TRANSPORT SERVICE

Cruise, Airline, & Land

Course Description:
This course analyzes the management of land, sea and air transportation
systems that support travel, examines airlines, cruise ships, buses, rail, and travel
packages. This course also discusses the general knowledge of the transportation, its
role to tourism, planning and policies. The content includes transportation systems,
various aspects of tourism related forms of transportation, modes of transportation,
transportation operation including concepts and methods of analysis. Topics include
discussion of surface, air and water transportation; intermodal concept and social,
economic, and political factors that have influenced government transportation
priorities.
TRANSPORTATION AND TRAVEL EVOLUTION

• Pre- industrial travel system

• Early-industrial travel system
• Mature railway system
• Express-travel system
• Automobile based travel system
• Modern tourism travel based system
• Post mobility adjustment system
TRANSPORTATION
- Means moving people or things from one
place to another. Walking is a form of
transportation. So is riding on a horse or a bike, or
in a bus, train or car, or even in a plane
LET’S GO BACK IN TIME
The first wheels were used over five thousand years
ago in Mesopotamia, where Iraq is today. They
were big and clumsy, and carved out of solid
chunks of wood.
H I S T O R I C A L DEVELOPMENT O F T H E T R A N S P O R T S Y S T E M

• Desire to travel is stimulated with the improvement in

transportation
• Before World War I- took 7 days for travelers to go from coast
to coast by steam locomotive
• 1950- travelers took 2 and a half days by train
• 1938- (an airplane with the speed of 400 miles an hour
nonstop) coast-to-coast flights of less than eight hours
• 1950- travel time lessened to 4 hours
• At present- Concorde flies in 2 and a half hours
 REASONS WHY PEOPLE SELECT A
TRANSPORTATION MODE
FUNCTIONAL UTILITY AESTHETIC/EMOTIONAL SOCIAL/ORGANIZATIONAL

- a mode is its expected - is related to such aspects - shows that the frequent
performance for a as fear, social concerns, users of certain kinds of
specific purpose. style, luxury, comfort, and transportation are
other personal feelings that stereotyped according to sex,
the form of transportation racial origin, income,
might evoke. price/cost, and education.
 SITUATIONAL UTILITY CURIOSITY UTILITY

- refers to how - refers to the traveler’s

conveniently located the perceived need to do
particular mode of something new and
transportation and its different.
terminal facilities are for
the traveler.
TRAVEL BY TRAIN
• Trains stimulated travel within the US, Canada, and
Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
• The popularity of the train lasted only for a brief period
after World War II when the automobile began to gain
more popularity as transportation mode.
• Four evident factors why travelers select train are
cost/price, comfort, safety, and the ability to see the
area where the train is passing.
• The negative factors of rail travelers are slowness in
reaching the destination, inflexible departure times, and
lack of quality in food services.
 TRAVEL BY SHIP

• Ocean liners were used to provide an important link to

passengers among continents. At present, water transport has
two major roles in travel and tourism— ferrying and cruising.
• Jet aircraft led to the rapid decline in the ships as scheduled
passenger transportation mode. In the late 1990s, the era of
travel by ships expired.
• Many passenger ships were converted into cruise
ships.
• Cruises are divided into three types depending on
the duration of the trips. Short cruises are one
week or less, intermediate long cruises go around
the world and take one to three months.
CRUISE SHIP
• Short-duration cruises are more popular because they require
less vacation time and are less expensive.
• Travelers can satisfy their desire to experience new
environments and see new cultures and still bring with them
the comfort, safety, and convenience of home.
• No more changing of hotels, airports and food and beds
which may cause sleeplessness and other problems
• Provides entertainment which includes charm classes,
language lessons, dance classes, bridge, table tennis,
aerobics, jogging, and shuffleboard.

