Chapter 1

Introduction

Instructional materials enhance the learning process by giving information necessary to

acquire knowledge and skills. The acquisition of basic educational knowledge and skills requires

skill oriented teaching and learning activities. According to Michael Gaotlhobogwe (2012),

Based on the PATT (pupils’ attitude towards technology) theoretical framework this study

indicated how a lack of resources in Botswana junior secondary schools impacted upon students’

attitudes towards design and technology.

According to Jocelyn Right (2018), Learning materials in teaching are crucial to the

success of student achievement. That is, the instructional components of lesson planning in

teaching depend on the selection of teaching materials. "Teaching materials" is a generic term

used to describe the resources teachers use to deliver instruction. Teaching materials can support

student learning and increase student success. Ideally, the teaching materials will be tailored to

the content in which they're being used, to the students in whose class they are being used, and

the teacher. Teaching materials come in many shapes and sizes, but they all have in common the

ability to support student learning. Textbooks have a positive role to play and should provide the

core elements of learning the subjects related to a students education. According to the Senior

Secondary Curriculum Guide, Text books should also be designed to develop students’ critical

and creative thinking and other generic skills through the information and activities that they

provide.Quality textbooks can assist teachers by providing a ‘one-stop’ shop for materials that

will help them to plan the scope and sequence of their teaching. Teachers are also encouraged to

use a wide range of other learning and teaching resources, such as reference books or other
printed learning materials. The purpose of learning and teaching resources is to provide a source

of learning experiences for students. They should be able to demonstrate interaction among

students and teachers during the learning. It is used to broaden students’ learning experiences

and meet the student's learning needs. If used teaching resources are used effectively, this can

help students to learn knowledge for themselves and develop effective learning strategies to

enhance skills, values and attitudes.

Over the years, the poor performance of students in public examinations has been blamed

on the wrong choice of teaching methods by teachers.Teaching and learning activities have a lot

to do with other variables, such as instructional resources, environmental variables, student

factors and so on. According to Owoko (2010), the term resources refers not only to teaching

methods and materials but also the time available for instruction, the knowledge and skills of

teachers acquired through training and experience. Teaching pupils with special needs in the

inclusive classroom deviates from the “regular programme. Pupils with special needs may

require more instruction time, other learning methods and professional knowledge. This an be

achieved by an increase in resources or by re-arranging available resources. The importance of

educational resources for teachers is much more important for students.

The study aims at finding out whether the availability of teaching and learning resources

influence the education of the students. According to Epigeum Ltd (2011), Instructors are

increasingly finding how to use appropriate resources and how to evaluate the quality of

information that those resources provide. Quality and useful resources for students will further

generate good results and this will help with the delivery of the lessons containing a high level of

accuracy.
Statement of the Problem

The Researchers will investigate the effects of the lack of learning materials in the

education of grade 12 ABM students at Angeles City Senior High School. Specifically, the

following questions will be answered:

1. How may the students be described in terms of:

1.1 Age, and

1.2 Gender.

2. How may the effects of the lack of learning materials to students be described in terms of:

2.1 Academic performance,

2.2 Learning experience, and

2.3 Accuracy of lessons.

Conceptual Framework:

The Research is based on a framework that shows the components of the study and the

variables involved. The researchers will be guided by the conceptual framework as presented in

Figure 1. The system approach (Input- Process- Output system) will be used in describing the

conceptual framework of the study.

The input describes the profile of the grade 12 ABM students consisting of the following:

age, and gender. The input also shows how may the effects of the lack of learning materials to

students be described in terms of their academic performance, learning experience, and accuracy
 of lessons.

The process associated to the study is the development and validation of structured

questionnaires. A questionnaire will be used to gather data from the student-respondents. The

data will then be analyzed using a statistical treatment such as getting the mean and its

percentage.

The outcome of the study will be the findings, conclusions, and recommendations.

Input Process Output

1. Profile of students in 1. Development of 1. Findings

terms of: structured questionnaires.
1.1 Age, and 2. Conclusion
1.2 Gender. 2. Validation of structured
3. Recommendations
questionnaires.
2. How may the effects of
the lack of learning 3. Data Analyzing through
materials in the education statistical treatment.
of students be described in
terms of:
2.1 Academic
performance,
2.2 Learning experience,
and
2.3 Accuracy of lessons.

Significance of the Study

Figure 1: Paradigm of the Study

Significance of the Study

 In general, the significance of the study is to know the effects of the lack of learning

materials to the education of the students and provide a clear background about them by

understanding the situation of their education or their school environment. Therefore, it will

benefit the following groups of people:

To the students, it will benefit them in a way that the study will enable them to

understand the importance of having learning materials in their education and to further improve

their understanding in the need for learning materials. It provides them information on the

effects of the lack of learning materials in their academic performance, learning experience, and

the accuracy of their subject.

To the teachers, the study will help the teachers to discover information about the effects

of the lack of learning materials in a student’s education which can help them to improve and to

find ways to innovate their lesson plans or teaching strategies in order to produce a higher level

of accurate lessons in order to improve the learner’s academic knowledge.

To the community, the study will help the community to be aware in the need for the

student’s learning materials and to provide possible solutions regarding the problem. It is also

helpful in terms of providing a better educational experience and to give ideas to improve the

community's environment.

To the future researchers, the study will benefit them by providing an initial

background about the topic, and to uncover areas and information that will help them with their

own study. Added information regarding the study can be helpful in guiding them to produce

deeper information and on conducting further studies about the topic.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

 The study is descriptive in nature and will focus on Grade 12 ABM Students at Angeles

City Senior High School. The research sample will be composed of thirty (30) Grade 12 ABM

Students at Angeles City Senior High School.

The primary data gathering method is through survey questionnaires to determine the

students’ perspectives in the effects of the lack of learning materials in their education based on

their experiences and through their academic performance.

The research will use a purposive and convenience sampling in which an equal

representation among the respondents will be applied. The gathered data will then be analyzed

using a statistical treatment by getting the mean and its percentage.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are conceptually defined for better understanding of the readers:

Instructional Materials refers to the human and non-human materials and facilities that can be

used to ease, encourage, improved and promote teaching and learning activities. They are

whatever materials used in the process of instruction. They are a broad range of resource which

can be used to facilitate effective instruction. They indicate a systematic way of designing,

carrying out and employing the total process of learning and communication and employing

human and non-human resources to bring out a more meaningful and effective instruction. They

are human and non-human material that a teacher uses to pass information to the learner in

his/her class.

Acquire means to come to have as a new or added characteristic, trait, or ability (as by sustained

effort or natural selection).

Acquisition is something or someone acquired or gained.

Lack a condition of not having any or enough of something, esp. somethingnecessary or wanted.

Crucial means decisive or critical, especially in the success or failure of something.