
late radial
late linear
early radial
early linear
1
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000 1000.000
time, hr
FIG. 1.13
The radial flow regimes are identified by a horizontal line and the
linear flow regimes by a half-slope on the derivative in the diagnostic
plot of pressure-test data.
43
Again, for clarification purposes, the model used here is as
shown in Figures 2.1, which illustrates the horizontal well
configuration associated with the analytic solutions and well
test interpretation that will be presented.
ye
ye /2
z y h
zw
X
x e/2
xe
FIG. 2.1
KAPPA
nomenclature
44
1 – EARLY RADIAL FLOW REGIME
For this time period, the pressure response can be approximated by:
qµB kykz t
Pi − Pwf = 162.6 log − 3.227 + 0.866 s (2.1)
φ µ ct rw
2 m
L k ykz
kz ye
ye /2
z y h
ky X
x e /2
zw
xe
45
A semilog plot of ΔP versus t should yield a straight line of slope:
162.6qBµ
mER =
L kzk y
(2.2)
FIG. 2.2
kz ye
ye /2
z y h
ky X
x e /2
zw
xe
46
4250
The equivalent permeability in a 4200 Early radial flow regime FIG. 2.3
vertical plane around the wellbore 4150
PER1hr
Slope=mr1
4050
4000
162.6qBµ
3950
kzk y =
3900
(2.3) 3850
LmER 3800
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Time, hr
For example, a well may be drilled for 5000 ft horizontally, but only
3000 ft may be contributing to flow, either because the rest of the
wellbore is damaged or it may even be outside the reservoir.
48
Extrapolating the straight line to t = 1 4250
Slope=mr1
4150
PER1hr
mechanical skin factor (due to the 4100
alteration of near-wellbore
Pwf, psi
4050
3950
3850
∆P k ykz
3800
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
sm = 1.151 ( t =1hr )
− log + 3.227
Time, hr
mER φ µ ct rw2
(2.4)
Sm
49
2 – HEMIRADIAL FLOW REGIME
The hemiradial flow period will occur only when the well is close to one of
the vertical boundaries (either the upper or the lower boundary). The HRF
regime is given by:
325.2qBµ k z k y
Pi − Pwf = log t − 3.23 + 0.8683S m (2.5)
L k z k y φµct rw
2
325.2qBµ (2.6)
mHR =
L kzk y
(2.7)
325.2qBµ 162.6qBµ
kzk y = = 2
mHR L m HR L
50
3 – EARLY LINEAR FLOW REGIME
µ t 141.2qµB
Pi − Pwf =
8.128qB
+ (s z + s m )
Lh k y φ ct L ky kz (2.8)
FIG. 2.4
51
Pressure data identified as being in this flow regime can be plotted
against the square root of time.
The slope of the straight line on the linear plot (ΔP Vs. t^0.5) is:
8.128qB µ
m EL = (2.9)
Lh k y φct FIG. 2.5
2
8.128qB µ
k y = (2.10)
m
EL Lh φct
Knowing ky from the early linear flow and sqrt(kykz) from the early
radial, we can solve for kz.
52
Extrapolating the straight line to t=0 we can solve for SZ (by
substituting t=1 in Eq. 2.8):
0.058 k z ∆PEL1
S z + Sm =
h φµ ct mEL
(2.11)
h ky πz
sz = ln + 0.25 ln − ln sin w − 1.838
rw kv h
4200
4050
linear flow(1)
linear flow(2)
Pwf versus square root of time, but only 4000 m2 =-35.62 psi/hrs1/2 ????
Pwf, psi
one of them is the correct. 3950
3900
m1=-32.49 psi/hrs1/2
3850
????
To select the correct straight line on the 3800
3750
Correct value
mf=-38.81 psi/hrs1/2
method.
FIG. 2.8
54
4 – LATE RADIAL FLOW REGIME FIG. 1.11
This period will not exist for wells with a gas cap or aquifer or if
other external boundaries are felt first.
FIG. 2.9
55
For data in the appropriate time range, we prepare a semilog plot of
pressure against time according to:
162.6qµB k x t 141.2qµ B
Pi − Pwf = log
2
− 2 . 023+ (s z + sm ) (2.13)
h z k y k x φµ ct Lw L ky kz
4250
4200 P HF1hr
4150
4100
Slope=m r3
Pwf, psi
4050
4000
Late radial flow regime
3950
3900
3850
3800
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
FIG. 2.10
56
From equation 2.13 the slope of the line at late radial flow regime is:
162.6qBµ
mLR = (2.13a) 4250
h kxk y 4200 PHF1hr
4150
4000
plane can be estimated from the 3950
Late radial flow regime
slope: 3900
162.6qBµ 3850
FIG. 2.10
kH = kxk y = (2.13b) 3800
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
hmLR
Knowing ky from the early linear flow and sqrt(kykx) from the late
radial, we can solve for kx.
Extrapolating the straight line to t = 1 hr and rearranging Eq. 2.13
gives the mechanical skin factor Sm or the convergence skin Sz:
kr = kH = k x k y
58
5 – LATE LINEAR FLOW REGIME
The pressure transient has now reached the lateral
extremities of the reservoir, thus yielding the second (or late) linear
(and probably final flow period) on a Cartesian plot of Pwf Vs. t0.5
ye
ye /2
z y h
zw
X
x e/2
xe
FIG. 2.11
hx
59
The slope of the straight line 8.128qB µ
on the Cartesian graph (ΔP Vs. mLL = h h k yφct
(2.15)
x
t^0.5) is:
8.128qB µ
ky = (2.16)
mLL hx h φct
8.128qB µ
hx = (2.17) FIG. 2.11
mLL h k yφct
k z ∆P( t =0)
ye
0.058Lw
Sm + S x + S z =
ye /2
z y h
φµ ct mLL
zw
X
hhx x e/2
xe
(2.18) hx
60
PRESSURE DRAWDOWN PLOTS (summary)
Flow regime Reservoir Plot Calculation
Parameter
kzk y 162.6qµ B
Pwf, or (Pi-Pwf) vs. log t kzk y =
m Lw
Early time radial
Pi − Pwf (1hr )
Pwf, or (Pi-Pwf) vs. t −
sm m1r
s m = 1.151
kykz
log + 3.227
φ µ c t rw2
where Pwf is at 1 hr
Intermediate time φ ct k y Pwf, or (Pi-Pwf) vs. t φ ct k y 8.128qB
linear =
µ µ mLw hz
Late time radial kzk y Pwf, or (Pi-Pwf) vs. log t 162.6qµB
kzk y =
mLw
φ ct k y 8.128qB
=
µ mhx hz
Late time linear φ ct k y Pwf, or (Pi-Pwf) vs. t
(Pseudosteady or hx or;
state) µ 8.128qB µ
hx =
mhz φ ct k y
61
PRESSURE BUILDUP
In the case of a pressure buildup test, similar equations were
developed for two scenarios.
162.6qµ B to + ∆t
Pi − Pwf = log ∆t + γ 1 (2.19)
k y k z Lw
γ 1 = Lw k z log k x t − 2.023 − log t − log k y k z + 3.227 + 0.868s
2 φµ ct r 2w (2.20)
φµ ct Lw
z
hz kx
62
EARLY RADIAL FLOW REGIME
Case 2: finite width
162.6qµ B to + ∆t
Pi − Pwf = log ∆t + γ 2 (2.21)
k y k z Lw
0.05 Lw k z t k ykz t
γ2 = − log + 3.227 + 0.868( s + s ) (2.22)
h
hz x φ µ c φµ c 2
t rw
z x
t
8.128q B µ∆t
Pi − Pwf = +γ3 (2.23)
h z Lw k y φ ct
162.6qµ B k x t
γ3 = log
2
− 2 . 023 (2.24)
k y k x h z φµ ct L w
63
EARLY LINEAR FLOW REGIME
Case 2: finite width
8.128q B µ t 141.2qµ B
Pi − Pws = ∆t − Lw + sx (2.25)
h z Lw k y φ ct hx Lw k x k y
162.6qµ B t o + ∆t
Pi − Pws = log ∆t + γ 4 (2.27)
k y k x hz
0.05 L w k x t k xt
γ4 = − log + 2.023 + 0.868s x
2
(2.28)
hx φ µ ct φµ ct L w
64
LATE LINEAR FLOW REGIME (pseudosteady state)
Only one case: finite width
Pi − Pwf =
8.128q B µ
( t − ∆t ) (2.29)
hz hx k y φ ct
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In general, the pressure transient plotted as the wellbore
pressure versus the logarithm of time will yield two straight
lines corresponding to the early time and late time radial flow
regimes.
Odeh and Babu correctly stressed that not all four flow
regimes will automatically exist during every pressure test.
