Well Test Analysis

General Overview

Mohamed Aly Abd El-Moniem

Reservoir Engineering Team Lead
Amal Petroleum Company Monday, 19 September 2022
Biography
• Mohamed Aly Abd El-Moniem is Reservoir Engineering Team Lead
at Amal Petroleum Company in Egypt.
• He has an experience of 14 years of reservoir engineering.
• He Graduated from The Middle Management Program Embedded
within the Modernization Project of Egypt’s Oil and Gas Sector under
the supervision of the Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral
Resources.
• He holds B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from Cairo University and currently
he is working on his PhD thesis studying the compositional gradient
in the petroleum reservoirs.
• Abd El-Moniem’s current interests include reservoir simulation,
history matching, PVT Modeling, compositional gradient in massive
complex reservoirs, and wellbore modeling and is also interested in
the multiphase flow and pressure drop calculations in the tubing.

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Publications
• Comprehensive investigation and evaluation for the different multiphase
flow correlations in gas wells. “Article in Egyptian Journal of Petroleum”
• Expert Solution for Effects of Input Parameters on Multiphase Flow
Correlations. “Article in Journal of Engineering Research”
• Heavy Oil Production, Review Paper. “Article in Emirates Journal for Engineering
Research”
• Effects of Production, PVT, and Pipe Roughness on Multiphase Flow
Correlations in gas wells. “Article in Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production
Technology”

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Publications
• Effect of Data Errors on Multiphase Flow Correlations
“SPE Paper 192171-MS Presented in ATS&E 2018, 23-26 April, Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.”
• Maximizing Oil Production by Using Your Available Limited Resources
“SPE Paper 192183-MS Presented in ATS&E 2018, 23-26 April, Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. “
• Expert Solution of Multiphase Flow Correlations
“Paper Presented in 9th Mediterranean Offshore Conference and Exhibition MOC 2018, 17-29 April,
Alexandria, Egypt.”

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Publications
• Guidelines for Selection of Multiphase Flow Correlations for Gas Wells
“Paper Presented in 9th Mediterranean Offshore Conference and Exhibition MOC 2018, 17-29 April,
Alexandria, Egypt.”
• Development an Expert System for Selection of Multiphase Flow
Correlations “Article in Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology “
• Proper Selection of Multiphase Flow Correlations
“SPE Paper 175805-MS Presented in NATC 2015, 14-16 September, Cairo, Egypt.”
• Re-Evaluation and Validation of Multiphase Flow Correlations
“Paper Presented in 8th Mediterranean Offshore Conference and Exhibition MOC 2016, 19-21 April,
Alexandria, Egypt.”

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Agenda
• Introduction to Reservoir Management
• Geological Overview
• Introduction to Well Testing
• Development of the Diffusivity Equation
• Data Used in Well Testing
• Formation Damage and Skin
• Wellbore Storage

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 Introduction to Reservoir Management

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Petroleum Reservoirs
• Subsurface rocks are generally saturated
with fluids (usually water).
BLR

PILAR NORTE
FALLA

• Fluids occupy pores, voids and cracks. ICOTEA C-1 N

B-9

C-1

• Forces (gravity, geologic stresses) can I

C-2
cause fluids to move when a pressure C-3
C-4

differential exists. C-5

C-4
C-5
C-6

• Hydrocarbon reservoirs are discrete C-7

volumes of rock that contain fluid

compounds of hydrogen, carbon and
oxygen.

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Technology Integration based on Reservoir

Prediction Description
Geophysics

Petrophysics Geology

Reservoir

Drilling Computing

Performance Characterization
Engineering
Optimization

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Reservoir Engineer Roles

• Optimize depletion plan and economics (Value Creation)

• Develops reservoir models to forecast well and reservoir performance

• Performs reserves estimates and audits for financial accounting

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Reservoir Engineering

• Reservoir Management

• Reservoir Simulation

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Definition of Reservoir Management

Reservoir description
data & performance data Collecting
Analyzing
Validating
Integrating
An on going & dynamic process

Optimal reservoir
development &
depletion plan

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Reservoir Life Cycle
DELINATION DEVELOPMENT PRIMARY

RESERVOIR SECONDARY
DISCOVERY
LIFE CYCLE

EXPLORATION ABANDONMENT TERTIARY

ASSET LIFECYCLE
EXPLORE APPRAISE DEVELOP PRODUCE ABANDON

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Reservoir Life Cycle
Reservoir Life Cycle

