BIG BANG COSMOLOGY
 FRED HOYLE (1949) English Astronomer “Just Right: Not Too Much, Not Too Less”
 It is a grand narrative because it brings
together strands of historical explanation in
different disciplines such as cosmology,
paleontology, anthropology, biology, history,
economics, and philosophy.
HOW DO WE IMAGINE 13.8 BILLION YEARS?
 1 million = 11.5 days
 1 billion = 32 years
 13. 8 billion = over 400 years
*The big bang or the primordial singularity
provided the raw materials for everything around us
today.
Father GEORGE LEMAITRE –Belgian priest and
physicists who took seriously the idea of an
expanding universe.
 COSMIC ORIGIN – the universe began with a
cosmic atom – the universe began as a tiny
dense point which expanded outward to
produce the vast structure we see today.
 When expansion stopped, reheating occurred
and then the production of quark-gluon
plasma (primordial element) and other
elementary particles.
2 Largest Component of the Universe
 23 % Dark Matter – attractive force
(gravity). Acts to slow down expansion and
accounts for the gravity that holds the
universe.
 73% Dark Energy – repulsive force
(antigravity). Also known as cosmological
constant or quintessence causes the universe
to accelerate its expansion.
*they are dark in two senses: (1) they don’t
emit light, (2) hidden from our
understanding, hence, the term dark.
 4% - ordinary matter and energy
As the INFLATIONARY (EXPANSION) PERIOD
ends, the universe consist mostly of energy in the
form of photon (fundamental particle of visible light)
and those particles which exist can’t bind into larger
stable particles because of the enormous energy
density.
GOLDILOCKS CONDITION
Threshold 1: Big Bang
Ingredients Structure Goldilocks Emergent
Condition Properties
Energy, Energy Uncertain; Potential
matter, and matter possibly to create
space, time within a fluctuations everything
rapidly within the around us
space-time multiverse
scale
What was there before the appearance of our
universe some 13.8 billion years ago? Answer:
Unknown.
*The origin of the universe was the origin of space
and time. Consequently, there cannot have been any
time prior to the initial singularity “to talk about
causation or creation implicitly assumes there was a
time before the big bang singularity.” –Stephen
Hawking. While Hawking agrees that everything
within the universe that begins to exist has an
eternal cause, he does not think the universe itself
could have an eternal cause because casual entities
must precede their effects in time, and since there is
no time prior to the origin of the universe, there is
no opportunity for a casual entity to exert its casual
influence.
*Casual relationships do not only entail temporality.
Time is not part of the casual equation. Time is
incidental to cause and effect, not essential to it. The
only relationship required between cause and effect
is one of explanatory (logical) priority.
*Gravity and the Universe
*God and the Universe
*Is it impossible for time to exist independent of the
material universe?
Answer:
PHYSICAL V.S. METAPHYSICAL TIME
TEMPORAL V.S. LOGICAL CAUSATION
PRINCIPLE OF SUFFICIENT REASON
***Hawking’s conclusion that the universe can’t
have a cause is flawed. It can, and arguments such a
logical causation, metaphysical time, and the
principle of sufficient reason gives us proofs for the
cause of the universe, and that cause is God.
Threshold of Complexity DIKO ALAM PARA SAAN TO LOL
 Threshold is the turning point in the history -DIVERGENCE
of the universe when new things and a new -CONVERGENCE
level of complexity appear. -EMERGENCE
 Energy is needed to create complexity.
DOCTRINE OF CREATION GOOD LUCK AND GODBLESS FUTURE ENGINEER! ❤
1. Creatio Ex Nihilo (Creation out of Nothing)
– dependence of everything on a
transcendent God.
- there was nothing prior to creation.
2. Creatio Continua (Continuing Creation)
– the world now and in the future
- Reality is incomplete and the future is
unpredictable.

CLAIM TESTERS
1. PERCEPTION – sense knowledge or the
reports of our senses.
2. INTROSPECTION – how we feel or what we
are thinking or wondering about.
3. MEMORY – process of recalling the past. We
remember what we think happened, not
what happened.
4. REASON/LOGIC – infer, synthesize, sifting to
choose the most sound and valid claim.
5. FAITH – to trust.
6. INTUITION – knowing not through the
senses, sudden conviction that turns out to
be right, personal spiritual experience, no
reasoning process, direct perception,
transcends reason but does not contradict it,
first filter (worth investigation or worth
ignoring)
7. AUTHORITHY – taking the word of another,
trust expertise and judgment, collective
learning.
8. EVIDENCE – most fundamental, all
encompassing. (If not applied it is just
information.) (Used by other claim testers.)

Claim Testers: Summary

We need to recognize that our beliefs are
FALLIBLE (capable of making mistakes or
being erroneous) but it can provide us with
the best chance of advancing our collective
understanding of the way things actually are.