65
PRESSURE BUILDUP PLOTS
Flow regime Reservoir Plot Calculation
Parameter
Early time radial kz k y t + ∆t 162.6qµ B
∆P vs. log o kz k y =
∆t m Lw
Intermediate time µ ∆P vs. ∆t µ 8.128qB
linear =
φ ct k y φ ct k y mLwhz
Late time radial kz k y t + ∆t 162.6qµB
∆P vs. log o kz k y =
∆t mhz
Generally, the initial part of this Horner plot will be a straight line. If the reservoir is of finite width, and the
pressure transient has reached the final linear flow period before shut-in, and when the inequality to+∆t becomes
invalid, this Horner relationship will no longer produce a straight line
Late time linear φ ct k y P vs. t − ∆t Extrapolate to Pi
(Only exists for a or
µ
finite width
∆P vs. t − ∆t φ ct k y 8.128qB
reservoir) hx or Pi =
µ mhx hz
66
EXERCISE 1
67
hyy=aH
e
ye /2
z y h
z w
X
x e /2
x e
hX=bH Our Model
68
Table 2.1a – Pressure Drawdown Data
t Pwf t Pwf t Pwf t Pwf
0.000 3000 0.119 2978.18 1.707 2971.336 29.136 2959.721
0.001 2996.745 0.134 2977.859 1.913 2971.031 32.633 2959.104
0.002 2994.507 0.151 2977.543 2.143 2970.719 36.550 2958.48
0.003 2992.58 0.170 2977.23 2.401 2970.397 40.936 2957.848
0.004 2990.776 0.192 2976.921 2.690 2970.063 45.850 2957.209
0.006 2989.243 0.216 2976.616 3.014 2969.715 51.353 2956.562
0.007 2987.956 0.242 2976.312 3.376 2969.353 57.516 2955.906
0.009 2986.87 0.272 2976.011 3.782 2968.976 64.419 2955.242
0.011 2985.206 0.306 2975.712 4.237 2968.582 72.150 2954.573
0.013 2984.492 0.343 2975.415 4.746 2968.172 80.808 2953.901
0.016 2984.092 0.386 2975.12 5.317 2967.744 90.506 2953.237
0.019 2983.856 0.433 2974.826 5.956 2967.3 101.368 2952.572
0.022 2983.284 0.485 2974.533 6.671 2966.84 113.533 2951.902
0.025 2982.761 0.545 2974.242 7.473 2966.365 127.158 2951.228
0.029 2982.278 0.611 2973.951 8.370 2965.875 142.418 2950.546
0.033 2981.848 0.685 2973.662 9.376 2965.37 159.509 2949.853
0.038 2981.418 0.768 2973.374 10.502 2964.852 178.651 2949.147
0.044 2981.009 0.861 2973.085 11.763 2964.323 200.090 2948.423
0.050 2980.617 0.965 2972.797 13.175 2963.782 224.101 2947.676
0.057 2980.239 1.082 2972.509 14.757 2963.231 250.994 2946.9
0.064 2979.878 1.213 2972.22 16.529 2962.668 281.114 2946.088
0.073 2979.523 1.359 2971.929 18.514 2962.096 314.849 2945.231
0.083 2979.176 1.523 2971.635 20.736 2961.515 352.632 2944.318
0.094 2978.836 23.225 2960.925 394.949 2943.340
0.106 2978.506 26.013 2960.327 437.596 2942.385
69
Table 2.1b – Pressure Derivative data
t ∆P t*∆P' t ΔP t*∆P'
0.119 21.82 2.672
0.001 3.255 2.605 0.134 22.141 2.665
0.002 5.493 3.894 0.151 22.457 2.654
0.003 7.42 4.745 0.170 22.77 2.632
0.004 9.224 4.982 0.192 23.079 2.623
0.006 10.757 4.924 0.216 23.384 2.601
0.007 12.044 4.7 0.242 23.688 2.583
0.009 13.13 4.402 0.272 23.989 2.578
0.011 14.794 4.085 0.306 24.288 2.572
0.013 15.008 3.98 0.343 24.585 2.575
0.016 15.508 3.718 0.386 24.88 2.564
0.019 16.144 3.495 0.433 25.174 2.525
0.022 16.716 3.311 0.485 25.467 2.534
0.025 17.239 3.164 0.545 25.758 2.536
0.029 17.722 3.045 0.611 26.049 2.544
0.033 18.152 3.085 0.685 26.338 2.540
0.038 18.582 3.009 0.768 26.626 2.538
0.044 18.991 2.943 0.861 26.915 2.538
0.050 19.383 2.882 0.965 27.203 2.512
0.057 19.761 2.831 1.082 27.491 2.525
0.064 20.122 2.833 1.213 27.78 2.537
0.073 20.477 2.798 1.359 28.071 2.558
0.083 20.824 2.765 1.523 28.365 2.579
0.094 21.164 2.734
0.106 21.494 2.702
70
Table 5.1b – Pressure Derivative data (continued)
t ∆P t*∆P' t ΔP t*∆P'
1.707 28.664 2.578 29.136 40.279 5.338
1.913 29.136 2.712 32.633 40.896 5.438
2.143 32.633 2.801 36.550 41.52 5.539
2.401 36.550 2.899 40.936 42.152 5.628
2.690 40.936 2.967 45.850 42.791 5.708
3.014 45.850 3.112 51.353 43.438 5.767
3.376 51.353 3.259 57.516 44.094 5.78
3.782 57.516 3.404 64.419 44.758 5.876
4.237 64.419 3.547 72.150 45.427 5.949
4.746 72.150 3.7 80.808 46.099 5.903
5.317 80.808 3.821 90.506 46.763 5.879
5.956 90.506 3.981 101.368 47.428 5.905
6.671 101.368 4.131 113.533 48.098 5.92
7.473 113.533 4.27 127.158 48.772 5.953
8.370 127.158 4.398 142.418 49.454 6.065
9.376 142.418 4.471 159.509 50.147 6.186
10.502 159.509 4.609 178.651 50.853 6.312
11.763 178.651 4.731 200.090 51.577 6.49
13.175 200.090 4.837 224.101 52.324 6.699
14.757 224.101 4.931 250.994 53.1 7.007
16.529 250.994 4.966 281.114 53.912 7.34
18.514 281.114 5.071 314.849 54.769 7.785
20.736 314.849 5.164 352.632 55.682 8.318
23.225 352.632 5.27 394.949 56.66 8.955
26.013 394.949 5.351 437.596 57.615
71
SOLUTION
The diagnostic plot confirms the presence of four flow regimes in
Well Prf-3 : ER, EL, LR and LL.
100
t*ΔP'
10
ΔP
late radial
late linear
early radial
early linear
1
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000 1000.000
time, hr
72
Early radial - A straight line fits the data from 0.1 to 1 hour; the slope
of the line, mER is 6.0 psi/cycle, and Δplhr= 27.35 psi
Late radial - A straight line fits the data from 72 to 142 hours; the
slope of the line, mLR is 13 psi/cycle, and Δplhr= 18.8 psi
FIG. 2.13
75
A plot of pressure change Δp vs. the square root of time (Fig.
2.14 ) confirms two linear flow regimes.
Late linear - A straight line fits the data starting 15 hr^0.5; the
slope of the line, mLL is 0.89 psi/t0.5 and ∆P(t=0)= 40
FIG. 2.14
76
Calculations
1 – Early Radial
Average permeability in
the vertical plane:
162.6qBµ
kzk y =
LmER
162.6 × 800 ×1.25 × 1.0
= = 30.11 md
900 × 6
Mechanical skin:
∆P k y kz
sm = 1.151 wf (t =1hr ) − log + 3.227
mER φµ ct rw2
27.3 30.11
= 1.151 − log −6 2
+ 3.227 = −0.636
6 0.2 × 1.0 ×15 ×10 × 0.25
77
2 – Early Linear
Permeability in the y-direction (parallel to the HW):
2
8.128qB µ 8.128 × 800 ×1.25
2
1
k y = = = 111 md
mEL Lh φct 3.3 × 900 ×150 0.2 ×15 ×10
−6
ye
y e /2
z y h
zw
X
x e /2
xe
78
3 – Late Radial
162.6qBµ
kxk y =
hmLR
162.6 × 800 × 1.25 × 1.0
= = 83.4
150 × 13
kx =
( kxky )2
=
83.4 2
= 62.6 md
ky 111
kz =
( kzky )2
=
30.112
= 14.5 md
ky 111
L
ye
y e /2
z y h
zw
X
x e /2
xe
79
1.151L k z ∆P(1hr ) kx
sm + s z = − log + 2.023
2
h k x m LR φµ ct L
1.151× 900 14.5 18.8 62.6
= − log −6 2
+ 2.023 = 6.83
150 62.6 13 0.2 × 1.0 × 15 × 10 × 900
S Z + S m = 6.83
S z = 6.83 − S m = 6.83 + 0.636 = 7.46
ye
y e /2
z y h
zw
X
x e /2
xe
80
4 – Late Linear
8.128qB µ
hx =
mLL h k yφct
8.128 × 800 ×1.25 1
=
0.89 ×150 111× 0.2 ×15 ×10 −6
= 2670 ft
S Z + S m + S x = 16 ⇒ S x = 16 − ( S m + S z ) = 16 − 6.8 = 9.2
81
Note:
Babu-Odeh
ky = 111 md x e/2
xe
Our model
82
3 – STARTING AND
ENDING TIMES OF
FLOW REGIMES
83
STARTING AND ENDING TIMES OF FLOW REGIMES
The end of the early-radial flow regime may occur either when the
transient reaches a vertical boundary or when flow comes from
beyond the end of the wellbore.
190d Z2.095rw−0.095φµo ct
teER = (3.1)
kv
dz = the shortest distance between the well and the z-boundary, ft
84
2. Early-Time Linear Flow
The early-time linear flow ends at:
20.8φµo ct L2
teEL = (3.2)
kv
1230.0L2φµo ct
teLR = (3.3)
kv
85
Method 2 – Odeh and Babu's Equations
Hemiradial Flow
In the absence of wellbore storage, the start of hemiradial flow is
approximately given by:
1800d z2φµo ct
t sHR = (3.6)
kv
86
2. Intermediate-Time or Early Linear Flow
Time durations for the start and end of this linear flow can
be found by:
1800Dz2φµo ct
t sEL = (3.8)
kv
OR
160L2φµo ct
teEL = (3.9)
kx
1480L2φµo ct
t sLR = (3.10)
kx
1650φµo ct d x2
teLR = (3.11)
kx
2000φµo ct (d x − 0.25L )
2
OR teLR = (3.12)
kx
kx = permeability in x-direction, mD
dx = the shortest distance between the well and the x-boundary, ft
Dx = the longest distance between the well and the x-boundary, ft.
88
4. Late Linear flow
The start of this time period is the maximum of two equations. The
first depends on the time at which the transient front reach the
boundary, Dx, beyond the end of the horizontal well.
Usually, the start of the late-linear flow regime is dictated by the time
to reach the boundaries in the y-direction.
1650φµo ct d y2
The end of this period is given by: teLL = (3.15)
ky
89
EXERCISE 2
90
h = 120 ft rw = 0.354 ft
Ø = 15.0% Bo = 1.235 rb/stb
µo= 0.35 cP ct= 10.0x 10-6psi-1
k = 8 mD (horizontal kH, from pilot-hole test)
kv = 0.2 mD (from core data)
dz = (120/2) - 20 = 40 ft
190d Z2.095rw−0.095φµo ct
teER =
kv
190 × 402.095 × 0.354−0.095 × 0.15 × 0.35 ×10.0 ×10−6
= = 0.29 hr
0.2
Method 2 (Babu)- using Eqs. 3.4 and 3.5 (assuming kx=kh)
1800d z2φµo ct 125L2φµo ct
teER = teER =
kv kx
1800 × 402 × 0.15 × 0.35 ×10.0 ×10−6 125 ×10002 × 0.15 × 0.35 ×10.0 ×10−6
= = 7.56 hr = = 8.2 hr
0.2 8
Thus (according to Babu’s method), the initial radial flow period will
end in 7.56 hr.
