UMTS RF Optimization

ZTE University
Content

„ UMTS Radio Transmission Theory

„ RF Optimization Policy
„ RF Adjustment and Network Simulation
Mobile Communication Environments
„ Low antenna of UE
z Transmission paths are always influenced by terrains and man-made
environments; various terrains and complex buildings, forests and so on
make signals received as overlap of scattering signals and reflected
signals.
„ Mobility of UE
z UE is always moves, or the peripheral environments change. This makes a
transmission path between a base station and an UE change all the time.
In addition, the difference of direction and speed of an UE relative to the
base station also causes changes of signal levels.
„ Signal levels change at random
z Signal levels change with time and position; it can be described only with
probability distribution of random process.
Mobile Communication Environments

„ Waveguide effect exists in urban environment

Radiating
direction N
Powerful signals can
observed in streets in the
direction from the north to
the south
No influence of the channel
effect is imposed in this
area

Powerful signals can

observed in streets in the
direction from the east to
the west

Transmitter Platitude direction

Effects of Street Waveguide
Mobile Communication Environments

„ Serious man-made noises

z Man-made noises include noises in starting motor
vehicles, power line noises and industrial noises.
„ Serious Interference
z Generally, there are co-frequency interference,
adjacent-channel interference, intermodulation
interference, local to remote ratio interference. co-
frequency interference and adjacent-channel
interference are the main factors.
Types of Radio Wave Transmission

„ Types of radio wave transmission: Direct wave, reflected

wave, diffracted wave and scattering wave
Types of Radio Wave Transmission

LOS NLOS
d

A D

B
＋ RFD

Multi-path transmission
Penetration through buildings/vehicles

„ Sight distance and non-sight distance transmission, multi-path

environments of complex forms
„ Loss through buildings/vehicles
Radio Signal Presentation Methods
„ A signal is a random value, so it must be characterized jointly by a
median and a transient value. An actually received signal is a median
overlapped with a transient value. The median is called slow fading
and the transient value is called quick fading.
r (t ) = m(t ) × r0 (t ) r (d ) = m(d ) × r0 (d )
„ m(x) is slow fading, or local average, or long-term fading.
„ r0(x) is quick fading, or Rayleigh fading, or short-term fading.
„ The two methods for presenting signal field strength are used in
different occasions: The signal presented in a time function is used for
studying signal fading; while a signal presented in a distance function
is used for studying transmission loss curve. Variation of the median
level of a received signal with time is far less than that with location.
Statistical Features of Slow Fading

„ Definition of slow fading

„ It is the average of attenuated signals received, that is, average (or
field strength value or loss value) of signal levels attained in a
specified length L. The value of L is 40 wavelengths, with 36~50
signals for test.
„ Cause of slow fading
„ Slow fading is caused by changes of terrains and man-made
environments on transmission paths.
„ Probability density function and accumulation probability
distribution function of slow fading

( y − m) 2 L 1 ( y − m) 2
P( y) =
1
exp(− ) P ( y <= L) = ∫ exp(− )dy
2πσ 2σ 2 −∞
2πσ 2σ 2
Statistical Features of Quick Fading

„ Definition of quick fading

„ It is the transient value of fading signals received.
„ Cause of quick fading
„ When transmission is reflected due to obstruction by scattering
objects (mainly buildings) or natural obstacles (mainly forests) in
the vicinity (within 50~100 wavelengths) of an UE, there will be
multi-path wave interference on the ground, leading to a standing
wave field. When the MS passes the standing wave field, the
received signals presents quick fading, and the field strength
fluctuates.
„ Probability density function and accumulation probability
distribution function of quick fading
2r r2 R 2r r2 R2
P(r ) = exp(− 2 ) P(r <= R) = ∫ exp(− 2 )dr = 1 − exp( 2 )
r 2 r 0
r 2 r r
Other Features of Signal Transmission

„ Time delay extended width

„ Related bandwidth
„ Inter-code Interference
„ ……
Transmission Theory

„ Definition of Transmission Theory

„ For a radio link, the loss (or fading) value of power level of a signal
from the output end of a transmitting antenna through certain
transmission paths to the input end of the antenna. Usually, it is
expressed in dB .
„ Common Relations between Transmission Theory and
Distance
„ In mobile communication, the greater the transmission distance is,
the greater the transmission loss will be. Within 1~20 km, roughly
40dB/dec. dec is 10 times the distance; in case of greater distance,
it will be increased to 50~60dB/dec.
Common Types of Transmission Theory

„ Free Space Transmission Theory

„ Diffraction Loss
„ Reflection Loss
„ Building Penetration Loss
„ Human Body Loss
„ In-vehicle Loss
„ Vegetation Loss
Fresnel Region and Transmission clearance
„ Fresnel Region

T Gap (0.577 time of the 1st Fresnel

radius)
S

f(n)=ST+RT=SR+n*λ/2
„ An area between curves satisfying f(n) and f(n-1) is called the nth
Fresnel region. When N=1, it is called the 1st Fresnel region, an
ellipsoid; the 1st Fresnel region contains 1/2 of the transmitting energy.
In addition, tests and theories demonstrate that, if the gap is greater
than 0.577 time of the radius of the 1st Fresnel region, the loss will be
equal to the loss of the free space.
„ Transmission Gap
„ 0.577 time of the 1st Fresnel radius.
Content

