Name:Sujit Bobade Date:15/02/2021

Roll No.:181090905

EXPERIMENT NO.:03
Aim:
1. To calculate the Fresnel Diffraction parameter and corresponding diffraction gain. Also
compute path loss and Fresnel zone determination parameter.
2. To plot the graph of diffraction gain vs Fresnel diffraction parameter for knife edge
diffraction model.
Consider,
Distance between transmitter and obstruction along LOS as d1 = 25
Distance between receiver and obstruction along LOS as d2 = 25
Height of obstruction above LOS as 100
Frequency of transmission = 100 MHz

Software Used:Scilab
Theory:
Diffraction: Diffraction refers to various phenomena that occur when a wave encounters an obstacle or
a slit. It is defined as the bending of waves around the corners of an obstacle or through an aperture
into the region of geometrical shadow of the obstacle. Diffraction allows radio signals to propagate
around the curved surface of the earth, beyond the horizon, and to propagate behind obstructions.
Although the received field strength decreases rapidly as a receiver moves deeper into the obstructed
(shadowed) region, the diffraction field still exists and often has sufficient strength to produce a useful
signal.

The phenomenon of diffraction can be explained by Huygen's principle, which states that all points on a
wavefront can be considered as point sources for the production of secondary wavelets, and that these
wavelets combine to produce a new wavefront in the direction of propagation. When the signal bends
around the obstruction a loss is seen . This loss is called diffraction loss. The concept of diffraction loss as
a function of the path difference around an obstruction is explained by Fresnel zones.

Fresnels Zones: Transmitted electromagnetic waves can follow slightly different paths before reaching a
receiver, especially if there are obstructions or reflecting objects between the two. The waves can arrive
at different times and will be slightly out of phase due to the different path lengths. The strong signal
gets divided into multi-path components and reaches the receiver through multiple zones as shown in
Figure 1. d1 refers to the distance between Tx and obstruction. d2 refers to the distance between Rx and
obstruction. n is the path loss exponent of the environment.
 Figure 1:Fresnel zones

Fresnel zones represent successive regions where secondary waves have a path length from the
transmitter to receiver which are n. λ/2 greater than the total path length of a line-of-sight path.Since
the components are traversing through different path lengths, they can either add up or try to nullify
the strong LOS component.Also, signal components traversing through the nth Fresnel zone travel a
distance of λ/2 greater than components traversing in the preceding i:e (n-1)th Fresnel zone.Whether a
component is constructive or destructive in nature, will depend on the Fresnel zone number. The
successive Fresnel zones have the effect of alternately providing constructive and destructive
interference to the total received signal. Signals passing through even number of Fresnel zones are
constructive in nature. Signals passing through odd number of zones are destructive in nature.Any
diffraction in the path will increase the number of Fresnel zones.

Radius of the nth Fresnel zone can be calculated as follows i.e. rn=nλd1d2d1+d2−−−−−√

The model can be explained as follows:

Figure 2: The physical model for knife edge.

Consider a transmitter and receiver separated in free space as shown in Figure 2. Let an obstructing
screen of effective height h with infinite width (going into and out of the paper) be placed between
them at a distance d, from the transmitter and d: from the receiver. It is apparent that the wave
propagating from the transmitter to the receiver via the top of the screen travels a longer distance than
if a direct line-of-sight path (through the screen) existed. Assuming h <d and h>>d1,d2, then the
difference between the direct path and the diffracted path, called the excess path length Δ.
Fresnel –Kirchoff parameter: This is an important parameter in the model which helps to predict path
loss. The electric field strength, Ed. of a knife-edge diffracted wave is given by

EdEo=F(v)=(1+j)2∫∞vexp((−jπt2)/2)dt

where Eois the free space field strength in the absence of both the ground and the knife edge, and F (v)
is the complex Fresnel integral. The Fresnel integral, F(v),is a function of the Fresnel Kirchoff diffraction
parameter v defined as

v=h2(d1+d2)λd1d2−−−−−−√=α2d1d2λ(d1+d2)−−−−−−√

The equation of electric field intensity which is a complex function of v is difficult to calculate. Hence
empirical list of formulae is proposed for the same which is as follows:

Gd(dB)=0Gd(dB)=20log(0.5−0.62v)v≤−1−1≤v≤0

Gd(dB)=20log(0.5exp(−0.95v))Gd(dB)=20log(0.4−0.1184−(0.38−0.1v)2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
−√)Gd(dB)=20log(0.225v)0≤v≤11≤v≤2.4v>2.4

In real time, the path contains multiple diffractive objects

Scilab Code:
clc;
d1=250
00;
d2=250
00;
h=100
;
f=10^
8;
c=3*(
10^8);
lambda=c/f;
x=2*(d1+d2)/(lambda*d1*d2);
v=h*(x^0.5);
v=round(v,2);
disp(round(0.7303,2)=
=0.73); v_arr=[-
4:0.01:4];
G=0;
[m,n]=size(v_ar
r);
G_db=zeros(size(v
_arr)); for
i=1:n
if v_arr(i)>-1 & v_arr(i)<=0
G_db(i)=20*log10(0.5-
(0.62*v_arr(i))); elseif
v_arr(i)>0 & v_arr(i)<=1
G_db(i)=20*log10(0.5*exp(-
0.95*v_arr(i))); elseif
v_arr(i)>1 & v_arr(i)<=2.4
G_db(i)=20*log10(0.4-(0.1184-(0.38-0.1*v_arr(i))^2)^0.5);
elseif v_arr(i)>2.4 &
v_arr(i)<=4
G_db(i)=20*log10(0.225/v
_arr(i)); end
end
for i=1:n
if
round(v,2)==v_ar
r(i)
G=G_db(i);
end
end

plot(v_arr,G_db);
xticks([-4,-3.5,-3,-2.5,-2,-1.5,-1,-0.5,0,0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5,3,3.5,4]);
xtickangle(45);
xticklabels({'-4','-3.5','-3','-2.5','-2','-1.5','-1','-
0.5','0','0.5','1','1.5','2','2.5','3','3.5','4'});
xlabel('Fresnel Diffraction
parameter'); ylabel('Gain in
dB');
title('Gain vs Fresnel Diffraction
parameter');
fprintf('d1 (in meter):%.2f\n',d1);
fprintf('d2 (in meter):%.2f\n',d2);
fprintf('wavelength (in metre):
%.2f\n',lambda); fprintf('Frequency (in
Hertz):%.2f\n',f); fprintf('Height (in
meter):%.2f\n',h); fprintf('Diffraction
Parameter:%.2f\n',v);
fprintf('Diffraction Gain(in dB):
%.2f\n',G);
path_loss=(h^2*(d1+d2))/(2*d1*d2);
fprintf('Path loss:%.2f\n',path_loss);
n=round(lambda*path_loss);
fprintf('Fresnel Zone Determination Parameter:
%.2f\n',n); rn=(n*lambda*d1*d2)/(d1+d2);
rn=rn^0.5;
fprintf('Fresnel Zone of Radius=%d is :%.2f\n',n,rn);

Output(console):

Graph:
Conclusion:

Hence we studied and calculate the Fresnel Diffraction parameter and corresponding diffraction
gain. Also compute path loss and Fresnel zone determination parameter and plot the graph of
diffraction gain vs Fresnel diffraction parameter for knife edge diffraction model.