92
4 – MODERN
TECHNIQUES
93
TYPE-CURVE MATCHING (TCM)
TECHNIQUE
The problems with type-curve matching have already been
discussed. It does not matter whether the well is vertical or
horizontal.
94
Effect of HW length on flow regimes: No early linear flow regime
for short length.
100
Lw=1000 ft
Lw=220 ft (LD=4.5)
(LD=1)
10
P D , tD P D '
t (k x / Lw )
tpr-eli t (k x / hx )
tpr-lli
2 2
Late
Latelinear
linear
(h )
pr-eli pr-lli
1/2 x k y , sm + sz + sx
Early
Earlylinear
linear(slope=0.5)
(slope=0.5)
1 (L
w k y , sm + s z )
Early
Earlyradial Pseudoradial
t (k z (Lw / hx ) ) ( Pseudoradial
k k ,s + s )
radial ter-eli
(L )
2
t ter-lli
w k z k y , sm (ker-eli
z) er-lli x y m z
0.1
1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08
tD
95
96
CONVOLUTION
It is applied in time to account for rate changes, and in
space to account for multiple well systems and boundaries
(flow or no-flow).
∆p 141.2µ B
URF = = PD (rD , t D )
q h
98
100
LIMITATIONS OF DECONVOLUTION
Deconvolution is unfortunately extremely sensitive to
data quality.
102
104
Thus, in the presence of oil and gas or water and gas, and
below the rate threshold, the available flow meters are
inaccurate.
106
5 – ADVANCED
TECHNIQUE
-
TDS* TECHNIQUE
108
TDS TECHNIQUE IN ANISOTROPIC MEDIA
100
late
linear
t*ΔP'
10 late
t*ΔPLR radial
ΔP
early
t*ΔPER radial early
linear
t*ΔPEL1hr t*ΔPLL1hr
1
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000 1000.000
time, hr FIG. 5.3
109
1 – EARLY RADIAL FLOW REGIME y =∞ Z
Lw
1 k y k z
PD = ln t D + 0.80907 + 2 S m
2 k z k y
(5.1)
Where: 100
k y Lw ∆P 0.0002637 k y t
PD = (5.2) tD =
φµ ct rw 2
late
141.2q µ B
linear
t*ΔP'
10 late
t*ΔPLR radial
ΔP
(5.2a) early
The derivative of Eq. 5.1 is: t*ΔPER radial early
linear
t*ΔPEL1hr t*ΔPLL1hr
1 ky
t D × P' D =
1
2 kz time, hr
110
100
Substitution of the dimensionless
variables in Eq. 5.3 and
rearranging the results we arrive late
linear
t*ΔP'
early
t*ΔPER radial early
linear
70.6qµB (5.4)
t*ΔPEL1hr t*ΔPLL1hr
ky kz = 1
2
1 70.6qµB
ky = (5.4a)
k z L (t × ∆P' ) ER
111
100
The early radial flow period is only
influenced by the mechanical skin
attributed to drilling and completion late
linear
t*ΔP'
operations. 10 late
t*ΔPLR radial
ΔP
early
The ratio of the dimensionless pressure t*ΔPER radial early
linear
and pressure derivative expressions (Eq. t*ΔPEL1hr t*ΔPLL1hr
1 ∆ p ER k y k z t ER
Sm= - ln + 7.43
(5.5)
2 (t × ∆P ' ) ER φµ ct r 2w
112
2 – EARLY LINEAR FLOW REGIME
This flow period occurs when the horizontal well length is sufficiently
long in comparison to the thickness and/or the vertical permeability is
greater than the horizontal permeability.
2rw ky 100
PD = π t D + ( s z + sm ) (5.6)
hz kz late
linear
t*ΔP'
10 late
t*ΔPLR radial
early
t*ΔPER radial early
linear
rw t*ΔPEL1hr t*ΔPLL1hr
t D × P'D = π tD (5.7)
1
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000
time, hr
10.000 100.000 1000.000
hz
113
Substituting for dimensionless terms and taking the logarithm of
both sides of Eq. 5.7 gives:
2(4.064) qB µ
m EL = (5.9)
Lh z k y φ ct
100
t*ΔP'
10 late
t*ΔPLR radial
ΔP
early
Substituting for mEL and solving for t*ΔPER radial early
linear
2
4.064qB µ 4.064qB µ
L= (5.11) k y =
(5.11a)
h z (t × ∆P' ) EL1 k y φ ct h z L (t × ∆P ' )EL1 φct
114
The early linear flow period is
influenced by a combination of
mechanical skin and partial 100
0.029 k z t EL ∆PEL
Sz= − 2 − S m (5.12)
hz φµ ct (t × ∆P' ) EL
Where:
∆PEL, (t*∆
∆P’)EL, and tEL are read from the graph at a convenient point
during the early linear flow period, and
The dimensionless flow equation which describes this flow regime is:
ky 16 k x r 2w
PD =
L
ln + 0.80907 + k y ( S z + S m) (5.13)
2 tD
2 hz kx k y L kx kz
100
t*ΔP'
10 late
t*ΔPLR radial
ΔP
1L ky
t D × P' D =
early
2 hz kx t*ΔPEL1hr t*ΔPLL1hr
linear
1
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000 1000.000
time, hr
116
Substituting for the dimensionless terms in Eq. 5.14, we can
solve for kxky product:
100
70.6qµB
kx ky = (5.15)
h z (t × ∆P ' ) LR late
linear
t*ΔP'
10 late
radial
Knowing ky from the previous flow t*ΔPLR
ΔP
early
regimes, we can calculate kx: t*ΔPER radial early
linear
t*ΔPEL1hr t*ΔPLL1hr
2
1 70.6qµB 1
k y h z (t × ∆P ' ) LR
time, hr
Dividing PD (Eq. 5.12) with tD*PD’ (Eq. 5.13) and substituting for
the dimensionless terms, and then solving for Sz yields:
L kz ∆ p LR k t
Sz + Sm = - ln x LR 2 + 4.659 (5.16)
2 hz kx (t × ∆P ' ) LR φµ ct L
The system or total skin (St) is also called apparent skin (Sa)
and is defined as the difference between PwD of HW and VW
corresponding to the LRF (Ozkan et al.):
k HW
S a = PwDHW − PwDVW (5.16a)
kz
k = k HW = 3 k x k y k z For HW (5.16b)
kh = k x k y For VW (5.16c)
k HW
S p = Sa − Sm (5.16d)
kz
118
h k /k 2
1
w
4 r h k / k 2 h k / k
− z
S p = ln +
z
ln z z
+ 2( w − 0.5) 2
L L zw L 6
h
2πrw (1 + k / k z ) cos π ( h − 0.5)
L kz / k (5.16e)
for ≥ 0.4 (5.16f)
h
Note: The following equation may be used to estimate
potential mechanical skin of HW if mechanical skin of a VW
is know:
k h
S mHW = S mVW
h
(5.16g)
L
kykz
119
4 – LATE LINEAR FLOW REGIME 100
t*ΔP'
10 late
ΔP
early
L rw ky
P D = 2 π t D + ( S x + S z + S m ) y=∞ Y
hx hz kz X
hz
Z=
Z
(5.17) y=0
t D × P ' D = π tD (5.18)
X=0 X=hx
hx h z
120
Substituting for dimensionless terms in Eq. 5.18, and taking the
logarithm of both sides of the resulting equation gives:
Where:
100
2(4.064)qB µ
m LL = (5.20)
k y φ ct h x
late
2 linear
hz
t*ΔP'
10 late
t*ΔPLR radial
ΔP
early
radial
At time t = 1 hr. t*ΔPER early
linear
t*ΔPEL1hr t*ΔPLL1hr
(t × ∆P')LL1 = 4.064qB µ
1
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000 1000.000
time, hr
hx h z k y φ ct (5.21)
121
Eq. 5.21 can be solved for hx (where
ky is known from previous flow 100
4.064qB µ linear
t*ΔP'
hx = (5.22) 10 late
h z (t × ∆P' ) LL1 k y φ ct
t*ΔPLR radial
ΔP
early
t*ΔPER radial early
linear
2
µ
t*ΔPEL1hr
4.064qB
t*ΔPLL1hr
k y = (5.22a) 1
2
h z (t × ∆P' ) LL1 φ ct h x
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000 1000.000
time, hr
0.029 L k z t LL ∆ p LL
Sx + Sm+ Sz = − 2 (5.23)
hx hz φµ ct (t × ∆P' ) LL
Where:
∆PLL, (t*∆
∆P’)LL, and tLL are read from the graph at a convenient
point during the late linear flow period.
122
VERIFICATION
The ratio of the early radial and late radial pressure derivative lines results in
the following expression:
The ratio of the early linear and late linear pressure derivative lines at time t
= 1 hr results in the following expression:
µ µ (t × ∆P' ) EL1 hx
(t × ∆P ' ) EL1 =
4.064qB (t × ∆P')LL1 = 4.064qB =
(t × ∆P ' ) LL1 Lw
h z Lw k y φ ct hx h z k y φ ct
(5.25b) (5.25c)
(5.25a)
(t × ∆P ' ) EL1 1 kz
Combining Eq. 5.24a and 25a: = (5.25d)
(t × ∆P ' ) ER 17.37 h µφct
(t × ∆P ' ) LL1 1 kx
Combining Eq. 5.24b and 25b: = (5.25e)
(t × ∆P ' ) LR 17.37 hx µφct
123
The time of intersection of the h2
early radial and early linear flow t ERiEL = 301.77φµ ct z (5.26)
periods is given by: kz
124
2
Combining these times t ERiEL t L
= LRiEL = w (5.30)
of intersection yields: t ERiLL t LRiLL hx
Eq. 5.30 can be used for verification or well test design purposes.
For example, given horizontal well length and reservoir width, the
equation provides a quantitative measure of the time span to
capture the anticipated flow regimes.