Classification Primary Secondary Tertiary

Process Natural energy Energy growth Mechanism modification

 Well management  Flood management  Process improvement

 Reservoir  Productivity  New technology
management improvement  Productivity
Optimization
 Facilities  Modification facilities improvement
approaches
modification  Modification facilities
 Productivity
improvement

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Data Management

Data Planning
• Why needed
• What quality
• What cost Data Collection
 From where
• When required
 How often
 Correct procedure
 Database Data Analysis
 Selection Best Data
 Impact on solution
 Confidence range
 Multiple source data

Integrating
of Data

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Data Collection & Analysis
Structure Res. Pressure
Faults Stratigraphy, Bed Res. Continuity
thickness Prod. Index
Presence of Fault
Structure Fractures
Faults Permeability
Fractures

Seismic

Geological
Depth
Well Test Lithology
F. Saturation
Porosity
Reservoir Data Base F. Contacts

Production Logging

F. Rates Coring PVT

Cum. Pro.
Performance
Inj. Data

Formation Volume Factor

Compressibilities
Relative Permeability Viscosities
Capillary Pressure Chemical Composition
Pore Compressibility Phase Behavior
Grain Size Gas Solution
Pore Size Distribution Specific Gravity

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Reservoir Management Data

Exploration Stage
Geological:
 Lithology
 Structure
 Faults
 Fractures

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Reservoir Management Data
S 4482 N
W inline E
Exploration Stage
Seismic:
• Structure
• Stratigraphy
• Faults
• Bed thickness
• Heterogeneity

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Reservoir Management Data

Exploration Stage
Drilling (Logging):
• Depth
• Lithology
• Thickness
• Porosity
• Fluid saturations
• G/O, O/W, and G/W contacts

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Reservoir Management Data

Exploration Stage
Fluids:

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Reservoir Management Data

Appraisal and Development Stage

Coring:
• Depth
• Lithology
• Net pay porosity
• Permeability
• Fluid saturations

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Reservoir Management Data

Appraisal and Development Stage

Well Testing–multi-rate tests:
• Permeability estimation
• Reservoir pressure
• Productivity index
• Drainage radius

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Reservoir Management Data
Appraisal and Development Stage

Reservoir Engineering

• Reserves estimates
• Residual saturation
• Production forecasting
• Development scenario testing
• Improved recovery scenario evaluation
• Facilities design

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Reservoir Management Plan Components

Reservoir Management Analysis Stages

 Reservoir and fluids characterization
 Log evaluation
 Core analysis
 PVT
 Reservoir geology - structure and isopach maps

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Reservoir Management Roles
Data
• Geological
• Geophysical
Technology • Engineering Tools
• Seismic • Financial • Seismic Interpretation
• Geologic • Data Acquisition
• Geostatistics • Logging / Coring
• Engineering • Completion & Facilities
• Drilling & Compl. Integration • Geologic Modeling
• EOR • Pressure Transient
• Environmental • Reservoir Simulators
• Computer • EOR
People • Computer Software
• Management and Hardware
• Geoscientists
• Engineers
• Field
• Financial

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Reservoir Management Process
Reservoir Management
Process

Setting Strategy

Development Plan

Monitoring Revising

Evaluating

Completing
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 Geological Overview

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Petroleum Reservoirs
• Subsurface rocks are generally saturated
with fluids (usually water).
BLR

PILAR NORTE
FALLA

• Fluids occupy pores, voids and cracks. ICOTEA C-1 N

B-9

C-1

• Forces (gravity, geologic stresses) can I

C-2
cause fluids to move when a pressure C-3
C-4

differential exists. C-5

C-4
C-5
C-6

• Hydrocarbon reservoirs are discrete C-7

volumes of rock that contain fluid

compounds of hydrogen, carbon and
oxygen.

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Origin of Oil

Accepted Theory: Organic Theory

• The source of oil is organic material (aquatic plants and organisms) which has been
preserved in sedimentary environments like seas, lakes, rivers, deltas, etc.

• This material was transformed into oil after being subjected to high pressure and
temperature along the geological eras.

• Once the oil is formed, it migrates from the source rock until it finds a barrier where it is
trapped and preserved within the pores of sedimentary rocks (recipient rock).