• Cruising combines fresh air, plenty of good food, a

variety of activities, and visits to exotic places.
TRAVEL BY AUTOMOBIlE
• Carl Benz of Mannheim (Germany) from 1885 to 1886,
combined the bicycle and the international
combustion engine and designed the complete
vehicle engine consisting of the engine, chassis, and
transmission.
• The advent of the automobile spread the benefits of
tourism more widely and enabled people to travel
individually or in private smaller groups.
• Automobiles brought about a more random pattern of
travel movements, opened up new destinations, and
hastened the development of elaborate networks of
automobile-oriented facilities and services along
highways and roads.
 CAR RENTAL INDUSTRY
• The car rental industry began in 1918 when a Chicago
Ford dealer started to rent secondhand model Ts. In
1924, the company was bought by John D. Hertz, the
founder of the Yellow Cab Company. Avis was
founded in 1946 by a retired US Air Force officer,
Warren E. Avis.
• Four companies dominate the US market with 85%
market share: Hertz, Avis, Budget, and National.
• The Car rental industry over the past 20 years is highly
competitive.
• Individual companies claim to be the first in various
innovations such as rent-it-here, leave-it-here service. Each
company, through its advertising, claims to be the first or the
best in providing new service.
• The growth of the industry in the late 1960s and early 1970s
can be attributed to the introduction of the fly/drive concept.
TRAVEL BY BUS/MOTOR COACH
• The main reasons for selecting bus travel are convenience
and economy.
• Charter and tour service is the fastest growing segment of the
bus or motor coach industry.
• Tour packages are made for charter buses including all the
other components such as the itinerary, lodging, sightseeing,
admission, tour guides, meals and the like.
• The demand for motor coach tours aims to expand
the bus charter and tour segment of tourism.
• The present coaches are wider, have more leg room,
more baggage space, lavatories, climate and noise
controls, better lighting, more sophisticated public
address system, and panoramic view windows.
TRAVEL BY AIR
• The history of air transportation can be divided into three
parts- Pre-World War II, World War II, and Post World War II.
• The Wight Brothers took a flight on a beach in North Carolina
which lasted 12 seconds with a distance of 120 feet. In 1927,
the air industry developed regularly scheduled passenger
trips between Boston and New York.
• World War II influenced the development of the
airline industry.
• 1950s-early 1960s, commercial jet aircrafts were
introduced, increasing the speed of travel and
creating smoother flights and greater seating
capacity for passengers.
• The 1980s further improved the aircraft technology
with the DC-9-80 and Boeing 757 and 767 designed
for fuel-efficient operation with 30% lower fuel
consumption for passenger than the older models.
• Factors associated with the recent boom in air travel
include the world economy, rising standard of living,
and the quality of air service.
AIRLINE REGULATION
1. First Freedom: The right of an airline to overfly one
country to get to another;
2. Second Freedom: The right of an airline to land in
another country for a technical stopover (fuel,
maintenance, etc.) but does not pick up or drop
off traffic;
3. Third Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in
country X, to drop off traffic form country X to
country Y;
4. Fourth Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in
country X, to carry traffic back to country X from
country Y;
5. Fifth Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in
country X, to collect traffic in country Y and fly on to
country Z, so long as the flight either originated or
terminates in country X;
6. Sixth Freedom: The right of an airline, registered to
country X, to carry traffic to a gateway- a point in
country X- and then abroad. The traffic has neither
its origin nor ultimate destination in country X
7. Seventh Freedom: The right of an airline,
registered in country X, to operate entirely
outside of country X in carrying traffic between
two other countries; and
8. Eight Freedom: The right of an airline, registered
in country X, to carry traffic between any two
points in the same foreign country; also known
as cabotage
The Aviation System
Aviation - industry that builds and
flies aircraft

 Military Aviation – aircraft

flown by a nation’s air force
and other branches of its
military

 Civil Aviation – industry that

flies the public from place to
Domestic Service – a flight must start place
and end within the borders of the
same country

