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Small-Scale Fading
Small-Scale Fading

Small-scale fading (or simply fading) describes the rapid

distance.

Small-scale fading is influenced by the following factors:

Movement of a mobile station.
Multipath propagations of signals.components
Movement of the surrounding objects.
This is considered only if the speed of the surrounding
objects is greater than the mobile station.
Movement of a Mobile Station
Movement of a mobile station. receivedsignal nature
channel
morengtdispersue
Doppler Shift. deviationin freqof dieto of
Positive if the mobile is moving towards a base station.
Negative if the mobile is moving away from a base station.

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Doppler Spread Then 6
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maximum

Measure of spectral broadening caused by motion.

Measure of the time rate of change of the mobile radio channel,
Doppler Spread is defined as the range of frequencies over which
the received doppler spectrum is essentially non-zero.

Doppler Spread, BD is defined as the maximum Doppler Shift: fm =

v/ .

If BD is less than the baseband signal bandwidth then the effect of

Doppler Spread is negligible at the receiver. In this case, the
channel is called a slow fading channel.
If BD is comparable with the baseband signal bandwidth then the
effect of Doppler Spread is non-negligible at the receiver. In this
case, the channel is called a fast fading channel.
 82
Coherence Time
Coherence Time is the time duration over which the channel
impulse response is essentially invariant.

Coherence Time, Tc is defined as: Tc fm . stiff

doppler
t max
If the symbol period of the baseband signal (reciprocal of the
baseband signal bandwidth) is greater than the coherence time,
then the signal will distort because the channel changes during the
transmission of the symbol
signal.
If the symbol period of the baseband signal (reciprocal of the
baseband signal bandwidth) is less than the coherence time, then
the signal will not distort because the channel does not change
during the transmission of theSymbol
signal.
Doppler Shift / Example

Consider a transmitter which radiates a sinusoidal carrier frequency

of 1850MHz. For a vehicle moving 60mph, compute the received
carrier frequency if the mobile is moving
a) Directly towards the transmitter
b) Directly away from the transmitter
c) In a direction which is perpendicular to the direction of arrival of
the transmitted signal.
Multipath Propagations of Signals
p as a resultof
movement
Small scale fading due to multipath propagations of signals happens
because the received signal is a sum of many contributions coming
from different directions. Since the phases are random, the sum of the
contributions varies widely.

Fading due to two incoming signals combine with different phases.

Power Delay Profile
Plots of relative received power as a function of excess delay.
Power Delay Profiles are generally represented as plots of relative received power
as a function of excess delay with respect to a fixed time delay reference for a local
area.
Outdoor Local Area: no greater than 6m.
Indoor Local Area: no greater than 2m.
Samples are taken at /4 meters approximately for 450MHz to 6GHz
frequency range.

noisefloor
Time Dispersion Parameters
but Variation in frequency
The mean excess delay, RMS delay spread, and excess delay spread (X dB) are
multipath channel parameters that can be determined from a power delay profile.
The mean excess delay is the first moment of the power delay profile and is defined
as

The RMS delay spread is the square root of the second central moment of the power
delay profile, where

Typical values of RMS delay spread are on the order of microseconds in outdoor
mobile radio channel and on the order of nanoseconds in indoor radio channel.
 RMS Delay Spread / Example

Compute the RMS delay spread for the following power delay
profile.
to log x o dB

Ea
mean excess delay

o t 1 1061 rmsdgtadyf
o.snop
2 151 I Ms 0 10
12

1 104 6
lo t
2
1021
I ps o 5 10 4 us
excessdelayspread
Time Dispersion Parameters
1311

Coherence Bandwidth
Analogous to the delay spread parameters in the time domain,
coherence bandwidth is used to characterize the channel in the
Bw frequency domain.
lab
t Coherence bandwidth is a statistical measure of the range of
frequencies over which the channel can be considered flat.
of
effect
frequencies Two sinusoids with frequency separation greater than Bc are
affected quite differently by the channel.

50% Coherence Bandwidth is approximately

90% Coherence Bandwidth is approximately

 Example
For the Power Delay Profile given in the figure, calculate the following:
first convertdb

yogib
a) mean excess delay
b) RMS delay spread as
c) maximum excess delay (10dB)
i
Vor Sus
d) 50% Coherence Bandwidth
y
I
e) 90% Coherence Bandwidth
Yg Get14.6ktla

É
Find if this channel is suitable for AMPS or GSM service without
the use of an equalizer given that the channel bandwidth for
AMPS is 30KHz and the channel bandwidth for GSM is 200KHz
considering 50% Coherence Bandwidth.
Bw conBw equalizer
Signal need distort
thereis
 Types of Small-Scale Fading
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Fading Distributions
Fading Distributions

Describes how the received signal amplitude changes with time.

Remember that the received signal is a combination of multiple
signals arriving from different directions, phases and amplitudes.
With the received signal we mean the baseband signal, namely the
envelope of the received signal.
It is a statistical characterization of the multipath fading.

Two famous distributions

Rayleigh Fading
Ricean Fading
Rayleigh Distribution

Describes the received signal envelope distribution for channels

where all the components are non-LOS.
All energy is scattered from scatterers near to the mobile station.
Multipaths interfere causing cancellation and enhancements with
deep and rapid variations in amplitude.
Ricean Distribution

Describes the received signal envelope distribution for channels

where one of the multipath components is LOS component.
Strong coherent component added to random scattered component.
Signal fading is less deep than NLOS case.
Distinct direction of arrival.
 THE END

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