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What is Petroleum?
• Hydrocarbon: an organic compound made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

H ETHANE H H H H H
H C H H C C H H C C C H
H H H H H H
METHANE PROPANE

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Crude Oil

Light Crude Heavy Crude

Palo Pinto Field Humble Oil Field
Petroleum North Texas Southwest Texas
Natural yellow-to-black
liquid hydrocarbon found at
and beneath the earth’s
surface.

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Crude Oil
Extra Heavy Oil
(Orinoco Belt, Venezuela)

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Types of Rocks
• Igneous Rocks (from Magma when cools and solidifies)
basalt, andesite, granite, gabbo etc.

• Sedimentary Rocks (deposition of sediments which are compressed and cemented).

Clastic, Organic and Chemical
sandstone, limestone, dolomite, shale, halite, etc.

• Metamorphic Rocks (any type change by heat / pressure)

marble (metamorphosed limestone), schist, gneiss, quarz, etc.

Majority of important hydrocarbon reservoirs rocks are sedimentary rocks

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Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Rock - Formed From Debris (weathering and erosion) of Older Rock

Rock Type Particular Diameter

Conglomerate Pebbles - 2 to 64 mm
Sandstone Sand - 0.06 to 2 mm
Siltstone Silt - 0.003 to 0.06 mm
Shale Clay - Less than 0.003 mm
Nonclastic - Mostly of Chemical or Biochemical Origin

Rock Type Composition

Limestone Calcite - CaCO3

Dolomite Dolomite - CaMg(CO3)2
Salt Halite - NaCI
Gypsum Gypsum - CaSO4.2H2O
Chert Silica - SiO2
Coal Chiefly Carbon

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Conditions for a Hydrocarbon Reservoir
• Mother Rock (reach in organic material)

• Alteration of molecular structure due to

heat, pressure and time and Migration
to a Reservoir Rock

• Reservoir Rock, where the hydrocarbon

will fill the porosity, voids or cracks

• Impermeable barrier to Seal the

hydrocarbon in the reservoir rock.

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Accumulation of Oil & Gas in a Reservoir

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Structural & Stratigraphic Traps
• Structural Traps - When compressive forces act on a section of the crust that
is ductile, or bendable, folds are formed. The arch-like folds are called
anticlines and gently folded anticlines can provide some of the largest and
most effective traps in the world.

• Stratigraphic Traps - These are traps created by the way in which sedimentary
layers are deposited, and they include angular unconformities and pinchouts.

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Structural Traps
FAULT
Oil / Gas

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Structural Traps
Gas
Shale Oil Trap Oil/Gas Closure
Contact

Oil/Water
Contact
Oil
Fractured Basement Fold Trap
(Anticline)

Salt
Salt Diapir Oil
Dome

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Stratigraphic Traps
Unconformity Pinch out

Uncomformity Oil/Gas
Oil/Gas

Channel Pinch Out

Oil/Gas

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What is Porosity? Why is it important?

• Total Porosity
• Total Porosity is the ratio of the
‘void’ space to the total rock
volume

• Effective Porosity
• Effective Porosity is the ratio of
the interconnected ‘void’ space
to the total rock volume

44
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Permeability (k)

qL kAp
k or
q
Ap L
Permeability is the measure of capacity of rock to transmit fluid.
Symbol :k
Units : Darcy or milliDarcy (D or mD)
Source : Well tests, core analysis
Range : 0.001 mD - 5,000 mD

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Definition of 1 Darcy

Darcy is a unit of Area

1 mm2 = 1,013,250 Darcy

1 Darcy = 0.986923 m2

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Relative Permeability (Krw, Kro)

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Net Pay Thickness

Shale
h1 Sand

h2

h3

hnet = h1 + h2 + h3
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Saturations (Sw, So, Sg)
H2O

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 Introduction to Well Testing

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What Is A Well Test?
• A tool for reservoir evaluation and characterization
Investigates a much larger volume of the reservoir than cores or logs
Provides estimate of permeability under in-situ conditions
Provides estimates of near-wellbore damage
Provides estimates of distances to boundaries

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How is a Well Test Conducted?
q=0
A well test is conducted by:
• Changing production rate at a q
well
t
• Measuring resulting pressure
response at the same well or
p
another well

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Well Test Applications
• Exploration

• Reservoir Engineering

• Production Engineering

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Well Test Objectives
• Define reservoir limits
• Estimate average drainage area pressure
• Characterize reservoir
• Diagnose productivity problems
• Evaluate stimulation treatment effectiveness