International Service – a flight starts in

one country and ends in another
 Controlling the Skies -and More
USA Description PHILIPPINES
Federal Aviation In-charge of air traffic control Civil Authority
Administration operations, licenses pilots, inspects of the Philippines
(FAA) aircraft, and oversees maintenance (CAAP)
Air Transport Association airline trade association standardizes Civil Aeronautics Board
(ATA) and regulates ticketing (CAB)

Airlines Reporting owned by the airlines, controls and Revenue Management

Corporation distribute the tickets Department or
(ARC) Yield Management System
(RMD/YMS)
Department of division of the US government, creates Department of
Transportation and applies policies that regulate not Transportation and
(DOT) just air travel but most forms of Communication (DOTC)
transportation.
 Controlling the Skies -and More
USA Description PHILIPPINES
International Air an association made up of most of
Transport Association the world’s airline, sets standards for IATA - International Air
(IATA) civil aviation Transport Association

International Airlines a subsidiary of IATA, links airlines with IATAN

Travel Agent Network travel agencies and other air travel or
(IATAN) distributors. GDS/DSA

Transportation Security a government entity responsible for Office of Transportation

Administration (TSA) security at airports in the US. Its Security
agent staff security checkpoints, (OTS)
check luggage, and do whatever is
necessary to keep air travelers safe

The International Air
Transport Association
(IATA) - is the trade
association for the world’s
airlines, representing some
244 airlines or 84% of total
air traffic. It support many
areas of aviation activity
and help formulate industry
policy on critical aviation
issues.
IATA and IATA by Region
Region Location
Africa Sandown, South Africa
Middle East and North Africa Amman, Jordan
(MENA)
Europe Madrid, Spain
Russia and the Commonwealth of Russia - Moscow, Russia
Independent States (CIS) Ukraine - Kyiv, Ukraine
(Ukraine & Kazakhstan) Kazakhstan - Sofia, Bulgaria
China and North Asia Beijing, China
Asia Pacific Somerset, Singapore
The Americas Miami, Florida
SAFETY FLIGHT
VIDEOS
Flight Types and Routes
 Airline Service Routes
 Scheduled Service - air transportation that operates regularly at set,
advertised times, no matter how many people are booked on the flight.
o A passenger buys a ticket for specific flight that schedules on daily basis
o Each flight is identified by its airline’s code and flight number (DL 102)

 Charter Flight – occasional flights flown by chartered airlines

o Direct Air Carrier – industry jargon for charter airline
o Public Charter Operator – the entity that charter the plane (tour operator,
athletic team)

 Privately Owned Jet – business travelers fly corporate jet that

their company owns.

 Functional Ownership – an individual or company may buy an

aircraft, the planes has multiple owners who to have set flight hours.
Flight Types

 Nonstop Flight – the traveler goes from Point A to Point B on the

same aircraft, with no stop between.

ILO SIN
Flight Types

 Direct Flight – the traveler goes from Point A to Point B on

the same aircraft but the aircraft stops at an airport in
between.

ILO SIN

MNL
Flight Types

 Connecting Flight – the traveler, to get to his or her

destination, must change planes, once, twice or even more
times.

Change of Planes
Flight Types

On Travelers Ticketing View

Flight Types
On Travelers Ticketing View

One-way Flight Itinerary – the traveler goes from Point A to Point B

Flight Types

On Travelers Ticketing View

 Round-Trip Flight Itinerary – the traveler flies from Point a to Point B, stays a
while, and then returns from Point B to Point A
Flight Types
On Travelers Ticketing View
 Open-Jaw Flight Itinerary – traveler flies from Point A to Point B, then travels by ground
transportation (such as car rental or by rail) from Point B to Point C, then returns by air
transportation from Point C to Point B.
Flight Types
On Travelers Ticketing View
 Open-Jaw Flight Itinerary
Flight Types
On Travelers Ticketing View
 Circle Flight Itinerary – traveler has two or more extended stopovers and returns to
the originating city.
Flight Types
On Travelers Ticketing View

Transcon Service – a flight the crosses continents.