If the left-hand-side of Eq. 5.30 is small (~1), then the late radial
flow period will not be observed and the start time of the late
linear flow period will be dependent only on the magnitude of the
early linear flow period.
If the ratio is large (~100) then the late radial period is observed
but the test design will have to extend a sufficient period of time
to capture the late linear flow period.
125
1004.064qB µ
k y =
2
kz =
kz(
k ySOLUTION )2
0.029 L k z t LL ∆p
Sx + Sm+ Sz = LL
− 2
The L (t × ∆P'
z diagnostic
h ) φc
EL1 plot
t k
confirmsy the hx hz φµ ct (t × ∆P' ) LL
presence of all
k z tfour flow
∆PELregimes µ
0.029 EL 4.064qB
+ SWell
S z in m = Prf-3. − 2 hx =
hz φµ ct (t × ∆P' ) EL h z (t × ∆P' ) LL1 k y φ ct
FIG. 3.3
2 4 late
linear
t*ΔP'
10 late
t*ΔPLR radial
ΔP
early
t*ΔPER radial early
linear 3
70.6qµB 70.6 qµB
ky kz = 1 t*ΔPEL1hr t*ΔPLL1hr kx ky =
L (t × ∆P ' ) ER h z (t × ∆P ' ) LR
1
Sm =
1 0.001
∆ p ER
-
k y k z t ER
0.010
ln
φµ ct r 2w
0.100
+ 7.43
1.000 10.000 100.000 ( kx k y
1000.000
=
) 2
2 (t × ∆P ' ) ER time, hr kx
ky
126
EXERCISE 3
127
128
Table 5.1a – Pressure Drawdown Data
t Pwf t Pwf t Pwf t Pwf
0.000 3000 0.119 2978.18 1.707 2971.336 29.136 2959.721
0.001 2996.745 0.134 2977.859 1.913 2971.031 32.633 2959.104
0.002 2994.507 0.151 2977.543 2.143 2970.719 36.550 2958.48
0.003 2992.58 0.170 2977.23 2.401 2970.397 40.936 2957.848
0.004 2990.776 0.192 2976.921 2.690 2970.063 45.850 2957.209
0.006 2989.243 0.216 2976.616 3.014 2969.715 51.353 2956.562
0.007 2987.956 0.242 2976.312 3.376 2969.353 57.516 2955.906
0.009 2986.87 0.272 2976.011 3.782 2968.976 64.419 2955.242
0.011 2985.206 0.306 2975.712 4.237 2968.582 72.150 2954.573
0.013 2984.492 0.343 2975.415 4.746 2968.172 80.808 2953.901
0.016 2984.092 0.386 2975.12 5.317 2967.744 90.506 2953.237
0.019 2983.856 0.433 2974.826 5.956 2967.3 101.368 2952.572
0.022 2983.284 0.485 2974.533 6.671 2966.84 113.533 2951.902
0.025 2982.761 0.545 2974.242 7.473 2966.365 127.158 2951.228
0.029 2982.278 0.611 2973.951 8.370 2965.875 142.418 2950.546
0.033 2981.848 0.685 2973.662 9.376 2965.37 159.509 2949.853
0.038 2981.418 0.768 2973.374 10.502 2964.852 178.651 2949.147
0.044 2981.009 0.861 2973.085 11.763 2964.323 200.090 2948.423
0.050 2980.617 0.965 2972.797 13.175 2963.782 224.101 2947.676
0.057 2980.239 1.082 2972.509 14.757 2963.231 250.994 2946.9
0.064 2979.878 1.213 2972.22 16.529 2962.668 281.114 2946.088
0.073 2979.523 1.359 2971.929 18.514 2962.096 314.849 2945.231
0.083 2979.176 1.523 2971.635 20.736 2961.515 352.632 2944.318
0.094 2978.836 23.225 2960.925 394.949 2943.340
0.106 2978.506 26.013 2960.327 437.596 2942.385
129
Table 5.1b – Pressure Derivative data
t ∆P t*∆P' t ΔP t*∆P'
0.000 0 0.119 21.82 2.672
0.001 3.255 2.605 0.134 22.141 2.665
0.002 5.493 3.894 0.151 22.457 2.654
0.003 7.42 4.745 0.170 22.77 2.632
0.004 9.224 4.982 0.192 23.079 2.623
0.006 10.757 4.924 0.216 23.384 2.601
0.007 12.044 4.7 0.242 23.688 2.583
0.009 13.13 4.402 0.272 23.989 2.578
0.011 14.794 4.085 0.306 24.288 2.572
0.013 15.508 3.98 0.343 24.585 2.575
0.016 15.508 3.718 0.386 24.88 2.564
0.019 16.144 3.495 0.433 25.174 2.525
0.022 16.716 3.311 0.485 25.467 2.534
0.025 17.239 3.164 0.545 25.758 2.536
0.029 17.722 3.045 0.611 26.049 2.544
0.033 18.152 3.085 0.685 26.338 2.540
0.038 18.582 3.009 0.768 26.626 2.538
0.044 18.991 2.943 0.861 26.915 2.538
0.050 19.383 2.882 0.965 27.203 2.512
0.057 19.761 2.831 1.082 27.491 2.525
0.064 20.122 2.833 1.213 27.78 2.537
0.073 20.477 2.798 1.359 28.071 2.558
0.083 20.824 2.765 1.523 28.365 2.579
0.094 21.164 2.734
0.106 21.494 2.702
130
Table 5.1b – Pressure Derivative data
t ∆P t*∆P' t ΔP t*∆P'
1.707 28.664 2.578 29.136 40.279 5.338
1.913 29.136 2.712 32.633 40.896 5.438
2.143 32.633 2.801 36.550 41.52 5.539
2.401 36.550 2.899 40.936 42.152 5.628
2.690 40.936 2.967 45.850 42.791 5.708
3.014 45.850 3.112 51.353 43.438 5.767
3.376 51.353 3.259 57.516 44.094 5.78
3.782 57.516 3.404 64.419 44.758 5.876
4.237 64.419 3.547 72.150 45.427 5.949
4.746 72.150 3.7 80.808 46.099 5.903
5.317 80.808 3.821 90.506 46.763 5.879
5.956 90.506 3.981 101.368 47.428 5.905
6.671 101.368 4.131 113.533 48.098 5.92
7.473 113.533 4.27 127.158 48.772 5.953
8.370 127.158 4.398 142.418 49.454 6.065
9.376 142.418 4.471 159.509 50.147 6.186
10.502 159.509 4.609 178.651 50.853 6.312
11.763 178.651 4.731 200.090 51.577 6.49
13.175 200.090 4.837 224.101 52.324 6.699
14.757 224.101 4.931 250.994 53.1 7.007
16.529 250.994 4.966 281.114 53.912 7.34
18.514 281.114 5.071 314.849 54.769 7.785
20.736 314.849 5.164 352.632 55.682 8.318
23.225 352.632 5.27 394.949 56.66 8.955
26.013 394.949 5.351 437.596 57.615
131
SOLUTION
Interpretation of plot (no noise in WBS hump), derivative values
in table 5.1b are smoothed.
132
The diagnostic plot confirms the presence of all four flow regimes in
Well Prf-3.
100
late
linear
t*ΔP'
10 late
t*ΔPLR radial
ΔP
early
t*ΔPER radial early
linear
t*ΔPEL1hr t*ΔPLL1hr
1
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000 1000.000
time, hr
133
Values needed for evaluation using TDS Technique
134
EARLY RADIAL
Step 1 – From the early radial:
(t*dP’)ER = 2.45
The geometric average permeability
in the vertical yz (or ER) plane is:
70.6qµB
ky kz =
L (t × ∆P ' ) ER Z
70.6 × 800 × 1.0 × 1.25
= = 32 md
900 × 2.45
Y
Step 2 – From the early radial:
at tER = 0.768, dPER = 26.63 X
1 ∆ p ER k y k z t ER
y=∞ Y
Sm = - ln + 7.43 X
2 (t × ∆P' ) ER φµ ct r 2w z
y=0
Z
Z=h
Lw
2
X=Lxd X=Lx1
−6
2.45 0.2 × 1.0 × 15 × 10 × 0.25 X=0 X=hx
y =∞
135
Y
Z=
hz
Lw
Lza z=hs
Lzb
rw 0
Z=
X=0 X=hx
kV = k z =
( ky k )z
2
=
32 2
= 10.2 md ky
ky 100
kx
136
Step 5 – From early linear: at tEL=4.237, dPEL=31.42,
(t*dP’)EL=3.547 (from Table)
0.029 k z t EL ∆PEL
S z + Sm = − 2
hz φµ ct (t × ∆P' ) EL
0.029 10 × 4.237 31.42
= −6
− 2 = 4.5
150 0.2 × 1.0 × 15 × 10 3.547
70.6qµB
kH = k x k y =
h z (t × ∆P ' ) LR
70.6 × 800 × 1.0 × 1.25
= = 78 md
150 × 6
kx =
( kx k y )
2
=
782
= 60 md
100
ky 100
60
138
Step 8 – Calculate Sm+Sz
L kz ∆p k t
Sz + Sm = LRtlr
- ln x LR 2 + 4.659
2 hz kx (t × ∆P ' ) LRtlr φµ ct L
900 10 47.43 60 × 101.4
= − ln −6 2
+ 4.659 = 5.6
2 × 150 60 5.9 0.2 × 1.0 × 15 × 10 × 900
S Z + S m = 5.6 ⇒ S z = 5.6 − S m = 5.6 + 0.48 = 6
The early linear and late radial do not yield (approximately) the
same value of Sz. The difference is very likely due to the fact that
early linear is not well defined.