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Well Test Concept

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Information from Production and Well Tests

• Reservoir information
 Extents and structure
 Permeability and skin
 Pressure

• GOR
• Samples for PVT analysis
• Production estimation

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Well Test Applications
Exploration
• Reservoir size, hydrocarbon volume, hydrocarbon
type, productivity
 (Is this zone economic?, how large is the reservoir?)
Reservoir Development
• Pressure, permeability, connectivity, productivity,
formation damage, drive mechanism
 (What is the reservoir pressure?, how can we
estimate reserves?, forecast future performance,
optimize production)
Reservoir Management
• Pressure, permeability, drainage, sweep efficiency,
formation damage
 (Is the well damaged?, stimulation treatment
efficiency, why is the well not performing as
expected?)

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Types of Well Tests
q

Single-Well Multi-Well

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Types of Well Tests
Single-Well Tests Multi-Well Tests
• Interference tests (producing one well at
• Drawdown (producing a well at constant constant rate beginning at time zero and
rate beginning at time zero and measuring measuring the resulting pressure response at
the resulting pressure response)
one or more offset wells)
• Buildup (shutting a well that has been
producing and measuring the resulting
pressure response) • Pulse tests (alternately producing and shutting
in (“pulsing”) one well beginning at time zero
• Injection (Similar to a drawdown test. and measuring the resulting pressure response
Conducted by injecting fluid into a well at at one or more offset wells)
constant rate beginning at time zero and
measuring the resulting pressure
response)

• Injection-falloff (Similar to a buildup test.

Conducted by shutting in an injection well
and measuring the resulting pressure
response)

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Typical Well Pressure Build up Test Record

Run In Pull Out

Static Gradient Stops

Build-up
Pressure at the well

(well shut-in)

Flowing Gradient Stops

Time

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 Development of the Diffusivity Equation

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The Diffusivity (Flow) Equation
• Describes the flow of fluid in a porous medium
• Combines the:
Continuity Equation
Equation of state for slightly compressible liquids
Darcy’s law (Flow Equation)

Assumptions
Horizontal Flow
Homogeneous
Viscosity, permeability, porosity and total compressibility are independent of pressure
Constant Temperature

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The Continuity Equation:
The Law of Conservation of Mass

  Av 1  Av 2
m (Av)1 (Av)2

The continuity equation is a restatement of the conservation of matter. That is, the rate of accumulation of
fluid within a volume element is given by the rate at which the fluid flows into the volume minus the rate at
which the fluid flows out of the volume.

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Equation of State for a Slightly Compressible
Liquid

•Specifies the dependence of fluid density on the fluid

pressure and temperature.

c p po 
   oe
This equation describes the change in density with pressure for a liquid with small and
constant compressibility.

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Darcy’s Law Flow Equation

kAp
q
L
or, in differential form,

k x p
ux  
 x
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The Diffusivity Equation

1   p  c t p
r  
r  r  r  k t

• The diffusivity equation is obtained by combining:

- The continuity equation
- The equation of state for a slightly compressible liquid
- Darcy’s law

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Data Used in Well Testing
Formation Volume Factor

Vres
Bo 
Vsurf
• The formation volume factor is the volume of fluid at reservoir conditions necessary to
produce a unit volume of fluid at surface conditions.

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Viscosity
v + dv

dy
v

F
A Stress Viscosity is a measure of resistance to flow.
 
dv Strain
dy
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Fluid Compressibility

1 Vo  lnVo 
co   
Vo p p

• Compressibility is the fractional change in volume due to a unit change in pressure.

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Porosity

• Porosity is the ratio of volume of pore

space to bulk volume of rock.

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Permeability

qL
• Permeability is the measure of
k
Ap
capacity of rock to transmit fluid.

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Rock Compressibility

1   ln 
cf  
 p p

• Rock compressibility is the fractional change in porosity due to unit change in pressure.

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Net Pay Thickness
• The net pay thickness is the total
thickness of all productive layers in
communication with the well.
h1

• Net pay includes any rock that has

sufficient vertical permeability to
h2 h = h1 + h2 + h3
Shale
allow fluid to move to a layer from
which it may be produced. h3 Sand (No perforations
in this sand)
h4
• Thickness is measured
perpendicular to bed boundaries.