Flight Types
On Travelers Ticketing View

Flight Record – the information in

its computer about the passenger’s
trip
 Hubs and Spokes
 Domestic Hubs – handles mostly domestic
flights

 International Hubs – features many flights to

other country

 Minimum Connecting Time (MCT) – the

minimum amount of time needed to transfer
from one flight to a connecting one.

DOM – DOM - 1.00

DOM – INT - 2.00
INT – DOM - 2.00
The Aircrafts
Types of Aircrafts

Jet Prop – combines features of both

prop and jet engines, tend to be larger
and a little faster than regular prop
aircraft
 Configuration & Load Factor
 Configuration – the way
seating is arranged within
the aircraft

 Load Factor – the

percentage of seats filled
with people
 Pitch, Width & Recline
Pitch – the
distance
between a
point on one
seat and the
same point on
the seat in the
row in front or
behind it.
 Pitch, Width & Recline
Width –
wideness of
seats, the
distance from
one side to the
other side of
seats
 Pitch, Width & Recline

Recline – to lean backward or to sit back and lie down in a

relaxed manner.
Class of Service

 First Class – compartment at the

front of the plane

o Wider seats (50 inches),

greater pitch, more recline (60
% or more), more elaborate
meals, complimentary
alcoholic beverage, and free
movies
Class of Service
Business Class – a class of
service that is almost as good
as that found in the first class

o Seats mostly 40 inches

wide, reclines 40-60% or
even fully convert to
beds, may even provided
with pajamas
Class of Service

Coach Class (Economy) – the

more standard level of service
that has been describe up to
now (30 %)

o Narrower seats, less

pitch and recline rarely
(30 %)
Class of Service
Bulkhead – a wall separating the
coach and the first class
compartment.

Bulkhead Row – coach seats

immediately behind the partition
Seating Assignment
Exit Rows – the seats where the
emergency exits are located

Airport Control – blocked

seats obtain at the airport
upon check-in
Airline Service Routes
Overbooked/oversold – the booking (reservation) for a
certain flight is great than or exceed on the number of seat
available (flight seating capacity)

No-Show – people with reservation who don’t show up for

the flight

Gate Agent – airline employee who works at the gate

where passengers aboard the plane

Bumped (Denied Boarding) – not allowed to board the

plane
The Airlines
The Airlines
 Major Airlines – huge airline companies that provide service to a substantial number of North
America cities.
 Legacy Airlines – carriers that have been for a long time
 Philippine Airlines

 Secondary Airlines – several airlines aren’t huge as the major but do not offer considerable
service.
 Cebu Pacific

 Low-Fare Airlines (Low Cost Carrier or LCC)– airline that flew on between cities, they offer
fares that are often lower–sometimes much lower–than the major
 Zest Air and Air Asia

 Regional Airlines - serve limited section of the country and often affiliated with major airlines
 Air Philippines (PAL Express)
Major North American Airlines
Code Description Country Represented Exact Point of Location

AA American Airlines USA Dallas, Texas

AC Air Canada Canada Quebec

AM Air Mexico Mexico Mexico City

DL Delta Airlines USA Atlanta, Georgia

UA United Airlines USA Chicago, Illinois

US US Air, Inc. USA Washington, DC

Major North of Others Countries
Code Description Country Represented Exact Point of Location
AF Air France France Paris
BA British Airways United Kingdom London
BI Royal Brunei Airlines Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan
CI China Airlines Republic of China Taipei
CX Cathay Pacific Hong Kong Hong Kong
EK Emirates UAE Dubai
EY Etihad UAE Abu Dhabi
GA Garuda Indonesia Indonesia Jakarta
GF Gulf Air Bahrain Bahrain
JL Japan Airlines Japan Tokyo
KE Korean Air Republic of Korea Seoul
KL KLM Royal Dutch Airlines Netherlands Amsterdam
KU Kuwait Airways Kuwait Kuwait
 Major North of Others Countries
Code Description Country Represented Exact Point of Location