139
LATE LINEAR
Step 9 – Extrapolating the late linear straight line to t=1 hr gives
(t*dP’)LL1 = 0.28 (from graph)
4.064qB µ
hx =
h z (t × ∆P' ) LL1 k y φ ct
4.064 × 800 × 1.25 1
= = 5214 ft
150 × 0.3 100 × 0.2 × 15 × 10 −6
y=∞ Y
hz
Z=
Z
y=0
Lw
Lza z=hs
Lzb
rw 0
Z=
X=Lxd X=Lx1
X=0 X=hx
hx
140
Step 10 – Calculate total skin: Sm+Sz+Sx
0.029 L k z t LL ∆ p LL
Sx + Sm + Sz = − 2
hx hz φµ ct (t × ∆P' ) LL
0.029 × 900 10 × 395 56.66
= 8.955 − 2 = 5.2
150 × 5214 0.2 × 1.0 × 15 × 10 −6
142
VERIFICATION
kx 60
The calculated values of kx and kz yield: = = 2.45
kz 10
From the ratio of the early radial and late radial pressure derivative lines we
obtain (Eq.5.24c):
6 – Finite
Conductivity
Horizontal Well
144
FINITE CONDUCTIVITY
HORIZONTAL WELLS
Most well test analysis techniques presented in the literature are
based on the assumption that horizontal wells are best modeled as
having infinite conductivity.
However, it has been observed in actual field cases that, after the
early radial flow regime, the bilinear flow may also occur during the
transient period of a horizontal well pressure test in homogeneous
reservoirs.
HORIZONTAL WELL
h
L/2
Zw
Z
Y X
FIG. 6.1
Fig.3.2. A Horizontal Well Model.
146
Type curves
bilinear
FIG. 6.2
147
Figure 6.3 shows a comparison
between two different type curves, one
for infinite conductivity horizontal well in
dashed lines, the other is for finite
conductivity horizontal well in unbroken
lines.
We can conclude that, at early times of the transient period, the longer
the horizontal well is, the more sensitive the pressure solution is to finite
conductivity.
148
Interpretation methods
The sequence of flow regimes is typically as shown in Figure.
Notice the bilinear flow (finite conductivity HW) has replaced linear
flow (infinite conductivity HW).
The equations and analysis of the other flow regimes that may be
observed are exactly as discussed previously.
1000
ΔP t*ΔP'
100 bilinear
slope=0.25 late
radial
early
radial
constant
pressure
10
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
time, hr
FIG. 6.4
CONVENTIONAL
TECHNIQUE
150
CONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUE
31.128qµB 141.2qµB
∆Pw = t
1/ 4
+ (S m + S z ) (6.1)
k y hLw (φµc t )
3/ 4 1/ 2 1/ 4
k y k z Lw
OR
31.128qµB
mBL = (6.3)
k y3 / 4 hL1w/ 2 (φµct )1/ 4
141.2qµB
I BLS = (S m + S z ) (6.4)
k y k z Lw
151
Thus a Cartesian plot of ∆P vs. t1/4 will have straight line of slope mBL which
can be used to calculate ky.
4/3
31.128qµB
k y =
1/ 4 (6.5)
m hL
BL w
1/ 2
(φµct )
I BLS k y k z Lw 400
ΔP
200
bilinear
150 slope=mbl
If Sm is obtained from the
100
early radial, then we can
50 IblS
calculate Sz.
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
t^0.25
MODERN
TECHNIQUE
153
ky
PD = 1.73t 1D/ 4 + (S m + S z ) (6.7)
kz
kyh
PD = ∆P (6.8)
141.2qµB
0.0002637 k y t
tD = (6.9)
φµct L2w
154
Substituting for the dimensionless parameters and solving for the
derivative of well pressure, we obtain:
31.128qµB
1000
mBL = 3 / 4 1/ 2 (6.12)
k y hLw (φµct )1/ 4
ΔP t*ΔP'
100 bilinear
slope=0.25 late
radial
( )
10
(6.13)
Thus a loglog plot of t*dP’ vs. time should yield a straight line of
slope 0.25 during the bilinear flow regime.
155
1000
At time t = 1hr Eq. 6.13 becomes:
31.128qµB
(t × ∆P )
'
= 0.25mBL = 0.25 3 / 4 1/ 2
t*ΔP'
BL1hr k hL (φµc )1/ 4 100 bilinear
y slope=0.25
ΔP
w t late
radial
early
radial
(6.14) (t*ΔP')1hr
constant
pressure
10
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
time, hr
4/3
0.25 31.128qµB (6.15)
ky = 1/ 2
1/ 4
(t × ∆P ')BL1hr hL
w (φµct )
156
Combining Equations 6.2 and 6.11 Yields: 1000
0.0551 k z Lw ∆PBL1hr
Sm + S z = − 4
(t × ∆P')BL1hr
ΔP t*ΔP'
(t*ΔP')1hr
constant
Where ∆PBL1hr and (t*∆P’)BL1hr are read from the straight line of
slope = 0.25 (extrapolated if necessary). If the derivative is too
noisy use the ∆P curve.
157
100
k y =
4.064qB µ
2
kz =
(
k y kSOLUTION
z )
2
0.029 L k z t LL ∆p
Sx + Sm+ Sz = LL
− 2
The L (t × ∆P'
hz diagnostic ) φc
EL1 plot
t k
confirmsy the hx hz φµ ct (t × ∆P' ) LL
presence of all
k z tfour flow
∆PELregimes µ
0.029 EL 4.064qB
+ SWell
S z in m = Prf-3. − 2 hx =
hz φµ ct (t × ∆P' ) EL h z (t × ∆P' ) LL1 k y φ ct
FIG. 3.3
late
4 linear
t*ΔP'
4/3
10 0.25 31.128qµB late
ky = 1/ 2
1/ 4
(t × ∆P ')BL1hr φµ t*ΔPLR radial
ΔP
hL
w ( ct )
0.0551 k z Lw ∆PBL1hr early 2
Sm + S z = − 4
h(φµct k t*ΔP
y)
1/ 4
ER
(t × ∆P')BL1hr radial early
linear 3
70.6 qµB
t*ΔPEL1hr t*ΔPLL1hr kx ky =
h z (t × ∆P ' ) LR
1 70.6qµB
ky kz =
L (t × ∆P '0.010
0.001 ) ER
1 0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000
kx
( kx k y
1000.000
=
)
2
time, hr ky
1 ∆ p ER k y k z t ER
Sm= - ln + 7.43
2 (t × ∆P ' ) ER φµ ct r 2w
158
2
4.064qB µ
k y =
z
h L (t × ∆P ' ) EL1 φct
4/3
0.25 31.128qµB
ky = 1 / 2
1 / 4
(t × ∆P ' ) h L
BL1 z w (φµc t )
3.125
1 h x hz qB( µ 0.64 )
0.72
E
ky = E =
k x (t × ∆P' ) ELL1 Lrw 14930. 4 h (φc r
2 0.36
)
z t w
100
2
1 70.6qµB
kz = late
linear
× ∆
t*ΔP'
ky L ( t P ' ) ER
10
t*ΔPLR
late
radial
ΔP
early
2
1 70.6 qµB
t*ΔPER radial early
linear
k x = t*ΔPEL1hr t*ΔPLL1hr
k y h z (t × ∆P ' ) LR
1
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000
time, hr
10.000 100.000 1000.000
159
EXERCISE 4
160
EXAMPLE
Other data:
Lw=1585 ft hz=121.92 ft
Ø=0.09 Bo=1.76 RB/STB
ct=3.27*10-6 qo=1192.52 bbl/day
rw=0.25 ft tp=10 hours
µ = 0.25 cp
t ∆P tx∆P' t ∆P tx∆P'
0.0042 20 20.1 0.4 198.4 50.4
0.0083 40 38.5 0.5 210.2 52.9
0.0125 58 44.4 0.6042 220.1 53
0.0167 69 38.4 0.7083 228.8 53.5
0.0208 78 36.8 0.8042 235.6 55.6
0.025 84 34.7 0.9125 242.7 57
0.0292 89 36 1.0042 248.1 56.1
0.0333 94 37.1 1.45 269.1 58.1
0.0375 98 35.5 2.0208 288.3 57.5
0.0417 102 36.0 3.0417 311.8 57.5
0.05 109 36.3 4.0458 327.6 53.7
0.0708 122 38.8 5.025 339 51.5
0.0792 126 39.3 6.0625 348.5 50.9
0.0917 132 40.8 6.9875 355.4 45.5
0.1 136 38.9 7.875 361 46.2
0.1542 154 43.3 8.9417 366.6 42.9
0.1958 164 43.3 10.004 371.5 39.7
0.3042 185 48.4 11.067 375.7 31.4
12.125 379.3 38.5
162
DIAGNOSTIC PLOT
flow periods:
1. Wellbore storage
2. Early radial
ΔP t*ΔP'
5. Boundary effect
early
3 4
radial
5
(constant pressure) 1 2 (t*ΔP')1hr
constant
pressure
10
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
time, hr
163
TDS TECHNIQUE
t ∆P tx∆P' t ∆P tx∆P'
0.0042 20 20.1 0.4 198.4 50.4
0.0083 40 38.5 0.5 210.2 52.9
0.0125 58 44.4 0.6042 220.1 53
0.0167 69 38.4 0.7083 228.8 53.5
0.0208 78 36.8 0.8042 235.6 55.6
0.025 84 34.7 0.9125 242.7 57
0.0292 89 36 1.0042 248.1 56.1
0.0333 94 37.1 1.45 269.1 58.1
0.0375 98 35.5 2.0208 288.3 57.5
0.0417 102 36.0 3.0417 311.8 57.5
0.05 109 36.3 4.0458 327.6 53.7
0.0708 122 38.8 5.025 339 51.5
0.0792 126 39.3 6.0625 348.5 50.9
0.0917 132 40.8 6.9875 355.4 45.5
0.1 136 38.9 7.875 361 46.2
0.1542 154 43.3 8.9417 366.6 42.9
0.1958 164 43.3 10.004 371.5 39.7
0.3042 185 48.4 11.067 375.7 31.4
12.125 379.3 38.5
164
EARLY RADIAL
Step 1 – From the early radial:
(t*dP’)ER = 36
70.6qµB
k y kz =
L (t × ∆P' )ER
70.6 × 1192.5 × 0.25 × 1.76
= = 0.65
1585 × 36
1 ∆ p ER k y k z t ER
Sm= - ln + 7.43
2 (t × ∆P' ) ER φµ ct r 2w
90 0.65 × 0.03
= 0.5 − ln −6 2
+ 7.43 = −2.66
36 0.09 × 0.25 × 3.27 × 10 × 0.25
165
BILINEAR
Step 3 – From bilinear straight line at t=1 hr, (t*dP’)BL1 = 63
4/3
0.25 31.128qµB
ky = 1/ 2
1/ 4
(t × ∆P')BL1 hLw (φµct )
4/3
0.25 31.128 ×1192.52 × 0.25 ×1.76
ky =
− 6 0.25
= 0.756
63 121.92 ×1585 × (0.09 × 0.25 × 3.27 ×10 )
0 .5
kz =
( ky kz )2
=
0.652
= 0.558 md
ky 0.756
166
Step 5 – From bilinear: at tBL=1, dPBL1=250, (t*dP’)BL1=63
0.0551 k z Lw ∆PBL1hr
Sm + S z = − 4
h(φµct k y )1/ 4 (t × ∆P')BL1hr
0.0551× 0.558 ×1585 250
= − 4 = 0
121.92 × (0.09 ×1.76 × 3.27 ×10 −6 ) 0.25 63
S Z + S m = 0 ⇒ S z = 0 − S m = 0 + 2.665 = 2.665
167
LATE RADIAL
Step 6 – From the late radial:
(t*dP’)LR = 57
70.6qµB
kH = k x k y =
h z (t × ∆P ' ) LR
70.6 ×1192.52 × 0.25 × 1.76
= = 5.33 md
121.92 × 57
kx =
( kx ky)=
2
5.332
= 37.6 md
ky 0.756
168
L kz ∆ p LR k t
S z + Sm = - ln x LR 2 + 4.659
2 hz kx (t × ∆P ' ) LR φµ ct L
1585 0.558 290 37.6 × 2
= − ln −6 2
+ 4.659 = 2.96
2 ×121.92 37.6 57 0.09 × 0.25 × 3.27 × 10 × 1585
170
7 – ELLIPTICAL
FLOW REGIME
171
F ig u r e a . E a r ly tim e r a d ia l F ig u r e b . E a r ly tim e l in e a r
flo w in th e y z p la n e . f lo w i n th e y z p la n e .