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 Net Pay Thickness

Vertical well, Vertical well,

horizontal formation slanted formation

Deviated well, Deviated well,

horizontal formation slanted formation
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Saturations
•Saturation is the
fraction of pore
volume occupied by
a particular fluid.

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Wellbore Radius
•Wellbore radius is the size of wellbore.
rw

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Total Compressibility

c t  c f  Soco  Sw c w  Sgcg

• The total compressibility is the sum of pore compressibility and saturation

weighted fluid compressibility.

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Formation Damage and Skin
 Damage Caused by Drilling Fluid
• Mud filtrate invasion
reduces effective
permeability near wellbore.

• Mud filtrate may cause

formation clays to swell, Mud filtrate
invasion
causing damage.

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 Drilling Fluid Damage

Fines may clog pore throats,

reducing effective permeability

Mud filtrate
invasion

Filtrate may cause

clays to swell,
causing damage

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 Production Damage
Oil Reservoir
Gas Condensate Free gas
Reservoir reduces
p > pd P< pd p < pb p > pb effective
Immobile permeability
condensate ring
reduces effective
permeability

The main Production damage is due to Fines Migration

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 Damage Caused by Injection
•Injected water may not be clean - fines may
plug formation.

•Injected water may not be compatible with

formation water - may cause precipitates to
form and plug formation.
‘dirty’ incompatible
•Injected water may not be compatible with water water
clay minerals in formation; fresh water can
destabilize some clays, causing movement
of fines and plugging of formation.

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 Reservoir Model of Skin Effect

•Consider an undisturbed formation of thickness h

and permeability k.
Bulk
•Assume that something (drilling the well, formation
producing fluid from the well, injecting fluid into Damaged
the well) changes the permeability near the zone
wellbore. One simple model of this effect is to
assume that this altered zone has uniform
permeability ks and radius rs, and that the rest of
ks k
the reservoir is undisturbed.
h
•For generality, we allow the permeability in the
altered zone to be either smaller or larger than the
permeability in the undisturbed formation. rw

rs
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 Damage Quantification
The Damage is quantified by the Skin Factor and the Productivity Index

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 Reservoir Pressure Profile
2000

Dps is the
additional

Pressure, psi
1500
pressure drop Radial flow with 0 skin
required to
produce a well at
a give rate. 1000
ps

Radial flow with damage skin

500
1 10 100 1000 10000
Distance from center of wellbore, ft
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 Skin and Pressure Drawdown

k = Permeability, md
h = Height, ft
q = Production, STB/D
B = Oil Volume Factor,
bbl/STB
ps = Pressure drawdown, psi
 = Oil Viscosity, cp

87
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 Radial Production and Skin
(Darcy’s Law)
q = Production, STB/D
k = Permeability, darcy
h = Height, ft
k h Pr  Pwf  Pr = Reservoir Pressure, psi
q
  re   Pwf = Bottomhole Flowing
141.2  BO ln    s Pressure, psi

  rw   = Oil Viscosity, cp
BO = Oil Volume Factor, bbl/STB
ln = natural logaritm
re = drainage radius, ft
rw = wellbore radius, ft
s = skin factor
88
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Skin Factor and Properties of the Altered Zone

• If ka < k (damage), skin is positive.

• If ka > k (stimulation), skin is
negative.
• If ka = k, skin is 0.

89
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Effective Wellbore Radius

•If the permeability in the altered

zone ks is much larger than the
r ' 
formation permeability k, then the
s   ln w 
 rw 
wellbore will act like a well having
an apparent wellbore radius r’.
 
•The apparent wellbore radius may
be calculated from the actual ' s
wellbore radius and the skin factor. rw  rw e
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Geometric Skin –
Converging Flow to Perforations
• When a cased wellbore is perforated,
the fluid must converge to the
perforations to enter the wellbore.

• If the shot spacing is too large, this

converging flow results in a positive
apparent skin factor.

• This effect increases as the vertical

permeability decreases, and decreases
as the shot density increases.

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Geometric Skin –
Partial Penetration
• When a well is completed through
only a portion of the net pay interval,
the fluid must converge to flow h
through a smaller completed interval. p

h
• This converging flow also results in a
positive apparent skin factor.

• This effect increases as the vertical

permeability decreases and
decreases as the perforated interval
as a fraction of the total interval
increases.