LH Lufthansa German Airlines Germany Cologne

MH Malaysian Airlines Malaysia Kuala Lumpur
NZ Air New Zealand New Zealand Auckland
NX Air Macau Macau Macau
OZ Austrian Airlines Austria Vienna
PR Philippine Airlines Philippines Manila
QF Qantas Airways Australia New South Wales
QR Qatar Airways Qatar Doha
SK SAS Scandinavian Airlines Sweden Stockholm
SQ Singapore Airlines Singapore Singapore
SV Saudi Arabian Airlines Saudi Arabia Jeddah
TG Thai Airways International Thailand Bangkok
VN Vietnam Airlines Vietnam Hanoi
Local Airlines in the Philippines
Code Description

2P PAL Express (Air Philippines)

5J Cebu Pacific Air

5M Skyjet Airlines

DG Tiger Air Philippines

PQ Air Asia Philippines

Z2 Zest Air
Strategies of Low Cost Carrier
 Strategies of Low Cost Carrier
 They tend to target leisure travelers – these people are the most
price-sensitive

 They establish their hubs at secondary airport – airports are

smaller, offer easier parking, shorter waiting time, less flight
congestions, and other advantages that result from their modest
size

 They offer non-stop flights – crossing the country on a low-fare

airline, more likely to make connections

 Many of them offer no meals or movies (no-frills) – seldom offer

meal service on flights of three hours or less
Strategies of Low Cost Carrier
 They offer coach seating – in most cases they have mono class service and
sometimes no advance seat reservation

 They tend to use only one or two aircraft models – simplifies the maintenance
procedures and part inventories.

 Fewer rules and restrictions – generally their fares have less restriction, sometimes
non refundable, non rebook-able, and non-reroute-able

 Promo/Lowest Fares don’t appear on travel agent or internet air ticketing sites –
you must go to the airlines website

 Tickets of a low-cost airline usually aren’t accepted by other airlines – non-

endorsable or not credited for ticket exchange to other airlines.
Common Terms in Air Travel
Common Terms in Air Travel
 Commercial flight – a flight whose seats have been sold by an airline to the
general public. Commercial flights are not military or private flights.

 Code-Sharing – when the airline uses the code of another carrier for a
scheduled flight. Used among partner airlines, code shares make each airline
appear to offer greater service than it actually does.

 Red-eye flight – an overnight flight. Called “red-eye” because passengers are

trying to sleep-usually unsuccessfully-on plane.

 Interline Agreement – a formal agreement between two airlines. Often both

are code-sharing partners, with easy baggage transfer and acceptance of each
other’s documents.
Common Terms in Air Travel
 Gateway – a city and/or airport that serve an airline as its
departure/arrival point for international travel.

 Yield Management – a computer assisted process that, by

assessing supply and demand, enables airlines to arrive
pricing yields maximum factor and revenue.

 Flight Attendants (Cabin Crew) – airline personnel who

see to the safety, comfort and needs of the passengers on
a plane. Formerly called steward and stewardesses.

 Mechanical – when a flight is cancelled because of a

problem with the aircraft
UNIT 2B
A
I
R
P
O
R - is an aerodrome with extended facilities, mostly for commercial air transport.
Airports often have facilities to park and maintain aircraft, and a control tower.
An airport consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible

T open space including at least one operationally active surface such as

a runway for a plane to take off and to land or a helipad, and often includes
adjacent utility buildings such as control tower hangars and terminals.
 AIR TICKET-
An airline ticket is a document or electronic
record, issued by an airline or a travel agency,
that confirms that an individual is entitled to a
seat on a flight on an aircraft. The airline ticket
may be one of two types: a paper ticket,
which comprises coupons or vouchers; and an
electronic ticket.

