Student: Mohammed Abuhajar

MSITT Student
Answer of homework #1

1. What is the main reason of the exponential nature of path loss?

Because the energy of the transmitted signal is equally distributed over the surface
area of the sphere which indicated by:

A = 4π r 2
So at any point the power received is:
Pt
Pr =
4π r 2
r 2  determine the exponential

What are the most common exponents and in which cases?

What kind of phenomena are responsible for them?

- Whether there is line of sight or not.
- Propagation schemes (Reflection, Diffraction, Scattering)
- The environment (the surrounding building and the building type)
2. Depict graphically how the power drops within the far-field of the antenna array
for distances of up to 300m, assuming 5W of transmit power, in free space.

Pt
I will use the following equation Pr = to plot the graph, I will neglect the gain
4π r 2
of the antenna and λ .

-2
10
pt = 5 w

-3
10
Power Recieved

-4
10

-5
10

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance

How do you expect this behavior to change in realistic propagation

environments? (both indoor and outdoor). Plot examples of such environments.

Free space propagation model does not reflect what exactly happen in environment.
We have to take into our considerations that the signal may affected with the surrounding
environment like building, trees etc. which may reflect, diffract or scatter the transmitted
signal. Which may affect the signal constructively or destructively way.

3. What is the general equation that describes the log-distance path loss model?
Why do we have to further introduce statistical models for path loss?

d
PL = PL(d 0 ) + 10n log( )
d0

Answer: Because path loss is random for a given T-R separation and the environment
is may different at two locations have the distance.

4. What are the two most important types of fading? What scenarios do they
represent? What is similar and what is different about their statistical
distributions?
  Rayleigh and Ricean fading

 Rayleigh fading represent the following: large number of paths, uniformly

distributed in angle, all paths incident from the horizontal plane and no
dominant path(all paths are comparable in amplitude).
 Ricean is the same as Rayleigh but also having a dominant LOS signal.

The figure shows the PDF distribution of Rayleigh and Ricean fading. The Ricean
distribution approximates the Gaussian distribution when the peak amplitude of the
dominant signal is increase.

Rayleigh distribution is given by:

 r −r2
2

 e 2σ 0≤r ≤∞
p (r ) = σ 2
 0 r<0


Ricean distribution is given by:

 r − r + A2  Ar 
2 2

 e 2σ I0  2  for (A ≥ 0, r ≥ 0)
p (r ) = σ 2 σ 

 0 for (r < 0)
5. Is delay spread a good or a bad thing to have in a wireless channel? Is there a
way to avoid it? Is there a way to mitigate it? Does delay spread become more or
less of a problem as generations of wireless networks advance?

It’s a bad thing, we can avoid it by keeping the data rate low..
We can mitigate delay spread through:
- The use of adaptive equalizers. An adaptive equalizer continuously measures the
time varying impulse response of the channel and attempts to correct it to a flat
frequency response across the channel bandwidth.
- make symbol time > 10*delay spread
- Diversity techniques.

Delay spread becomes a significant problem as wireless technology advance.

6. What is the frequency-domain metric to capture delay spread? What are typical
delay spread values in today’s (outdoor + indoor) systems? Why? How do these
affect the communication rate?

- Coherence bandwidth
- Delay spread caused by multipath is typically greater outdoors than indoors due to
the wider coverage area. Typical values are in the order of nanoseconds at indoor
and microseconds in outdoor

Environment Frequency(MHz) RMS Delay Spread

Urban(San Francisco) 892 10-25 µ s
Indoor(office building) 850 10-15 ns

Why? Because the distance(coverage area)which is consider short in indoor and

vice-versa for outdoor environment.

How it affect communication rate: Channel bandwidth is derived from the rms
delay spread.
1
50% Coherence BW ≈
5σ
Coherence bandwidth defines the range of frequencies over which the channel
able to pass all spectrum components with approximately equal gain and linear
phase. So if the coherence bandwidth is large, it mean it can pass signals with
higher rate.
Also the symbol time > 10*(delay spread) to avoid ISI
7. What is the time-domain metric to capture Doppler spread? In what kind of
channels is Doppler spread applicable? What are typical Doppler spread values?
Why?

Coherence time,

Doppler spread for indoor channels is highly dependent on the local environment,
providing different shapes for different physical layouts.
In outdoor environment, Doppler spreads consistently exhibit peaks at the limits of
the maximum Doppler frequency.

Typical values of Doppler spread are:

Environment Value of Doppler Spread
Suburban areas 10 – 250 Hz
Urban areas 10 – 20 Hz
Office area 10 – 100 Hz

8. Explain the difference between the time axis used to represent an impulse
response and the time axis used to represent coherence time of a channel.

The time axis in impulse response is divided into small intervals called bins. Each
bin is assumed to contain either one multipath component or no multipath
component. Possibility of more than one path in a bin is excluded. Each impulse
response can be described by a sequence of ‘1’ and ‘0’, where ‘1’ indicates
presence of a path in a given bin and ‘0’ represent absence of a path in given bin
and. For each ‘1’ an amplitude and phase values is associated.

The time axis of coherence time represents large scale and shows the correlation
degree between two signals.

9. Design and create a MATLAB program that simulates the impulse response of a
small scale fading channel, where the path loss factor is 4, the average number of
multipath components is 20, and the excess delay of multipath components
follows an exponential distribution with parameter 100 nsec. Compute the mean
rms delay spread of the channel.
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time index