„ UMTS Radio Transmission Theory

„ RF Optimization Policy
„ RF Adjustment and Network Simulation
Common RF Optimization Process

indexes or not?
Satisfy the
Single station Base station group Whole network
check optimization optimization

Find out base station No

group that do not
satisfy requirements
Single Station Check
„ Confirm site information
z Longitude and latitude, configuration, height above sea level, peripheral
environments and so on.
„ Confirm antenna feeder information
z Antenna type, azimuth, down-tile angle and height.
„ Check antenna feeder link
z Standing wave ratio, primary set and diversity RSSI check, primary set and
diversity lock balance.
„ Confirm system parameters
z List of adjacent areas, overhead channel transmitting power, PN
configuration, switching parameters.
„ Check and test basic functions
z Basic call process, soft switching, softer switching.
„ Check station coverage
Base Station Group Optimization
„ Spectrum scanning
„ Load-free test
„ Load test
Whole Network Optimization
„ Test on various radio indexes of the system
„ Analysis on test results
„ Confirm whole network adjustment scheme
Performance Test Indexes
„ Voice quality--FER
„ Call connection rate (call completion rate and paging
response rate)
„ Resource utilization—CPU utilization-
„ Switching completion rate
„ Call drop rate
„ Network coverage rate
z Forward coverage
„ Pilot coverage
„ Service coverage
z Backward coverage
Common RF Problems
„ Call Drop
„ Discontinuity
„ Access Failure
Call Drop Analysis
„ Forward coverage is not satisfactory (Ec/Io and Ec)
z Improve the coverage of the points.
„ List of adjacent areas is not complete
z Configuration of list of adjacent areas is not complete.
„ Interference
z There is in-band interference source.
„ Pilot pollution is serious
„ Faults with base stations
z Incorrect connection of antenna feeders, GPS fault causes
asynchrony between the time and the system, interruption of
transmission.
„ Hard switching takes place
Access Failure
„ Interference
„ Coverage over weak areas, blind zones or pilot pollution
areas makes it impossible for signaling interaction between
the base station and the mobile phone to be completed
during the access.
„ Mobile phone performance
RF Optimization Policy
„ Adjust the antenna down-tilt angle
„ Adjust the antenna directional angle
„ Adjust the antenna height
„ Change the antenna type
„ Appropriately adjust the base station transmitting power
„ Adjust the base station location
„ Increase the base stations
RF Optimization Policy
„ Antenna directional angle
z During optimization, attention
should be paid to antenna
directional angle, as shown in
the figure on the right.
z If the antenna coverage area is
a vast space of residence, and
the buildings are of the similar
structure, the antenna direction
shall be alongside the direction
of the buildings (as the red
arrow on the left); if the antenna
direction is the same as the
arrow on the right, the quality of
signals in the coverage area
may not be good.
RF Optimization Policy
„ RF Optimization Policy for Pilot Pollution
z Adjust the antenna down-tilt angle, so as to reduce the coverage
area, and further reduce the number of pilots in the pilot pollution
area.
z Appropriately reduce the transmitting power of the cell, so as to
reduce the signal strength to narrow the coverage area, and also
further reduce the number of pilots in the pilot pollution area.
z If the two measures are of no use, we can increase base stations in
the pollution areas, so that there will be a master pilot signal, to
solve the pollution. But be careful in taking this measure, as it may
impose great influence on the entire network.
Content

„ UMTS Radio Transmission Theory

„ RF Optimization Policy
„ RF Adjustment and Network Simulation
Before Adjustment
„ The diagram on the right
shows part of the base
stations of the Guangzhou
MTNet Pilot Network.
„ Where, the directional
angle of the antenna in the
DiTuChuBanShe is 30°,
the mechanica down-tilt
angle is 6° and the
electronic down-tilt is 2 °.
Before Adjustment

„ This is a pilot intensity simulation diagram: We can

see that the pilot intensity is quite satisfactory as a
whole.
Before Adjustment
„ This is a pilot Ec/Io
simulation diagram:
We can see that the
pilot Ec/Io in the
middle (the yellow
part) of the diagram
is not so satisfactory.
Before Adjustment
„ This is a pilot pollution
simulation diagram: We
can see pilot pollution in
the lower middle (the
brown part) of the
diagram. Taking the
pilot Ec/Io simulation
effect in the previous
diagram into
consideration, we
should perform RF
optimization here.
After Adjustment
„ Analysis shows that adjustment
of RF parameters in the
DiTuChuBanShe may improve
the current situation.
z Adjust the mechanical down-tilt
of the antenna in the
DiTuChuBanShe as 0°, and
leave the electronic down-tilt
angle unchanged as 2 °.
z Through this adjustment, the
pilot intensity of the
DiTuChuBanShe, where there
is pilot pollution, is improved,
and becomes the maste pilot,
so that pilot pollution is
improved and the pilot Ec/Io
here is enhanced.
After Adjustment
„ This is the effect of pilot intensity simulation after
adjustment. We can see that the pilot intensity after
adjustment is much improved than that before adjustment.
After Adjustment
„ The effect of pilot
Ec/Io simulation
after adjustment.
We can also see
that the pilot Ec/Io
after adjustment is
much improved
than that before
adjustment.
After Adjustment
„ This is the effect of
pilot pollution
simulation after
adjustment. We
can see that big
brown part (with
pilot pollution) has
been greatly
reduced. This
proves that the RF
adjustment has
fulfilled the
optimization aims.