Chapter 4

TRANSPORTATION SECTOR
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
1. Trace the evolution of transportation and travel
2. Discuss the historical development of transport systems
3. Explain the selection of transport mode
4. Discuss the role of international rail transportation
5. Identify the reasons for the growth and decline of ship travel
6. Explain the importance and scope of the bus/motor coach
industry
7. Describe the impact of private car ownership on the tourism
industry
8. Enumerate the dynamics of the worldwide car rental
industry
9. Discuss the role of the airline industry in the development of
tourism
TRANSPORTATION AND TRAVEL EVOLUTION
• Pre-industrial travel • Automobile-based travel
system system
• Early-industrial travel • Modern-tourism travel
system system
• Mature railway system • Post-mobility adjustment
• Express-travel system
 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE
TRANSPORT SYSTEM
• Desire to travel is stimulated with the improvement in
transportation.
• Before World War I – took 7 days for travelers to go from
coast to coast by steam locomotive.
• 1950 - travelers took 2 and a half days by train
• 1938 - (an airplane with the speed of 400 miles an hour
nonstop) coast-to-coast flights of less than eight hours
• 1950 - travel time lessened to 4 hours
• At present - Concorde flies in 2 and a half hours
 REASONS WHY PEOPLE SELECT A
TRANSPORTATION MODE
1. Functional utility of a mode is its expected performance for a specific
purpose.
2. Aesthetic/emotional is related to such aspects as fear, social concerns,
style, luxury, comfort, and other personal feelings that the form of
transportation might evoke.
3. Social/organizational shows that the frequent users of certain kinds of
transportation are stereotyped according to sex, racial origin, income,
price/cost, and education.
4. Situational utility refers to how conveniently located the particular mode
of transportation and its terminal facilities are for the traveler.
5. Curiosity utility refers to the traveler’s perceived need to do something
new and different.
 TRAVEL BY TRAIN
• Trains stimulated travel within the US, Canada, and Europe in
the 19th and early 20th centuries,
• The popularity of the train lasted only for a brief period after
World War II when the automobile began to gain more
popularity as transportation mode.
• Four evident factors why travelers select train are cost/price,
comfort, safety, and the ability to see the area where the train
is passing.
• The negative factors of rail travelers are slowness in reaching
the destination, inflexible departure times, and lack of quality
in food services.
 TRAVEL BY SHIP
• Ocean liners were used to provide an important link to
passengers among continents. At present, water transport has
two major roles in travel and tourism --- ferrying and cruising.
• Jet aircraft led to the rapid decline in the ships as scheduled
passenger transportation mode. In the late 1990s, the era of
travel by ships expired.
• Many passenger ships were converted into cruise ships.
• Cruises are divided into three types depending on the
duration of the trips. Short cruises are one week or less,
intermediate long cruises last one to four weeks, and long
cruises go around the world and take one to three months.
 CRUISE SHIP
• Short-duration cruises are more popular because they require
less vacation time and are less expensive.
• Travelers can satisfy their desire to experience new
environments and see new cultures and still bring with them
the comfort, safety, and convenience of home.
• No more changing of hotels, airports, and food and beds
which may cause sleeplessness and other problems.
• Provides entertainment which include charm classes,
language lessons, dance classes, bridge, table tennis, aerobics,
jogging, and shuffleboard.
• Cruising combines fresh air, plenty of good food, a variety of
activities, and visits to exotic places.
 TRAVEL BY AUTOMOBILE
• Carl Benz of Mannheim (Germany) from 1885 to 1886,
combined the bicycle and the international combustion
engine and designed the complete vehicle engine consisting
of the engine, chassis, and transmission.
• The advent of the automobile spread the benefits of tourism
more widely and enabled people to travel individually or in
private smaller groups.
• Automobiles brought about a more random pattern of travel
movements, opened up new destinations, and hastened the
development of elaborate networks of automobile-oriented
facilities and services along highways and roads.
 CAR RENTAL INDUSTRY
• The car rental industry began in 1918 when a Chicago Ford dealer started
to rent secondhand model Ts. In 1924, the company was bought by John
D. Hertz, the founder of the Yellow Cab Company. Avis was founded in
1946 by a retired US Air Force officer, Warren E. Avis.
• Four companies dominate the US market with 85% market share: Hertz,
Avis, Budget, and National.
• The car rental industry over the past 20 years is highly competitive.
