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  • Define Log-Normal Shadowing: of Fading With Respect To Each Other

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    Aschalew Girma
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    Log-normal shadowing describes random signal fluctuations over distance due to clutter, referred to as log-normal shadowing. Flat fading occurs when the signal bandwidth is smaller than the channel bandwidth, resulting in the same fading magnitude across frequencies. Frequency selective fading occurs when the signal bandwidth exceeds the channel bandwidth, resulting in different fading magnitudes across frequencies. Coherence bandwidth is the range of frequencies over which the channel is flat, and coherence time is the time duration over which the channel impulse response is constant. Slow fading channels have Doppler spreads negligible compared to signal bandwidth, mainly due to shadowing. Selective fading occurs when symbol length is shorter than delay spread. Time-dispersive channels have delay spreads exceeding symbol times, causing inter-

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    Log-normal shadowing describes random signal fluctuations over distance due to clutter, referred to as log-normal shadowing. Flat fading occurs when the signal bandwidth is smaller than the channel bandwidth, resulting in the same fading magnitude across frequencies. Frequency selective fading occurs when the signal bandwidth exceeds the channel bandwidth, resulting in different fading magnitudes across frequencies. Coherence bandwidth is the range of frequencies over which the channel is flat, and coherence time is the time duration over which the channel impulse response is constant. Slow fading channels have Doppler spreads negligible compared to signal bandwidth, mainly due to shadowing. Selective fading occurs when symbol length is shorter than delay spread. Time-dispersive channels have delay spreads exceeding symbol times, causing inter-

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    5 views2 pages

    Define Log-Normal Shadowing: of Fading With Respect To Each Other

    Uploaded by

    Aschalew Girma
    Log-normal shadowing describes random signal fluctuations over distance due to clutter, referred to as log-normal shadowing. Flat fading occurs when the signal bandwidth is smaller than the channel bandwidth, resulting in the same fading magnitude across frequencies. Frequency selective fading occurs when the signal bandwidth exceeds the channel bandwidth, resulting in different fading magnitudes across frequencies. Coherence bandwidth is the range of frequencies over which the channel is flat, and coherence time is the time duration over which the channel impulse response is constant. Slow fading channels have Doppler spreads negligible compared to signal bandwidth, mainly due to shadowing. Selective fading occurs when symbol length is shorter than delay spread. Time-dispersive channels have delay spreads exceeding symbol times, causing inter-

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    of 2

    1. Define Log-normal shadowing.

    The log-normal distribution describes the random shadowing effects which occur over a
    large number of measurement locations which have the same T-R separation, but have
    different levels of clutter on the propagation path. This phenomenon is referred to as log -
    normal shadowing.
     Shadowing occurs when objects block LOS between transmitter and receiver

    2. Distinguish between flat fading and frequency selective fading.


    Flat fading:
     bandwidth of the signal is smaller than the bandwidth of the channel.
     all the components of the frequency of the signal will have the same  magnitude 
    of fading with respect to each other.
     Delay spread < symbol period
    frequency selective fading:
     the bandwidth of the signal is larger than the bandwidth of the channel
     Different components of the frequency signal will not experience the same fading.
     Delay spread >symbol period.

    3. What is coherence time and coherence bandwidth?

     Coherence Bandwidth: Bandwidth (range of frequencies) over which


    channel is constant or the range of frequencies over which the channel can be
    considered "flat"
     Coherence Time: Time over which channel is constant or  the time
    duration over which the channel impulse response is considered to be not
    varying. 
    4. What is meant by slow fading channel?
     It occurs mainly due to shadowing where large buildings or geographical
    structures obstruct the LOS.
     If the baseband signal bandwidth is much greater than BD (Doppler bw), the
    effects of Doppler spread are negligible at the receiver. This is a slow fading
    channel.
    5. Define selective fading.
     Occur when the selected frequency component of the signal is affected.
     occurs when the symbol length is shorter than the delay spread, or equivalently when
    signal bandwidth is larger than the channel ...
    6. What is time-dispersive channel?

    7. Give the cause for ISI.


     ISI is usually caused by multipath propagation of communication
    channel causing successive symbols to blur together. 
     Delay spread exceeding a symbol time causes ISI

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