AIRFARE-
The price charged for transportation
by airplane.
 SKYCAP
a luggage handler at an airport

TERMINAL
a building at an airport
where people get on and off
airplanes
CUSTOMER SERVICE REPRESENTATIVE
interact with customers to
provide answers to inquiries involving a
company's product or services

BOARDING PASS
document provided by an airline
during check-in, giving a passenger
permission to board the airplane for a
particular flight
 GATE
an area at an airport for
departure

JETWAY
(tube and aerobridge) a
moveable device that connects the
aircraft to the terminal.
BAGGAGE CLAIM
the area in an airport where
arriving passengers collect luggage that
has been carried in the hold of the
aircraft.

BAGGAGE CAROUSEL
is a device, generally at an
airport, that delivers checked luggage
to the passengers at the baggage claim
area at their final destination
 IMMIGRATION
deals with people related factors
such as citizenship, purpose of trip and etc.

CUSTOM
deals with the things such as
items carried to or purchased abroad.
AIRPORT & AVIATION MANAGEMENT
AIRPORT MANAGEMENT – concerns itself with making the operations of
an airport efficient safe and profitable (or at least breakeven)

FIXED-BASE OPERATORS – companies that provide ground services and

support to the aviation industry.
AIRPORT ANCILLARY SERVICES – consist of other airport related supplier
(caterer, security firms, transfer services and airport hotels)

GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS – government entity that monitors and

ensures the safety and security of airport and flights.
 AIRPORT 3-LETTER CODES
For ticketing and air traffic control purposes, each of the
world’s airport and cities has a three-letter code. Cities with only
one airport usually have the same code for both city and the
airport. A city with multiple airports has both city code and a
code for each airport that serves.

- John F. Kennedy Airport (JFK)

- Newark Airport (EWR)
- New York (NYC)
- La Guardia Airport (LGA)
If you’re traveling on a full-coach fare – coach How far in advance you buy the ticket – the
fares that aren’t eligible for any discounts farther in advance you buy, the less you pay.

UNRESTRICTED Promotional/Tac CHANGE FEE

FARES tical Fares
- a fee to change
- making changes - discounted the reservation.
to itinerary fares, usually
without incurring penalties apply for
a penalty any changes

What class of service you bought – coach almost

always cost less than premium coach, premium coach
less than business, and business less than first.
Whom you bought it from, or how – agencies add a
service fee to a cost of a ticket, they are adept and
finding the best or lowest fares available even with
service fee tacked on, may save the traveler money.

CONSOLIDATORS What add-on taxes and fee there are – fuel

surcharges, segment taxes, departure taxes, airport
taxes, security fee, and service fee.
– companies that If there’s a “fare war” going on – one airlines drops its fare,
specialized in either on all or selected flight then other carrier will quickly
unsold air jump in and a
If there’s match these
“fare war” price.
going on – one airlines drops
inventory. its fare, either on all or selected flight then other
carrier will quickly jump in and match these price.
 Which airports are involved – airports in the same
vicinity would not cost the same, it has to do with
supply, demand and competition.

What time you’re flying – a day flight is nearly sold

out, red eye flight will be a lot less expensive
because fewer people are booked on those flight If there’s a “fare war” going on – one airlines drops its fare,
either on all or selected flight then other carrier will quickly
Which
jump airline
in and matchisthese
involved
price. – low cost carriers usually
offer better deals that their competitors, especially
on last-minute flights.

How many travelers are traveling – “two-for-one”

sales or similar promotions, a large group
sometimes can negotiate a reduced per-person rate
or one free ticket.
If an international flight is involved – fares are
calculated base on routes, in some cases when
multiple stops are involved, fares are based on
mileage.
Whom you work for – common for airlines to offer
Rate Desks special, pre-negotiated contract fares to large
companies.
– people who If you belong to a special group – also called “status
specialized in fares”. Examples are senior citizen fares, student
discounts, infant fare and military fare. Special fares
international to people attending conference, unlike status fares,
fares, to help these conference rates are still commonly offered.
calculate the cost
of the ticket. If you’re a travel professional – airlines employees
usually fly free or almost free on their own airline
and get much as 90 percent off on other carriers.
Travel agents usually receive 75 percent off full fares
Great Fare!
But There’s
a Catch

