STRING THEORY

The string theory, also known as theory of everything, involves several theoretical quandaries for a major

objective of the explanation of photons and protons behaviour in relation to gravity. In its origin, physicists

understood Einstein’s general relativity as a description of gravity’s reaction to large astral bodies such as

planets to curved areas of space. However, other scientists understand gravity in juxtaposition with

magnetism, exemplifying with a daily simile like fridge magnets stick to fridges involving swapping photons.

The problem here is that from nature’s four forces, gravity lacks a description for the essence and

relationship between small particles, which when tried to calculate the resultant force in the collision of

gravitons, concluded in infinite amounts of compacted energy which clearly denoted an absence of an

authentic theory.

Furthermore, in the 1970s, physicists investigating areas of nuclear physics posed a possible answer for the

particles problem: strings, “which can collide and rebound cleanly without implying physically impossible

infinities” 1. The reason for the use of strings is based on its one-dimensional nature which ends the infinite

energy calculation. Therefore, sub-atomic particles could be defined as vibrational states of strings further

smaller than even quarks. According to this theory, an electron would not be a point without internal

structure and zero dimension, but a tiny loop-shaped string vibrating in a space-time of more than three

dimensions. In fact, the mathematical approach of this theory does not work unless the universe has

eleven dimensions, which again poses another conflict of the international theories of the number of

dimensions in the universe and the adaptation to the single living strings and its relationship with the only

visible environment.

Moreover, with respect to the characteristics and external function of the strings, many theorists have

reached an agreement that each string folded and striking different positions and notes, as well as

vibrating in different frequencies, are able to play the role of particles such as quarks and electrons.
Additionally, many experts state that this function could also be developed to explain fundamental

potential constants like electron’s mass.

Nowadays, string theory has been used in many attempts to explore unknown questions related to

quantum physics and the universe, which range from the happening inside a black hole to the stimulation

of cosmic processes like the Big Bang.

Another challenge science is facing, is the prediction that physicists believe in relation to string theory,

which states the existence potentially huge number of unique universes (as many as 10 500); which created

as truly unique multiverse landscape that enhanced an own version of reality. Nevertheless, none of these

universes would by any myriad hypothetical be similar to ours; in fact, they even lacked for a description of

dark energy as we currently comprehend it.

Another concept related to the string theory, arises with the conjunction with supersymmetry, which

establishes a complement to create a new complex theory.

So then, there are two types of fundamental particles: bosons and fermions. Bosons are integer spin

particles which mediate fundamental forces and fermions are half-integer spin particles which compose

the matter. Supersymmetry says that all bosons have a fermionic joint and vice versa with a spin that

differs by half of a unit. Additionally, scientists argue the difference of collective properties as well, which

create a notion of explanation of the graviton, the new gravitational force-carrier.

Likewise, fermions like to remain in the different state, while bosons prefer to be in the same state. This is

how supersymmetry brought the two types together with their differences and formed the basis of

Superstring Theory. This allowed physicists to clarify the initial theory and explain a little bit more complex

the string theory.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Wood, C. (2019). String Theory: A Brief Overview. [online] Space.com. Available at:

https://www.space.com/17594-string-theory.html [Accessed 21 Sep. 2019] (Reference 1)

 Greene, B. (2003). The Elegant Universe: Superstrings. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton.

 Mann, A. (2019). What Is String Theory? [online] livescience.com. Available at:

https://www.livescience.com/65033-what-is-string-theory.html [Accessed 22 Sep. 2019].