r1 r1
r2
F ig u r e c . E llip tic a l (b ir a d ia l)
flo w in th e x y p la n e .
F i g u r e d . L a te tim e p s e u d o r a d ia l F ig u r e e . L a te t im e l in e a r fl o w
flo w in th e x y p la n e . in th e x y p la n e .
172
Its main characteristic on a log-log plot of the pressure derivative
versus time is a straight line of slope = 0.36.
1000
The elliptical
flow occurs when 100
the horizontal well
∆P, (t *∆P'), psi
penetrates
between 10 and
70% of the 10 Slope = 0.36
formation width:
0.1<L/hx<0.7
(t*∆P') Ell1hr = 3.5 psi
1
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Time, hr
Figure 7.3
173
The equation of the straight lines corresponding to the elliptical
flow regime is:
0.72
h h tD
0.36
t D * PD ' = x z (7.1)
L rw 108519
0.64
µ 0.72 0.36
qB hx hz t (7.2)
t * ∆P =
'
φc r 2
14930.4hz k x k y
Lrw t w
174
0.64
µ 0.72
qB hx hz
mELL =
2 0.36
(7.4)
14930.4hz (φct rw ) k x k y
Lrw
in Figure) 100
(t*∆P')pss=103 psi
∆Pr=181 psi
(t*∆P')r=29 psi
∆ P, (t *∆P'), psi
tr=740 hr
qB( µ 0.64 )
(t*∆P') Ell1hr = 3.5 psi
1
E =
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
14930.4hz (φct rw )
175
If hx is known and the radial flow lines are 1000
not well defined, the elliptical flow line can ∆Ppss=295 psi
(t*∆P')r=29 psi
∆ P, (t *∆P'), psi
1
E h x hz
0.72
0.64 10
Slope = 0.36
tpss=10259 hr
kh = kx k y =
(t*∆P') er = 4.8 psi
(7.6) (t*∆P')i=29 psi
Elliptical flow
tRPi=2770 hr
tr=740 hr
direction is: Z=
hz
Z
y=0
Lw
1
(t × ∆P' ) ELL1
( )
Lza z=hs
Lr 0.64 0.72 Lzb
rw
Z=
0
hx = w kxk y
X=Lxd X=Lx1
hz E X=0 X=hx
hx
(7.7)
176
100
late linear
slope = 0.5
t*ΔP'
∆P, (t *∆P'), psi
10 late
t*ΔPLR radial
ΔP
10 early
Slope = 0.36
t*ΔPER radial
SUMMARY
2
OR µ 4.064qB
ky =
φc t hx hz ( t × ∆P' ) LL1
2 - FROM ER & LR
2
1 70.6qµB
kz = qB( µ 0.64 )
ky L ( t × ∆ P ' ) E =
ER
14930.4 h z (φc r
t w
2 0.36
)
2 3.125
1 70.6qµB hxhz
0.72
1 E
k x = kx =
( t × ∆P' ) ELL1 Lrw
k y h z (t × ∆P ' ) LR
OR ky
CASE 2 - OBSERVED FLOW REGIMES: ER, BL, LR & LL
1 - FROM BL & LL
4/3
0.25 31.128qµB
ky = 1 / 2
1 / 4
(t × ∆P ' ) h L
BL1 z w (φµc t )
2
OR µ 4.064qB
ky =
φc t hx hz ( t × ∆P' ) LL1
2 - FROM ER & LR
2
1 70.6qµB
kz =
ky L ( t × ∆ P ' ) ER
2
1 70.6qµB
k x =
k y h z (t × ∆P ' ) LR
1 - FROM LL
2
µ 4.064qB
ky =
φc t h x hz ( t × ∆P ' ) LL1
2 - FROM ER & LR
2
1 70.6qµB
kz =
ky L ( t × ∆ P ' ) ER
3.125
2 hxhz
0.72
1 70.6qµB OR kx =
1
E
kx= ky ( t × ∆P' ) ELL1 Lrw
k y h z (t × ∆P ' ) LR
qB( µ 0.64 )
E =
2 0.36
14930.4 h z (φc r
t w )
CASE 4 - OBSERVED FLOW REGIMES: ER, (EL, BL or ELL) & LR (No LL)
4/3
0.25 31.128qµB
OR k y = 1 / 2
1 / 4
(t × ∆P' )BL1 hz Lw (φµct )
3.125
hxhz qB( µ 0.64 )
0.72
1 E
OR kx = E = 2 0.36
ky ( t × ∆P' ) ELL1 Lrw 14930.4hz (φct rw )
2 - FROM ER & LR
2 2
1 70.6qµB 1 70.6qµB
kz = and k x =
ky L ( t × ∆P' )ER k y h z (t × ∆P ' ) LR
4/3
0.25 31.128qµB
OR k y = 1 / 2
1 / 4
(t × ∆P' )BL1 hz Lw (φµct )
qB( µ 0.64 )
E =
2 0.36
2 - FROM LR 14930.4 h z (φc r
t w )
2
1 70.6qµB 3.125
hxhz
0.72
k x = OR kx =
1
E
k y h z (t × ∆P ' ) LR ky ( t × ∆P' ) ELL1 Lrw
4/3
0.25 31.128qµB
OR k y = 1 / 2
1 / 4
(t × ∆P' )BL1 hz Lw (φµct )
2 - FROM ER
2
1 70.6qµB
kz =
ky L ( t × ∆ P ' ) ER
k 2H
3 – kH FROM PILOT-HOLE kH = k x ky ⇒ kx =
ky
CASE 7 - OBSERVED FLOW REGIMES: ER, LR and ELL (No EL, BL & LL)
3 - FROM LR or ELL
2
1 70.6qµB
k x =
k y h z (t × ∆P ' ) LR
3.125
1 hxhz qB( µ 0.64 )
0.72
E
OR kx = E =
2 0.36
k y ( t × ∆P' ) ELL1 Lrw 14930. 4 h (φc r )
z t w
k 2H
OR kH = k x ky ⇒ kx =
ky
CASE 8 - OBSERVED FLOW REGIMES: ER and ELL (No LR, EL, BL & LL)
k sp3
kV =
k H2
2 - FROM ER
2
1 70.6qµB
ky =
kz L ( t × ∆ P ' ) ER
3 - FROM ELL
qB( µ 0.64 )
3.125
1 hxhz
0.72
kx =
E
E =
2 0.36
k y ( t × ∆P' ) ELL1 Lrw 14930.4 h (φc r )
z t w
k 2H
OR
kH = k x ky ⇒ kx =
ky
186
EXERCISE 5
187
EXAMPLE
188
189
The diagnostic plot confirms the presence of at least three flow
regimes: ERF, Elliptical Flow and Late LRF. The LLF is not well
defined.
190
TDS Technique:
70.6qµB
kV = k y k z =
L (t × ∆P' ) ER
70.6 ×1200 × 0.77 ×1.2
= = 7. 6
2100 × 4.9
1 ∆ p ER k y k z t ER
Sm = - ln + 7.43
2 (t × ∆P ' ) ER φµ ct r 2w
90 7.6 × 1.0
= 0. 5 − ln −6 2
+ 7.43 = 4.2
4.9 0.17 × 0.77 × 14 × 10 × 0.35
191
Step 3 – From the late radial:
(t*dP’)LR = 24.
The average permeability in the
horizontal plane is:
70.6qµB
kH = k x k y =
h z (t × ∆P ' ) LR
70.6 × 1200 × 0.77 × 1.2
= = 35.45 md
92 × 24
ky =
( kz ky
=
)
2
7.62
= 2.9 md
kz 20
kx =
( kx k y
=
)
2
35.452
= 433.4 md
ky 2.9
192
Step 5 – Elliptical Flow
The formation lateral thickness is obtained from the elliptical flow
line and Eq. 2.5.6, where (t*dP’)ELL1 = 3.7:
qBµ 0.64
E=
14930.4hz (φct rw ) 0.36
2
(2100)(1.2)(0.77) 0.64
= 0.21645
[
(14930.4)(92) (0.17)(14 ×10 −6 )(0.352 ) ]
0.36
1
Lr
hx = w
(t × ∆P' ) ELL1
(
kxk y )
0.64 0.72
hz E
1
2100 × 0.35 3.7 0.64
0.72
hx =
0.21645 35.45 = 9822 ft
92
This test confirms the formation thickness in the x-direction obtained
from geologic map.