Airlines wish to spark sales on

certain routes to compete with other
airlines for many reasons. In other words,
they put on sale or they offer promotional
fares. But these fares have called
restrictions, and here are some possible
examples!
 G
R You must stay over a week-end – this practice helps filter out business
E travelers, who usually want to return home on weekends and are less
price sensitive than leisure traveler.
A
T Ticket Time Limit – you must reserve and pay for a ticket a certain
BUT THERE’S A CATCH:
number or days in advance or even book and buy.

F
Duration of Stay - You may stay at your destination no longer than 30
A days.
R
E Certain Period – your travel must start by a certain date and finish by
another date
 G
R
E Change/Rebooking fee – there is a fee to make any changes to your
A itinerary, or Ticket Forfeiture - the entire ticket’s value is lost if you don’t
take the flight.
T
BUT THERE’S A CATCH: You must fly on only one airline for your entire trip.
F
Your itinerary must be a round-trip
A
R Your ticket is nonrefundable.
E
FARES & TICKETING
Allows to book not only airline tickets but also hotels, tours,
cruises, car rentals and may other travel products.

Abacus 1B – Asia & the Pacific

Worldspan 1P – Global
Infini 1F – Japan
Axess JL – Japan
Galileo 1G – Global
Sabre AA – Global
Amadeus 1A – Global
Apollo 1V – USA & Canada
Topas KE – Korea
Travel Sky 1E - China
 RESERVATIONS AND TICKETING TERMS
Passenger Name Record (PNR) – reservations system’s record of booking,
computer file lists the client’s name, flight number, travel times/dates, airline
used, ticket number, ticket cost and record locator number.

RECORD LOCATOR TICKET (E-TICKET)

NUMBER
 Confirmation Code/Number
– six numbers or letter  Airline Reservation Code
that identify the  Record Locator (RLoc)
reservation  Reservation Code/Number
- electronic coupons exist only
as a computer record also
known as Virtual Coupon
Record (VCR) or Electric Ticket
Record (ETR).
Confirmed Reservation – a reservation entered into the airline’s
computer system.
Other Reservation Status Codes:
DS- Desired Flight MM – Meal List

HN – Have Requested NN – Need Need

HL – Have Listed RR – Reconfirmed

HK – Holds Confirm SA – Space Available

JL – Priority Waitlist SB – Passenger Boarded as Standby

KK – Now Confirm UC – Unable Waitlist Closed

KL – Clear Waitlist WP – Waitlist Priority with Clearance Level

LL – Waitlist
Who Sells
the Airline
Ticket?
Prime Suppliers of airline tickets are the airline themselves

Major distributor are travel agencies on most of the people

Tickets are distributed through toll-free reservation numbers, the

internet, airport ticket counters, and other distributors such as
consolidators, tour operators, rail companies and cruise lines.

Tickets sold by intermediaries carry special restriction; don’t allow

advance seat reservations, or no mileage accrual.
 YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT AIR TRAVEL
• Smoking is permitted on only few airlines, mostly foreign ones.
• Jet lag – is the psychological and physiological discomfort caused by
flying long distance over multiple time zones.
• Jet streams – are bands of high-level wind that flow from west to
east.
• Standby passenger – waitlist person at the airport taking change to
get on a desired flight.
• If there is enough no-show, the standby passengers may get on his or her
desired flight.
• A passenger gets to the airport early (or late), he can be standby
passenger for a flight other than the one on which he has a reservation.
• In some cases, nonrefundable tickets not allowed to standby for
alternative flights.
• Some airlines charge passengers a standby fee.
• First or business class passengers are flying free on mileage awards, airline employee
or have upgraded from coach – with miles, for a fee, or because of high frequent flyer
status.