• Individual companies claim to be the first in various innovations such as
rent-it-here, leave-it-here service. Each company, through its advertising,
claims to be the first or the best in providing new service.
• The growth of the industry in the late 1960s and early 1970s can be
attributed to the introduction of the fly/drive concept.
• Some car rental firms have added cellular car telephones for business
travelers. Others are giving computerized driving instructions to
customers.
 TRAVEL BY BUS/MOTOR COACH
• The main reasons for selecting bus travel are convenience and
economy.
• Charter and tour service is the fastest growing segment of the
bus or motor coach industry.
• Tour packages are made for charter buses including all the
other components such as the itinerary, lodging, sightseeing,
admission, tour guides, meals, and the like.
• The demand for motor coach tours aims to expand the bus
charter and tour segment of tourism.
• The present coaches are wider, have more leg room, more
baggage space, lavatories, climate and noise controls, better
lighting, more sophisticated public address system, and
panoramic view windows.
 TRAVEL BY AIR
• The history of air transportation can be divided into three parts—Pre-
World War II, World War II, and Post-World War II.
• The Wright Brothers took a flight on a beach in North Carolina which
lasted 12 seconds with a distance of 120 feet. In 1927, the air industry
developed regularly scheduled passenger trips between Boston and New
York.
• World War II influenced the development of the airline industry.
• 1950s-early 1960s, commercial jet aircrafts were introduced, increasing
the speed of travel and creating smoother flights and greater seating
capacity for passengers.
• The 1980s further improved the aircraft technology with the DC-9-80 and
Boeing 757 and 767 designed for fuel-efficient operation with 30% lower
fuel consumption for passenger than the older models.
• Factors associated with the recent boom in air travel include the world
economy, rising standard of living, and the quality of air service.
 AIRLINE REGULATION
1. First Freedom: The right of an airline to overfly one country to get to another;
2. Second Freedom: The right of an airline to land in another country for a technical
stopover (fuel, maintenance, etc.) but does not pick up or drop off traffic;
3. Third Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to drop off traffic
from country X to country Y;
4. Fourth Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to carry traffic
back to country X from country Y;
5. Fifth Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to collect traffic in
country Y and fly on to country Z, so long as the flight either originates or
terminates in country X;
6. Sixth Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to carry traffic to a
gateway—a point in country X—and then abroad. The traffic has neither its origin
nor ultimate destination in country X;
7. Seventh Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to operate
entirely outside of country X in carrying traffic between two other countries; and
8. Eight Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to carry traffic
between any two points in the same foreign country; also known as cabotage.
 LESSON SUMMARY:
• Culture is a set of beliefs, values, attitudes, habits, and forms of behavior
that are shared by a society and are transmitted from generation to
generation.
• A knowledge of a country’s culture is important in order to understand
how individuals in that country will behave.
• An understanding of the host culture is also necessary to avoid culture
shock for the tourist.
• Cultural patterns are changed by both internal and external forces.
• Cultural tourism covers all aspects of travel in which people learn about
each other’s way of life. Hence, tourism is a significant means of
promoting cultural relations and international cooperation.
• Within a country, there are cultural factors with tourist appeal. These are
art, music and dance, handicraft, industry and business, agriculture,
education, literature and language, science, government, religion, food
and drink, and history.
APPLICATION AND
ASSESSMENT
1. Conduct a study on the importance of safety and
security in all forms of travel.
2. As the vice president for marketing of an airline,
what programs would you undertake to even the
peaks and valleys in demand?
3. Research on the significant appeals of cruising.
CHAPTER QUIZ. Identify the
following .
______________ 1. A public corporation that maintains intercity railroad passenger
services in the United States
______________ 2. European rail pass that allows unlimited travel within certain time
limits and within specific European countries at a flat rate
_____________3. A bus often equipped with toilet facilities, designed to carry
passengers for touring
______________4. The high-speed trains of France
______________5. The high-speed trains of Canada
______________6. The high-speed trains of Japan
______________7. A governmental regulation agency concerned with airline
operation, safety, and other aviation matters
_____________8. An agreement regulating commercial air services between two
countries
_____________ 9. A democratic organization which established a system of
international rates and fares
_____________ 10. The basic traffic rights which are bilaterally arranged between
nations or established by treaty
CHAPTER QUIZ. Enumerate the
following.
11–15. Reasons why travelers favor train travel
16–18. Types of cruises
19–20. Two important aspects of automobile travel