193
L kz ∆ p LR k t
S z + Sm = - ln x LR 2 + 4.659
2 hz kx (t × ∆P ' ) LR φµ ct L
2100 20 190 448.8 × 800
= − ln −6 2
+ 4.659 = 4.5
2 × 92 448.8 24 0.17 × 0.77 × 14 × 10 × 2100
S Z + S m = 0.19 ⇒ S z = 4.5 − S m = 4.5 − 4.19 = 0.31
194
8 – HW IN FINITE
SYSTEMS & RESERVES
195
Finite System:
FAULT BLOCK
Rectangular Triangular
Finite System Finite System
196
Infinite-Conductivity HW inside a Closed System
197
DRAINAGE AREA
The average pressure for a reservoir without water influx is
defined as the pressure the reservoir would reach if all wells were
shut-in for an infinite time.
In a strong water drive reservoir Pavg ≈ Pi.
1) To characterize a reservoir:
198
The pseudo-steady state solution in well test analysis assumes
V p ct ( Pi − P ) Ahφct ( Pi − P )
N pB = = (8.1)
5.615 5.615
N p B = qt (8.2)
199
Combining Eq. 8.1 and 8.2 and solving for the average reservoir
pressure yields:
5.615qB
P = Pi − t (8.3)
Ah φct
∂∆P 5.615qB qB
∆P' = = = = m* (8.4)
∂t 24 Ahφct 4.27 Ahφct
Notice, the right side of equation 8.4 implies that the variation of
pressure with respect to time is constant, which corresponds to the
definition of pseudosteady state.
qB
t × ∆P' = t (8.5)
4.27 Ahφct
200
Eq. 8.5 can be solved for A (ft2) :
qB t PSS
A =
4.27φct h (t × ∆P')PSS
(8.6)
kxk y
A= t (8.7)
301.77φµct LRPi
201
PORE VOLUME & OIL-IN-PLACE
The pore volume VP (ft3) is calculated from the following
equation:
(8.8)
(1 − S wi )V p
N= (8.9)
5.615Boi
202
Where:
(∆Pw)pss , (tx∆
∆Pw’)pss at tpss,
∆Pw’)R are read from
and (tx∆
the graph.
203
ESTIMATING RESERVES
Quantitatively, Reserves are estimated from:
EUR = N × ER
204
If no oil is produced, i.e. Np = 0, Eq. 8.11
becomes:
Re serves = G × ER − GP (8.13)
ce = ( S o co + S wcw + c f ) / S o (8.16)
undersaturated
So = oil saturation
Sw = water saturation
Co = oil compressibility, 1/psi
Cw = water compressibility, 1/psi
Cf = formation compressibility, 1/psi
saturated
Bob = oil FVF at Pb
Boi = Oil FVF at Pi
205
206
SHAPE FACTOR
Figure 8.2 presents the influence of the size of the drainage area on
behavior of the pressure derivative curve.
As expected the smaller the drainage area the earlier the late-time PSS
straight line of slope = 1 occurs, and the less likely the late radial will
be observed.
t DA × PwD = 2π t DA
e: 5743
/ (8.17)
f: 8523
g: 12437
∆ P, (t *∆ P'), psi
e
100
f
a b c d g
10
Time, hr
dimensionless time.
Figure 8.2
207
The equation corresponding to this regime in a hydraulically fractured
vertical well is:
1 xe 2.2458
2
PwD = 2π t DA + ln (8.18)
2 x f
C
A
1 hS 2.2458
2
PwD = 2π t DA + ln (8.19)
2 L C A
PwD 1 hx 2 2.2458
= 1 + ln (8.20)
'
(t DA * PwD ) 4πt DA L C A
208
Substituting for the corresponding dimensionless terms
and solving for the shape factor yields:
h
2 0.0033137 k x k y t pss (∆Pw ) pss
C A = 2.2458 x exp 1- (8.21)
φµ ct A
(t * ∆Pw ) pss
/
L
area A is in ft2):
209
AVERAGE RESERVOIR
Using a similar approach, the average reservoir pressure in the
horizontal well system is:
L
(t × ∆P' )LR = (t × ∆P ' ) ER (8.24)
h k /k
z x z
210
EXERCISE 6
211
EXAMPLE
A pressure buildup test was run in horizontal well located
in the middle of the formation (vertical) thickness. The well
produced for 4 years.
212
Fig. 8.6 - pressure buildup test
213
SOLUTION
The diagnostic plot confirms the presence of four flow regimes.
214
TDS Technique:
ti= 0.0033 hr
ΔPi = 29 psi
qB t (5000)(1.12) 0.0033
C = = = 0.026 STB / psi
24 ∆ P 24 29
215
Step 2 – Early Radial
70.6qµB (70.6)(5000)(1.2)(1.12)
kz ky = = = 61.5 md
L(t × ∆P' ) ER (2626)(2.95)
216
Step 3 – Late Radial
70.6qµB (70.6)(5000)(1.2)(1.12)
kx k y = = = 196 md
hz ( t × ∆P' ) LR (84)(28.7)
217
Step 4 – Early Linear
at t = 1 hr, (t*dP’)EL1=1.84
2
4.064qB µ
k y =
z
h L (t × ∆P ' ) EL1 φct
218
Step 5 - VERIFICATION
(t × ∆P ' ) ER h z kx
=
(t × ∆P ' ) LR L kz
kxk y
A= t
301.77φµct LRPi
(196)(2770)
=
(301.77)(0.24)(1.2)(5 x10−5 )
= 1.249 x108 ft 2 = 2868 acres t pss
A =
qB
4.27φ ct h (t × ∆P ' ) pss
In the absence of the late radial, the
drainage area can also be calculated from 5000×1.12×5084.9
=
Eq. 8.6, where tpss=5084.9 hr and the 4.27×0.24×5×10 −5 ×84×52.43
corresponding derivative value (t*dP’)pss
8 2
= 52.43 psia (this point is selected from = 1.28 × 10 ft = 2896 acres
the graph but the values are actually read
from the table):
220
Substituting for the corresponding values and solving for the
shape factor yields (Eq. 8.21):
h
2 0.0033137 k x k y t pss (∆Pw ) pss
C A = 2.2458 x exp 1-
φµ ct A
(t * ∆Pw ) pss
/
L
(0.116867)(196)(10259)(295)
(0.24)(1.2)(5 x10 −5 )(124173861)(103)
(5000)(1.2)(1.12)
P = 7000 − = 6958 psia
(84)(194.8) 12538 2 2.2458
− 35.3 ln
2626 0 .052
222
EXERCISE 7*
Dz = 85 ft dz = 65 ft z y h
ye /2 hy
Kx=50 md, ky=100 md, kz=10 md. X
zw
x e/2
xe
hx
The horizontal well is centered
in (finite) drainage volume.
Interpret this test using the TDS
Technique (as in Ex. 5 with HW is // dz
to X-axis).
Dz
224
t (hrs) P, psi dP, psi t*dP'
Table 5.2a 0 3000
0.001 2994.053 5.947 3.063
0.002 2991.735 8.265 3.691
0.003 2990.026 9.974 3.837
0.004 2988.755 11.245 3.382
0.006 2987.818 12.182 2.994
0.007 2987.091 12.909 2.762
0.009 2986.487 13.513 2.64
0.011 2985.958 14.042 2.567
0.013 2985.487 14.513 2.588
0.016 2985.046 14.954 2.549
0.019 2984.635 15.365 2.516
0.022 2984.249 15.751 2.481
0.025 2983.881 16.119 2.447
0.029 2983.53 16.47 2.416
0.033 2983.192 16.808 2.401
0.038 2982.865 17.135 2.389
0.044 2982.548 17.452 2.375
0.05 2982.239 17.761 2.364
0.057 2981.937 18.063 2.345
0.064 2981.64 18.36 2.314
0.073 2981.348 18.652 2.313
0.083 2981.062 18.938 2.314
0.094 2980.779 19.221 2.315
0.106 2980.5 19.5 2.307
0.119 2980.223 19.777 2.297
0.134 2979.949 20.051 2.27
0.151 2979.677 20.323 2.278
225
t (hrs) P, psi dP, psi t*dP'
Table 5.2b 0.17 2979.407 20.593 2.28
0.192 2979.14 20.86 2.282
0.216 2978.874 21.126 2.278
0.242 2978.609 21.391 2.244
0.272 2978.345 21.655 2.251
0.306 2978.082 21.918 2.265
0.343 2977.821 22.179 2.27
0.386 2977.561 22.439 2.268
0.433 2977.301 22.699 2.223
0.485 2977.042 22.958 2.244
0.545 2976.783 23.217 2.251
0.611 2976.525 23.475 2.257
0.685 2976.268 23.732 2.266
0.768 2976.011 23.989 2.264
0.861 2975.752 24.248 2.24
0.965 2975.494 24.506 2.269
1.082 2975.235 24.765 2.283
1.213 2974.974 25.026 2.314
1.359 2974.71 25.29 2.341
1.523 2974.441 25.559 2.352
1.707 2974.167 25.833 2.432
1.913 2973.887 26.113 2.512
2.143 2973.597 26.403 2.599
2.401 2973.298 26.702 2.697
2.69 2972.986 27.014 2.776
3.014 2972.661 27.339 2.914
3.376 2972.322 27.678 3.06
3.782 2971.967 28.033 3.203
226
t (hrs) P, psi dP, psi t*dP'
228
Workshop/homework
229
9 – Practical Problems
With Horizontal Well
Testing
230
The measurements in horizontal wells are usually made
above the well bore with the pressure gauge still in the
vertical section, as shown in figure.
These gradients can exist in new wells but are even more
probable in developed fields.
232
A number of factors may affect the transient response of a
horizontal well test:
1. Horizontal permeability (normal and parallel to well
trajectory).
2. Vertical permeability.
3. Drilling damage.
4. Completion damage.
5. Producing interval that effectively may be much less
than drilled length.