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Geometric Skin –
Incompletely Perforated Interval

h1
ht
hp
ht
s sd  s p
hp

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 Partial Penetration
Apparent Skin Factor
1
h1D  h1 ht Geometric Skin A
h1 D  hpD 4
hpD  hp ht

 1    hpD  A  1  2
1 
1
sp    1ln  ln    
 hpD  2rD hpD  2  hpD  B  1  
   
1
rw  kv  2
B
1
rD    h1 D  3hpD 4
ht  kh 
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 Deviated Wellbore

 h sec
h s  sd  s

Geometric Skin
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Deviated Wellbore
Apparent Skin Factor
kv 1 


 w'  tan  tan w 
 kh 
2.06 1.865
 w
'   w
' 
 hD 
s      log 
 41   56   100 
   
h kh
hD 
rw kv
9/19/2022 Well Test Analysis 96
Geometric Skin - Well With Hydraulic Fracture

Lf

9/19/2022 Well Test Analysis 97

Geometric Skin - Well With Hydraulic Fracture
r’w
rw

rw' rwes

For example,

rw = 0.4 ft
s = -3

rw’ = 8 ft

9/19/2022 Well Test Analysis 98

 Completion Skin
rw

s  s p  sd  sdp
kdp rdp
rp
kR

Lp  h  rdp  kR kR 
sdp    ln   
 Lp n  rp  kdp kd 
kd    

rd
9/19/2022 Well Test Analysis 99
 Gravel Pack Skin

Cement

k R hL g
s gp 
2
2n perf k gp r perf

Lg
9/19/2022 Well Test Analysis 100
Productivity Index

q
J
p  p wf
• The productivity index is often used to predict how changes in average pressure or
flowing bottomhole pressure pwf will affect the flow rate q.

• The productivity index is affected by

• Reservoir quality (permeability)
• Skin factor

9/19/2022 Well Test Analysis 101

Flow Efficiency

Jactual p  p wf  Δp s
E ff  
Jideal p  p wf

We can express the degree of damage on stimulation with the flow efficiency.
For a well with neither damage nor stimulation, Eff = 1.
For a damaged well, Eff < 1
For a stimulated well, Eff > 1

9/19/2022 Well Test Analysis 102

Flow Efficiency and Rate
We can use the flow efficiency to calculate the Efnew
effects of changes in skin factor on the
production rate corresponding to a given
qnew  qold
pressure drawdown. Efold
qnew = Flow rate after change in skin factor
qold = Flow rate before change in skin
factor
Efnew = Flow efficiency after change in skin
factor
Efold = Flow efficiency before change in skin
factor

9/19/2022 Well Test Analysis 103

Wellbore Storage
Wellbore Storage

• Occurs during the early portion of the test

• Caused by shut-in of the well being located at the surface rather than
at the sandface
– After flow - fluid continues to fall down the well after well is shut-in
– Location of shut-in valve away from the well prolongs wellbore storage

9/19/2022 Well Test Analysis 105

Wellbore Storage

• Pressure responses are governed by wellbore conditions not the reservoir.

• High wellbore skin or low permeability reservoir may prolong the duration
of the wellbore storage period.

• A wellbore storage dominated test is unanalyzable.

9/19/2022 Well Test Analysis 106

 Fluid-Filled Wellbore - Unloading

Ei-function solution
assumes constant
Rate
Surface Rate reservoir rate

Bottomhole
Rate Mass balance
0 equation resolves
Time
problems

dpw


q  qsf B 
dt 24Vwbcwb
9/19/2022 Well Test Analysis 107
 Fluid-Filled Wellbore - After flow

Bottomhole flow
Rate
Surface Rate continues after
shut-in
Bottomhole
Rate
Time

dpw

q  qsf B  
dt 24Vwbcwb
9/19/2022 Well Test Analysis 108
 Rising Liquid Level
Rate Surface Rate
Bottomhole
Rate

Time

Liquid rises until

hydrostatic head in
wellbore matches
pressure in formation
dpw

 

q  qsf B  5.615 wb  g 
 
dt 24  144 Awb  gc 

9/19/2022 Well Test Analysis 109

Wellbore Storage Definition

C
q  qsf B
Rising
dpw
24 liquid level
dt
144 Awb gc
C
5.615  wb g
Fluid-filled
wellbore Awb
 25.65
 wb
C  Vwbcwb
9/19/2022 Well Test Analysis 110
Thank You