• Snacks or meals with beverage are served by most of the airlines but low cost carriers
no longer do. This has created an opportunity for airport vendors, who sell package
meals for passengers to take onboard. Many airlines do sell meals & snacks onboard,
however first class business class, and coach on long and international flights continue
free meals to be part of flight experience.

• Special handling for passengers with physical disabilities, unaccompanied minors, pets,
service animals and people with special meal request.
• Unaccompanied minor – an infant or child, three months to below 12 years of age
travelling alone or with an airline escort.
• Service Animal – an animal that has innate ability to assist such as guide dog, signal
dog or other animal individually trained to provide assistance to PWD
• Cargo shipping or freight is a significant source of added revenue for
airlines, in addition to the passenger luggage; carriers usually transport
all sort of commercial shipments in the hold of their passenger aircraft.
Most airlines charge fee to coach passengers for luggage they check, and
rules for carry-on luggage size is strictly regulated.
• Lost baggage – baggage seldom permanently lost, airline will endeavor
to find baggage usually the found and delivered to passenger in a day or
two. If it can’t it has to compensate the passenger, with the amount due
varying from situation to situation. Lost baggage may also be covered by
the passengers insurance or credit card benefits.
• Damage baggage – the airline may pay to fix it or even replace it, but the
key word is “may”. It is not a requirement to do so.
• CRS/GDS and airline websites show on-time performance and information
about flights.
• Club lounges are special and private areas at an airport terminal, usually
operated by one airline or a group of airlines, which offer more comfortable
seating, snacks, beverages, business facilities, even shower facilities for long-
distance travelers who are connecting and have enough lay-over time. Flying on
business or first class are usually automatically admitted, even without
membership. Some airlines permit their frequent flyer for free and some use
their mileage or pay a fee to use the facility. A few premium credit cards
include club membership as one of their benefits.
• Checked baggage – a passenger can check one or more often for international
flights, two standard suitcases for free, but rules about weight and size is apply.
Additional fee may be charged for oversize or overweight baggage. Each piece
of luggage must have an ID tag with passenger’s name, address and contact
details.
• Carry-on baggage – most airline permit two carry-on: one that fits
under the seat in front of you and one that goes to the overhead
bin. If the plane is expected to run close to or at full passenger
capacity, gate agents can limit to one carry-on only and intercept
and tagged the second piece.
• Gate-check – intercepted baggage at the gate.
• Hotels near airport and car rental companies at the airport provide
free shuttle service to and from their locations, if needed. To get
distant city locations, travelers need to take taxi, shuttles, buses or
in some cases rail or subway lines.
 THE PERFECT AIRPORT
There’s no such thing as a perfect airport, but some are definitely
better than others. Some criteria of one airport better than another:

• Easy access into and out of the airport (road or rail)

• Convenient parking, both on-site and off-site
• Good traffic flow to and within the airport
• Easy movement between terminals and among gates (moving
sidewalks, monorails, etc.)
• A hotel on-site and more near the airport
• Plenty of dining and shopping outlets
• Swift moving lines at security
• Clear public address system
• Check-in kiosk at multiple
location
• Plenty of luggage carts –
preferably at no cost
• Dependable Wi-Fi service
• Plenty of seating at the gates
• Clear and convenient signage
• Terminals that feel spacious and
are well lit
• Friendly and helpful staff
• Good safety protocols
• Swift luggage delivery to the
claim area
Careers Relating to Airports, Airfares and
Air Tickets
• Senior Executives, Directors • Dispatchers
and Managers • Accountants
• Reservationist • District Sales representative
• Ticketing/Check-in/Gate • Flight Attendants
Agents • Maintenance Personnel
• Customer Service • Shuttle Drivers
Representative
• Rate Desk Agents
• Air Traffic Controllers • Security/Safety
• Pilots Personnel (TSA/OTS and
• Clerical Support Private)
• Crew Schedulers • Sky Marshals
• Airport Ground Crew • Baggage Handlers
• Human • Dining and Store
Resources/Training Personnel
Specialist