6. Variations in standoff along the length of the well.
234
236
238
240
10 – FIELD CASES
242
FIELD CASE 1
244
BUILDUP TEST
246
248
6.886 4256.216 81.216 11.310 13.092 4262.914 87.914 11.470
7.047 4256.471 81.471 12.134 13.394 4263.163 88.163 10.916
7.211 4256.648 81.648 11.793 13.706 4263.385 88.385 9.735
7.378 4256.896 81.896 11.969 14.022 4263.622 88.622 9.393
7.550 4257.153 82.153 12.126 14.347 4263.726 88.726 8.637
7.725 4257.401 82.401 11.782 14.681 4263.947 88.947 8.560
7.906 4257.695 82.695 11.998
15.019 4264.120 89.120 8.417
8.089 4257.887 82.887 12.401
15.367 4264.170 89.170 8.168
8.278 4258.163 83.163 12.423
15.722 4264.250 89.250 8.086
8.469 4258.420 83.420 12.038
8.667 4258.636 83.636 12.024 16.086 4264.324 89.324 7.918
8.867 4258.926 83.926 11.234 16.458 4264.406 89.406 9.040
9.072 4259.177 84.177 11.716 16.839 4264.627 89.627 8.728
9.283 4259.425 84.425 11.674 17.228 4264.794 89.794 9.305
9.500 4259.598 84.598 11.815
9.719 4259.835 84.835 11.569
9.944 4259.963 84.963 11.613
10.175 4260.155 85.155 11.653
10.411 4260.434 85.434 11.686
10.653 4260.699 85.699 11.780
10.900 4261.017 86.017 12.194
11.153 4261.150 86.150 12.297
11.411 4261.506 86.506 12.651
11.675 4261.685 86.685 12.952
11.944 4261.934 86.934 12.756
249
SOLUTION
The diagnostic plot confirms the presence of at least two flow
regimes: EARLY RADIAL and ELLIPTICAL.
250
The ER (Layer1) and LATE RADIAL could not be confirmed based on
available seismic and geologic information.
Thus, the interpretation of this test will only concentrate on the
analysis of the system-ER (all layers) and Elliptical flow regimes.
251
TDS Technique:
70.6qµB (70.6)(1800)(20)(1.14)
k V = kz k y = = = 366 md
L( t × ∆P' ) ER (2050.525)(5.4)
252
Step 2 – Elliptical Flow
(slope = 0.36)
1 ∆ p ER k y k z t ER
Sm= - ln + 7.43
2 (t × ∆P' ) ER φµ ct r 2w
62.77 366 × 0.5
= 0. 5 − ln −5 2
+ 7.43 = 3
5.4 0.3 × 28 × 3 × 10 × 0.345
254
IS ALTERNATE INTERPRETATION POSSIBLE?
(i.e. IS LATE RADIAL PRESENT?)
255
Late Radial
70.6qµB (70.6)(1800)(28)(1.14)
kH = k x k y = = = 3313 md
h z (t × ∆P' ) LR (98.425)(12.44)
If the LR flow regime does indeed exist, then the transition
period between ER and LR does not correspond to elliptical
flow (since from this flow regime kH = 451 md!).
256
Early Linear: at t = 1 hr, (t*dP’)EL1=5.2
257
Permeability in the x, y and z-directions
From EL at t=1hr:
2
4.064qB µ 4.064 × 1800 ×1.14
2
28
k y =
= = 196 md
h z L (t × ∆P' ) EL1 φct 98.425 × 2050.525 × 5.2 0.3 × 3 ×10
−5
kx =
( )
kx ky
2
=
33132
= 55873md
y=∞ Y
ky 196 y=0
Z
z
Z=h
( )
Lw
Lza z=hs
2 Lzb
rw
Z=0
2 X=Lx1
kz ky 388 X=Lxd
ky 196
258
FIELD CASE 2
Effect of over-smoothing on
data and reservoir signature.
259
EA19 Pressure Transient Analysis
950 ft
1300 ft
260
EA19 Pressure Transient Analysis
10
1
0.7 Smoothing.
0.1
0.01
Effect of over-
smoothing on data and
1E-4 1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10
reservoir signature.
10
0.3 Smoothing.
0.1
0.01
1E-4 1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10
Matched with
parallel faults no
10
flow
S-L1 = 1300 ft
N-L2 = 950 ft
Lw = 1900 ft
1 krh = 1.13E6 md-ft
kr = 16604 md
Skin = 133
C = 0.0137 bbl/psi
0.1
kz/kr = 0.318
Pi = 2664.5 psia
0.01
1E-4 1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10
262
EA19 Pressure Transient Analysis
10
ri
0.1
0.01
1E-4 1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
1 1
kt 2 16604 × 1.2 2
ri = ri = = 3264 ft
948φct µ 948 × 0.29 × 0.0000189 × 0.36
10
Infinite acting match
Lw = 2300 ft
∆t=1.2 hr kh = 1.0941E6 md-ft
1
k = 16089 md
ri Skin = 153
0.1 C = 0.0254 bbl/psi
kz/kr = 0.318
0.01
Pi = 2665.34 psia
1E-4 1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10
π × 32132 × 68
1
16089 × 1.2 2 Vr = = 50638acre− ft
ri = = 3213 ft
948 × 0.29 × 0.0000189 × 0.36 43560
7758 × 50638 × 0.29 × (1 − 0.16 )
STOIIP = = 66 Mmstb
1.45 ×10 6
264
EA19 Pressure Transient Analysis
If considered as
10 two
compartments,
Unit slope the volume of
1
the first
ri compartment
0.1
can be estimated
from the unit
slope.
0.01
1E-4 1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10
∆t=0.22 hr
Log-Log plot: p-p@dt=0 and derivative [psi] vs dt [hr]
∆t*∆P’r1=0.09 psi
1 1
qBtint 2 4286×1.45×0.22 2
ri = 0.2729 ri = 0.2729 =1742ft
t (t × ∆P ')r 68×0.29×0.0000189
h φc ×0.09
Rectangular
match
Lw = 1916 ft
10
kh = 1.0491E6
∆t*∆P’ss=1.62 psi md-ft
@ ∆t=17 hr k = 15429 md
1 Skin = 128
C = 0.0273
bbl/psi
0.1 kz/kr = 0.571
Pi = 2664.4 psia
E – 6098 ft
0.01
1E-4 1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
W – 4089 ft
N – 1363 ft
Log-Logdeconvolutionplot: dpanddp' normalized[psi] vs dt S – 2518 ft
266
90600
Nigeria 100
Block
-6207 EA-009 OML 079
90400
90400
90200
90200
-6100
90000
90000
89800
89800
-6026
89600
89600
EA-032
-5971
EA-021
89400
89400
-5866
EA-023-ST1 N
89200
89200
-5899
EA-010
-5941 EA-036
-5914 EA-024
89000
89000
EA-033
EA-013
-5926 EA-019 -58
00
-5948
88800
88800
EA-005
-6
20
0
88600
88600
88400
S -6094
EA-022
-60
00
88200
88200
-61
00
88000
88000
-620
0
87800
87800
-630
324000 324200 324400 324600 324800 325000 325200 325400 325600 325800 326000 326200 326400 326600 326800 327000 327200 327400 327600 327800 0 328000 328200
0 100 200 300 400 500m
1:12000
Box area more than the area bounded by the fault because of the larger volume.
267
Rectangular match
Lw = 1079 ft
krh = 81630 md-ft
kr = 1393 md
10
Skin = 2
C = 0.193 bbl/psi
kz/kr = 0.734
Pi = 2644.94 psia
1 E – 536 ft
(constant PB)
½ slope W – 445 ft
N – 1148 ft
S – 984 ft
0.1
1E-4 1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10
(constant PB)
Log-Logplot: p-p@dt=0andderivative[psi] vs dt [hr]
268
324000 324200 324400 324600 324800 325000 325200 325400 325600 325800 326000 326200 326400 326600 326800 327000 327200 327400 327600 327800 328000 328200
90600
Nigeria 100
Block
-6120 EA-009 OML 079
-6019 EA-014
90400
90400
90200
90200
90000
90000
-6000
89800
89800
89600
89600
-5950
EA-032
-5880
EA-021
89400
89400
-5773
EA-023-ST1
89200
89200
-5803
EA-010
-5814
1148 ft
89000
EA-013
89000
EA-024
EA-033
EA-036
-5829 EA-019
-5863
88800
88800
EA-005
-5898
EA-020
88600
88600
-6150 EA-054-ST2
88400
88400
948 ft -5990
EA-022
88200
88200
-60
00
88000
88000
87800
87800
324000 324200 324400 324600 324800 325000 325200 325400 325600 325800 326000 326200 326400 326600 326800 327000 327200 327400 327600 327800 328000 328200
0 100 200 300 400 500m
1:12000
269
EA20 Pressure Transient Analysis
- Deconvolution
Rectangular match
Lw = 1585 ft
kh = 57573 md-ft
10
k = 982 md
Skin = 0.7
1 C = 0.01953 bbl/psi
kz/kr = 0.0081
Pi = 2647.56 psia
0.1
1E-4 1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10
E – 2837 ft
Log-Log deconvolution plot: dp and dp' normalized [psi] vs dt W – 7543 ft
N – 2650 ft
7758 × 74009 × 0.3 × (1 − 0.16 ) S – 2650 ft
STOIIP = = 99 Mmstb
1.45 × 10 6
Even though the deconvolution gave similar volume with that of EA19, the
match with the Original pressure data is not satisfactory. The kz/kr is low.
270
SIMILAR BEHAVIOR?
Algeria
Nigeria
10
½ slope
Bilinear
0 .1
1 E- 4 1E- 3 0.0 1 0 .1 1 10
APPENDIX A
BASIC MODEL
272
DEFINITIONS
Wells that are parallel to the bedding plane of the
producing formation are called horizontal wells (although
the bedding plane and, therefore, the well may not be truly
horizontal).
274
For the discussion of the general characteristics of
horizontal-well responses, the following definitions of
dimensionless variables are used in this chapter:
A.1
A.2
A.3
k = (k x k y k z )
1/ 3
A.4
275
In Eq. A.4 kx, ky and kz are the principal permeabilities
(assumed to be in the directions of the coordinate axes,
with the x-axis in the direction of the well).
A.5
A.6
k
0.25
k
0.25
rweq = 0.5rw + Z
y
k k A.7
Z y
276
The pressure-transient solution obtained by using the
source-function approach is given by (Ozkan and Raghavan
1990):
A.8
A.9
278
End of Chapter 11